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DATE: 8/10/2016
Chemical Thermodynamics: Determination of the Entropy
Change for a Reaction
INTRODUCTION/GOALS OF EXPERIMENT
The goal of this experiment is to determine K, which then allows
students to find the enthalpy change, or H, of each reaction. This lab
demonstrates the values of G, H, and S, which are free energy, enthalpy, and
entropy respectively. These values fit into the Gibbs free energy equation,
which is what students use to determine S. These values also correspond to
spontaneity and the thermodynamic of each reaction.
RESULTS
Label all axes (including units) in your graphs. The graphs in your
report must contain the two best-fit lines, and a sample calculation as
to how Tinitial and Tfinal were calculated.
Part 1
NaNO3
Urea
Mass (g)
2.617 g
2.301 g
Volume (mL)
6.500 mL
5.000 mL
85.00 g/mol
60.00 g/mol
Concentration (M)
4.737 M
7.670 M
22.44
7.670 M
Part 2
NaNO3
Urea
Mass (g)
2.660 g
1.804 g
Volume (mL)
30.00 mL
30.00 mL
2.960 C
2.162 C
Concentration
1.000 M
1.000 M
Qcalorimeter
371.5
271.4
H (J)
-371.5 J
-271.4 J
S (J/K)
-151.4 J/K
-109.5 J/K
G (J/mol)
76.56 J/mol
-34.90/mol
f(x) = - 0x + 24.44
23
Temperature (C)
22
21
20
19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (sec)
24.5
24
Temperature (C)
23.5
23
22.5
22
21.5
21
10
20
30
Time (sec)
Calculations:
40
50
60
[ Na NO 3 ]=mol /L
2
[ Na NO 3 ] =K
2.617 g
/0.006500 L
85.00 g
(4.737)2=K
[ Na NO 3 ]=4.737 M
22.44=K
Note: urea does not dissociate into two molecules like Na NO 3 , so its value
is not squared
T =T finalT initial
T =24.44 21.48
Qcalorimeter=c x m x T
Qcalorimeter=Qreaction
G=RTlnK
G= HT S
T =2.960
Qcalorimeter= H
G H
T
S=
Q=371.5
H=371.5
G=76.56
76.56+371.5
2.960
S=151.4
DISCUSSION
From the value of K, is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous? Explain your conclusion.
Nonspontaneous, because S was a negative number for
both reactions. A negative number means that entropy
decreased and the system became more organized, which is a
nonspontaneous process.
CONCLUSION
The value of K is 22.44 for NaNO3 and 7.670 for urea. The value of
H/enthalpy is -371.5 J for NaNO3 and -271.4 J for urea. The values of H are
negative for both, which suggests that the reaction was exothermic. The
negative S values suggests that the reaction is endothermic because
entropy was lost, and therefore the system became more organized.
A possible error might be the impurity of chemicals used. Also, the
urea and NaNO3 solids were often left with their caps off and shared the
same spatula. It is possible that there might have been some cross
contamination or that their exposure to oxygen could have interfered with
their purity, which could have affected the temperature changes or solubility
during the experiment.