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Basic Optical

Communication
Technology
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Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe basic structure of fiber

Describe meanings of the characteristic parameters of various

types of fibers as well as category of single-mode fiber

Describe nonlinear effects of single-mode fiber

Describe functional characteristics of common passive optical

components

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Contents
1. Preparatory Knowledge
2. Optical Fiber
3. Passive components

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Contents
1. Preparatory Knowledge
1.1 Refraction and Refractive Index
1.2 Optical Polarization

1.3 Dispersion

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Refraction and Refractive Index


Angle of incidence 1

Angle of reflection 3

Air: n1=1

Air: n1=1

Glass: n2=1.5

Glass: n2=1.5
Angle of refraction 2

Figure-1 Reflection and Refraction

Critical angle c

Figure-2 total reflection

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Optical polarization

Optical polarization

Natural light

Partially polarized light

Polarized light
(Vertical)

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Polarized light
(Horizontal)

Dispersion

The dispersion of white light

red
orange
yellow

White light

green
cyan
blue
purple

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Contents
1. Preparatory Knowledge
2. Optical Fiber
3. Passive components

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Contents
2. Optical Fiber
2.1 Structure and Profile of Refractive Index of Fiber
2.2 Modes of Fiber

2.3 Loss of Fiber


2.4 Dispersion of Fiber
2.5 Cutoff Wavelength
2.6 Mode-Field Diameter (MFD) and Effective Area

2.7 Classification of SMF


2.8 Non-linearity Effects of SMF
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Structure and Profile of Refractive


Index of Fiber

Structure of a fiber

coating

d2

cladding

n2

core

n1

cladding

n2

d1

coating

Refractive index profile


n1

n1

n2

n2

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Modes of Fiber

Light propagation in fiber

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Modes of Fiber(Cont.)

2a

d2

Single-mode Fiber

2b
2a

2b

multimode fiber

d1

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Loss of Fiber

Loss of fiber mainly depends on absorption loss, scattering loss


and bending loss

Attenuation Coefficient

3
2
1

Multi-mode (850~900nm)

dB/km
5

900

O-band

S C L U
-

OH

1200 130014001500

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1600 1700

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nm

Dispersion of Fiber

Dispersion of fiber can be divided into mode dispersion,


chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion.
power
pulse

L1 (km)

L2 (km)

time

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Chromatic Dispersion

Dispersion coefficient ( unit: ps/nmkm )

Dispersion (ps/nmkm)

Generally, two kinds of dispersion exist in single mode optical


fiber, they are material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.

G.652 fiber

G.655

17

1310

(nm)

1550

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G.653

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Polarization Mode DispersionPMD

Polarization Mode Dispersion


Slow in propagation

Ellipse fiber core


Fiber profile

Fast in propagation
Delay time
Detector power

Signal response
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Inter-symbol Interference

Broaden pulse caused by dispersion will bring the adjacent


consecutive pulses to overlap.

T
T+T

3 1

3 1

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3 1

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Cutoff Wavelength

Cutoff wavelength refers to the minimum wavelength of the


optical signal that could be transmitted in single mode in SMF.

ITU-T defines cutoff wavelengths under three kinds of test


conditions:

Cutoff wavelength of primary coating fiber in jumper optical


cables with a length less than 2m.

Cutoff wavelength of cabled fiber with a length of 22m.

Cutoff wavelength of jumper optical cables with a length of


2~20m.

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Mode Field Diameter and Effective


Area

Mode field diameter(MFD)describes the concentrate level of


optical energy in the single mode fiber.

MFD

Fiber core

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Types of Single-Mode Optical Fiber

OH ion Absorption

G.654fiber

G.652 fiber

G.655

G.653
17

1310

C_band

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(nm)

1550
L_band

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Dispersion (ps/nmkm)

Types of Single-Mode Optical Fiber


Attenuation (dB/km)

Nonlinear Effects in Single Mode Fiber

Stimulated Nonelasticity Scattering

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)

Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)

Kerr effect

Self-phase Modulation(SPM)

Cross-phase Modulation(XPM)

Four-wave Mixing(FWM)

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Stimulated Non-elasticity Scattering

Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)


Gain
Pump

PUMP1

PUMP2

Gain
PUMP3

30nm

30nm
70~100nm

70~100nm

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)


=p-s

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Page22

Kerr Effect

Self-phase Modulation (SPM)

Broaden the signal's spectrum,


the influence of dispersion

Pulsewidth aftert
ransmission

Spectrum before
transmission

becoming bigger.

Cross-phase Modulation(XPM)

Pulsewidth after
transmission

Limiting the input optical power

and the wavelength spacing.

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Page23

Spectrum after
transmission

Four-Wave Mixing

Four-wave mixing (FWM) occurs in the case that two or three


light waves with different wavelength interact and cause new

light waves at other wavelengths.

F132,312

F123,213
F113

F112 F223

F221

F1

F231,321 F332

F2

F331

F3

Uneven and relatively large channel spacing can reduce FWM.

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Page24

Questions

What are the characteristic parameters of fibers?

List the types of single-mode fibers and describe their


characteristics respectively.

What phenomena will the non-linear effects produce?

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Page25

Contents
1. Preparatory Knowledge
2. Optical Fiber
3. Passive components

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Page26

Contents
3. Passive Components
3.1 Dielectric Thin Film Filter
3.2 Fiber Grating

3.3 Arrayed Waveguide Grating-AWG


3.4 Comb Filter
3.5 Optical Coupler and Optical Splitter
3.6 Isolator and Circulator

3.7 Optical Switch

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Page27

Dielectric Thin Film Filter

Dielectric Thin Film Filter


1- 4

1 filter

Self-focusing-lens
1
3 filter
2
3
4

glass

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Page28

Fiber Grating Filter

Uniform Fiber Grating

Non-uniform Fiber grating

1 2 3 n

Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)

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Integrated Waveguide type: AWG

Integrated Waveguide type: AWG

Small spacing

Large number of channels

Flat pass-band

Input
Waveguide

Arrayed
Waveguide

planecoupling
coupling
plane
waveguide
waveguide

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Output
Waveguide

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Comb Filter

The basic indices are insertion loss, bandwidth and crosstalk.


Optical slicer

TM

Odd channels

Stage 2

Incoming channels

Stage 1
Even channels

Stage 3

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Page31

Coupler and Splitter

Coupler and Splitter

input1

output1

input2

output2

Coupling length

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Isolator and Circulator

Isolator
Forward
light

Forward
light

Backreflected
light

Circulator
2

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Page33

Optical Switch

A passive component possessing one or more ports which


selectively transmits, redirects, or blocks optical power in an

optical transmission line.


RI11

RO1

RI12

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Page34

Questions

List the common passive optical devices and describe their


functions respectively.

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Page35

Summary

Physical characters of light

Structure and characters of fiber

Functions and characters of passive components

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Thank you
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