A)

B)
C)
D)

Normal visual sensation in the

1. absence of complete visual
perception is best illustrated by
prosopagnosia.
synaesthesia.
tinnitus.
sensory interaction.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The process of receiving and

2. representing stimulus energies
by the nervous system is called
priming.
synaesthesia.
accommodation.
sensation.

3.
A)
B)
C)
D)

4.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)

Perception is the process by

which
stimulus energies are detected.
stimulus energies are
transformed into neural activity.
sensory input is organized and
interpreted.
nerve cells respond to specific
features of a stimulus.

Sensation is to ________ as
perception is to ________.
encoding; detection
detection; interpretation
interpretation; organization
organization; accommodation

Hearing a sequence of sounds of

different pitches is to ________ as
5. recognizing the sound sequence
as a familiar melody is to
________.
absolute threshold; difference
threshold

sensory interaction; feature

detection
feature detection; sensory
interaction
sensation; perception

B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Bottom-up processing involves

analysis that begins with the
optic nerve.
sensory receptors.
cerebral cortex.
feature detectors.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Information processing guided by

7. higher-level mental processes are
called
prosopagnosia.
sensory interaction.
top-down processing.
synaesthesia.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Berdine has developed cataracts

in both eyes, preventing her from
8. being able to identify even her
mother's face. Berdine most
clearly suffers a deficiency in
the optic nerve.
accommodation.
bottom-up processing.
kinesthesis.

A)
B)
C)

Patients who have negative

expectations about the outcome
of a surgical procedure may
9.
experience increased
postoperative pain. This best
illustrates the importance of
accommodation.
sensory adaptation.
difference thresholds.

6.

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

top-down processing.

Three steps that are basic to all

sensory systems include the
10.
________ of information to the
brain.
proximity, closure, and continuity
receiving, transforming, and
delivering
priming, grouping, and parallel
processing
feature detection, interposition,
and sensory adaptation

Which of the following represents

11. the very first of three steps basic
to all sensory systems?
forming perceptual sets
delivering neural information to
the brain
receiving sensory stimulation
transforming stimulus energies
into neural impulses

A)
B)
C)
D)

The process by which our

sensory systems transform
12.
stimulus energies into neural
impulses is called
priming.
sensory adaptation.
transduction.
accommodation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Nociceptors trigger neural

13. impulses in response to a sprain
or a burn. This illustrates
tinnitus.
transduction.
psychokinesis.
perceptual adaptation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The study of relationships

between the physical
14. characteristics of stimuli and our
psychological experience of them
is called
transduction.
Gestalt psychology.
psychophysics.
parapsychology.

15.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A psychophysicist would be most

directly concerned with
our psychological reactions to
physical stress.
the effects of heredity on the
endocrine system.
the effect of neurotransmitters
on depression.
the relationship between the
wavelength of light and the
experience of color.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The minimum amount of

stimulation a person needs to
16.
detect a stimulus 50 percent of
the time is called the
critical period.
just noticeable difference.
perceptual set.
absolute threshold.

A)
B)

During a hearing test, many

sounds were presented at such a
low level of intensity that Mr.
17.
Antall could hardly detect them.
These sounds were below Mr.
Antall's
perceptual set.
absolute threshold.

C)
D)

vestibular sense.
difference threshold.

A)
B)
C)
D)

If a partially deaf person's

hearing ability ________, his or her
18.
absolute threshold for sound
________.
improves; remains unchanged
worsens; decreases
worsens; remains unchanged
improves; decreases

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory predicts when we

will first notice a faint stimulus
19.
presented amid competing
background stimulation?
place theory
frequency theory
signal-detection theory
Young-Helmholtz theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory emphasizes that

personal expectations and
20.
motivations influence the level of
absolute thresholds?
signal detection theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
place theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory would suggest that

watching a horror movie late at
21. night could lower your absolute
threshold for sound as you
subsequently tried to fall asleep?
place theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
signal detection theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

Lonely, anxious people at speeddating events respond with a

22. ________ threshold, and thus tend
to be ________ in reaching out to
potential dates.
low; unselective
high; unselective
low; overly selective
high; overly selective

A)
B)
C)
D)

Priming refers to the activation of

certain
blind spots.
hair cells.
nociceptors.
associations.

A)
B)
C)
D)

In experiments, an image is
quickly flashed and then
replaced by a masking stimulus
24. that inhibits conscious perception
of the original image. In these
experiments, the researchers are
studying the effects of
accommodation.
tinnitus.
priming.
blindsight.

A)
B)
C)
D)

After a photo of nude man or

woman was flashed and
immediately masked before
25. being perceived, people's
attention was unconsciously
drawn to images in a way that
reflected their
precognition.
retinal disparity.
sexual orientation.
vestibular sense.

23.

26.
A)

B)

C)
D)

27.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

People's response to subliminal

priming indicates that
they are capable of processing
information without any
conscious awareness of doing so.
their unconscious minds are
incapable of resisting
subliminally presented
suggestions.
they are more sensitive to
subliminal sounds than to
subliminal sights.
they experience a sense of
discomfort whenever they are
exposed to subliminal stimuli.

A subliminal message is one that

is presented
below one's absolute threshold
for conscious awareness.
in a manner that is unconsciously
persuasive.
with very soft background music.
repetitiously.

28. Subliminally presented stimuli

can sometimes be consciously
perceived.
effectively influence purchases of
consumer goods.
increase our absolute thresholds
for visual images.
are usually mentally processed
as completely as any other
stimuli.

Which of the following strategies

29. best illustrates the use of
subliminal stimulation?

A)

B)
C)

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A store plays a musical

soundtrack in which a faint and
imperceptible verbal warning
against shoplifting is repeated
frequently.
The laughter of a studio audience
is dubbed into the soundtrack of
a televised situation comedy.
A radio advertiser repeatedly
smacks her lips before biting into
a candy bar.
An unseen television narrator
repeatedly suggests that you are
thirsty while a cold drink is
visually displayed on the screen.

Experiments evaluating the

impact of subliminal self-help
30.
recordings for improving memory
indicated that they
interfere with people's capacity
for sensory adaptation.
did not help more than a
placebo.
improve people's capacity for
parallel processing.
have a positive long-lasting
impact on people's health.

The minimum difference between

31. two stimuli required for detection
50 percent of the time is called
retinal disparity.
the absolute threshold.
perceptual set.
the just noticeable difference.

32. Jennifer can tune her guitar more

effectively than Maria because
Jennifer is better at detecting
whether specific strings are

A)
B)
C)
D)

playing too sharp or too flat. With

respect to tone sensitivity, Maria
apparently has a ________
threshold than does Jennifer.
lower absolute
higher absolute
smaller difference
larger difference

A)
B)
C)
D)

The principle that two stimuli

must differ by a constant
33. minimum proportion for their
difference to be perceived is
known as
the opponent-process theory.
Weber's law.
feature detection.
sensory interaction.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice

as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5
extra marbles to make Jim's bag
34.
feel heavier, it will take 10 extra
marbles to make Giulio's bag feel
heavier. This best illustrates
the opponent-process theory.
the McGurk effect.
sensory adaptation.
Weber's law.

A)
B)
C)
D)

35. Sensory adaptation refers to

the process by which stimulus
energies are changed into neural
impulses.
diminished sensitivity to an
unchanging stimulus.
the process of organizing and
interpreting sensory information.
changes in the shape of the lens
as it focuses on objects.

A)
B)
C)
D)

After listening to your highvolume car stereo for 15

36. minutes, you fail to realize how
loudly the music is blasting. This
best illustrates
Weber's law.
accommodation.
sensory adaptation.
the volley principle.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The constant quivering

37. movements of our eyes enable
us to
focus the light on our retina.
adjust the size of the pupil.
minimize sensory adaptation.
do all of these things.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

38. A perceptual set is a

tendency to fill in gaps to
perceive a complete, whole
object.
readiness to judge an object as
larger than it is.
tendency to view objects high in
our field of vision as closer than
they are.
mental predisposition that
influences what we perceive.

After learning that her new

college roommate had
experienced several episodes of
depression during her high
39.
school years, Erin incorrectly
perceived her roommate's
laughter as artificial and phony.
This best illustrates the impact of
interposition.
perceptual set.

C)
D)

clairvoyance.
the phi phenomenon.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When researchers added a few

drops of vinegar to a brand-name
beer, the beer tasters disliked it
40.
only if they had been told they
were drinking vinegar-laced beer.
This best illustrates the impact of
kinesthesis.
interposition.
perceptual set.
the McGurk effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

After hearing rumors about the

outbreak of an infectious disease,
Alyosha began to perceive his
41. normal aches and pains as
disease-related symptoms. His
reaction best illustrates the
impact of
the McGurk effect.
sensory adaptation.
psychokinesis.
perceptual set.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The tendency to perceive a

moving light in the night sky as
42. belonging to an airplane rather
than a weather balloon best
illustrates the impact of
kinesthesis.
retinal disparity.
perceptual set.
the phi phenomenon.

A)

A concept that helps us to

43. interpret ambiguous sensations
is called a
gestalt.

B)
C)
D)

schema.
feature detector.
masking stimulus.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The influence of schemas on our

44. interpretations of ambiguous
sensations best illustrates
shape constancy.
top-down processing.
psychokinesis.
the phi phenomenon.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Stereotypes are mental

conceptions that can strongly
influence the way we interpret
45. the behaviors of individuals
belonging to specific racial or
ethnic groups. A stereotype is
most similar to a
feature detector.
perceptual adaptation.
perceptual set.
difference threshold.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Visual perceptions of objects

often change when the objects
46.
are viewed in different
surroundings. This best illustrates
blindsight.
Weber's law.
context effects.
retinal disparity.

A)

Although Sue Yen sees her

chemistry professor several
times a week, she didn't
47.
recognize the professor when she
saw her in the grocery store. This
best illustrates the importance of
relative luminance.

B)
C)
D)

context effects.
interposition.
perceptual adaptation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When Rick learned that many

students had received a failing
grade on the midterm exam, he
48.
was no longer disappointed by
his C grade. His experience best
illustrates the importance of
perceptual adaptation.
linear perspective.
context effects.
interposition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The horizon Moon appears to

shrink in size if it is viewed
through a narrow tube that
49.
eliminates the perception of
distance cues. This best
illustrates the importance of
perceptual adaptation.
stroboscopic movement.
context effects.
sensory interaction.

A)
B)
C)
D)

While listening to sad rather than

happy music, people are more
likely to perceive a spoken work
50.
as mourning rather than
morning. This best illustrates that
perception is influenced by
synaesthesia.
the phi phenomenon.
linear perspective.
top-down processing.

51. To those throwing a very heavy

rather than a light object at a
target, the target is likely to be

perceived as
softer.
slower moving.
larger.
farther away.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

If rewards were linked to seeing

an old woman rather than a
young woman's profile, viewers
would tend to perceive an old
52.
woman after exposure to an
ambiguous drawing. This
illustrates the impact of ________
on perception.
subliminal stimulation
sensory adaptation
critical periods
motivation

A)
B)
C)
D)

Humans experience the longest

visible electromagnetic waves as
53. the color ________ and the
shortest visible waves as
________.
blue-violet; red
red; green
red; blue-violet
black; white

54.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)

Brightness is to intensity as hue

is to
amplitude.
color.
pitch.
wavelength.

55. The pupil is the

adjustable opening in the center
of the eye through which light
enters.

transparent structure that

focuses light rays in a process
called accommodation.
light-sensitive inner surface of
the eye, containing both rods and
cones.
central focal point in the retina,
around which the eye's cones
cluster.

B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which process allows more light

56. to reach the periphery of the
retina?
accommodation of the lens
transduction of the blind spot
dilation of the pupil
sensory adaptation of feature
detectors

57.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

The amount of light entering the

eye is regulated by the
iris.
retina.
optic nerve.
feature detectors.

Objects are brought into focus on

58. the retina by changes in the
curve and thickness of the
rods and cones.
lens.
bipolar cells.
optic nerve.

59. Accommodation refers to the

diminishing sensitivity to an
unchanging stimulus.
quivering eye movements that
enable the retina to detect
continuous stimulation.

process by which stimulus

energies are changed into neural
messages.
process by which the lens
changes shape to focus images
on the retina.

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following is the

correct order in which the retina's
60.
neural layers process visual
stimulation?
ganglion cells, rods and cones,
bipolar cells
rods and cones, ganglion cells,
bipolar cells
bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods
and cones
rods and cones, bipolar cells,
ganglion cells

Which cells for visual processing

61. are located closest to the back of
the retina?
ganglion cells
bipolar cells
rods and cones
feature detectors

62.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

The axons of ganglion cells

converge to form
the basilar membrane.
bipolar cells.
the auditory nerve.
the optic nerve.

63. The fovea refers to

the outer protective surface of
the eye.
a coiled, fluid-filled tube in the
inner ear.

an area of the thalamus that

receives information from the
optic nerve.
the central focal point in the
retina.

C)
D)

64.
A)
B)
C)
D)

The blind spot is located in the

area of the retina
called the fovea.
that contains rods but no cones.
where the optic nerve leaves the
eye.
where bipolar cells connect with
ganglion cells.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The direct link between a single

cone and a single ________
65.
preserves the fine details in the
cone's message.
rod
ganglion cell
blind spot
bipolar cell

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which receptor cells most

66. directly enable us to distinguish
different wavelengths of light?
rods
cones
bipolar cells
feature detectors

A)
B)
C)
D)

67. Rods are

more light-sensitive and more
color-sensitive than are cones.
less light-sensitive and less colorsensitive than are cones.
more light-sensitive and less
color-sensitive than are cones.
less light-sensitive and more

color-sensitive than are cones.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Damage to the fovea would

probably have the LEAST effect
68.
on visual sensitivity to ________
stimuli.
brilliantly colored
finely detailed
dimly illuminated
highly familiar

A)
B)
C)
D)

On the way to the visual cortex,

69. neural impulses from the retina
are first relayed to the
olfactory bulb.
thalamus.
hippocampus.
oval window.

70.
A)
B)
C)
D)

71.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Visual information is processed

by
feature detectors before it is
processed by rods and cones.
ganglion cells before it is
processed by feature detectors.
bipolar cells before it is
processed by rods and cones.
feature detectors before it is
processed by bipolar cells.

The feature detectors identified

by Hubel and Weisel consist of
nerve cells in the brain.
rods and cones.
bipolar cells.
ganglion cells.

72. The feature detectors identified

by Hubel and Weisel respond to

A)
B)
C)
D)

specific aspects of ________

stimulation.
visual
auditory
olfactory
kinesthetic

When we look at a clock showing

8 A.M., certain brain cells in our

73. visual cortex are more responsive

than when the hands show 10
This is most indicative of

A)
B)
C)
D)

A.M.

sensory interaction.
feature detection.
perceptual adaptation.
accommodation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

An area of the brain dedicated to

the specialized task of
74.
recognizing faces is located in
the right ________ lobe.
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

A)
B)
C)
D)

Simultaneously analyzing distinct

subunits of information received
75.
by different areas of the brain is
known as
transduction.
sensory adaptation.
parallel processing.
feature detection.

A)

The ability to simultaneously

process the pitch, loudness,
76.
melody, and meaning of a song
best illustrates
kinesthesis.

B)
C)
D)

accommodation.
sensory adaptation.
parallel processing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The human ability to speedily

77. recognize familiar objects best
illustrates the value of
kinesthesis.
subliminal stimulation.
sensory interaction.
parallel processing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Certain stroke victims report

seeing nothing when shown a
series of sticks, yet they are able
78.
to correctly report whether the
sticks are vertical or horizontal.
This best illustrates
serial processing.
the McGurk effect.
sensory interaction.
blindsight.

A)
B)
C)
D)

People who demonstrate

79. blindsight have most likely
suffered damage to their
cornea.
lens.
fovea.
visual cortex.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When we are exposed to the

narrow band of wavelengths
80. visible to the human eye, we see
a red object as red because it
rejects waves of
blue-violet light.
red light.
green light.
yellow light.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Evidence that some cones are

especially sensitive to red light,
81. others to green light, and still
others to blue light is most
directly supportive of
Weber's law.
the Young-Helmholtz theory.
the gate-control theory.
the opponent-process theory.

A)
B)
C)
D)

According to the YoungHelmholtz theory, when both redsensitive and green-sensitive

82.
cones are stimulated
simultaneously, a person should
see
red.
yellow.
blue.
green.

83.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Ewald Hering found a clue to the

mystery of color vision in
blindsight.
afterimages.
retinal disparity.
the phi phenomenon.

When most people stare first at a

blue circle and then shift their
84.
eyes to a white surface, the
afterimage of the circle appears
yellow.
red.
green.
blue.

85. People with color-deficient vision

for red and green may still see

yellow. This is most easily
explained by
the Young-Helmholtz theory.
the gate-control theory.
frequency theory.
the opponent-process theory.

A)
B)
C)
D)

86.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

According to the opponent87. process theory, cells that are

turned on by
green light are turned off by
blue light.
yellow light are turned off by
red light.
green light are turned off by
red light.
red light are turned off by blue
light.

Early in the twentieth-century, a

group of German psychologists
88. noticed that people tend to
organize a cluster of sensations
into a(n)
just noticeable difference.
masking stimulus.
nociceptor.
gestalt.

89.
A)

Opponent-process cells have

been located in the
thalamus.
cochlea.
spinal cord.
semicircular canals.

A gestalt is best described as

a(n)
binocular cue.

B)
C)
D)

illusion.
organized whole.
perceptual set.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Our shifting perceptions of a

90. Necker cube best illustrate the
importance of
blindsight.
Weber's law.
sensory adaptation.
top-down processing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The perception of an object as

91. distinct from its surroundings is
called
perceptual set.
perceptual constancy.
figure-ground perception.
interposition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

As the airplane descended for a

landing, the pilot saw several
beautiful islands that appeared
92.
to float in a vast expanse of blue
ocean water. In this instance, the
ocean is a
figure.
binocular cue.
ground.
perceptual set.

93.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Figure is to ground as ________ is

to ________.
form; substance
looking up; looking down
sensation; perception
a white cloud; blue sky

94. The organizational rules

identified by Gestalt
psychologists illustrate that
perception is the same as
sensation.
we learn to perceive the world
through experience.
the perceived whole differs from
the sum of its parts.
sensation has no effect on
perception.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Carmella, Jorge, and Gail were all

sitting behind the same bowling
lane, so Ruth perceived that they
95. were all members of the same
bowling team. This best
illustrates the organizational
principle of
proximity.
interposition.
closure.
continuity.

96.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)

The principles of continuity and

closure best illustrate that
sensations are organized into
meaningful patterns.
perception is the direct product
of sensation.
cultural experiences shape
perception.
visual information is especially
likely to capture our attention.

The perception of the letter t

as two intersecting lines rather
97.
than as four nonintersecting lines
illustrates the principle of
accommodation.
proximity.
closure.

D)

continuity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The perceptual tendency to fill in

gaps in order to perceive
98.
disconnected parts as a whole
object is called
interposition.
closure.
continuity.
proximity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Although a few keys on the piano

were broken, Shana mentally
99. filled in the missing notes of the
familiar melodies. This best
illustrates the principle of
proximity.
closure.
blindsight.
interposition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When hearing the words eel is

on the wagon, you would likely
perceive the first word as
wheel. Given eel is on the
100. orange, you would likely
perceive the first word as peel.
This context effect best
illustrates the organizational
principle of
proximity.
interposition.
closure.
accommodation.

A)
B)

The ability to see objects in three

101. dimensions is most essential for
making judgments of
continuity.
distance.

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

relative luminance.
stroboscopic movement.

The visual cliff is a laboratory

102. device for testing ________ in
infants.
size constancy
accommodation
depth perception
perceptual adaptation

103.
A)
B)
C)
D)

104.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)

Infants who were exposed to the

visual cliff
tried to climb up the cliff if their
mothers were at the top.
gave no evidence that they could
perceive depth.
refused to cross over onto the
glass over the cliff to their
mothers.
eagerly crossed to their mothers
by means of the bridge
provided.

Retinal disparity is an important

cue for
perceiving color.
shape constancy.
perceiving distance.
brightness constancy.

105. Retinal disparity refers to the

tendency to see parallel lines as
coming together in the distance.
tendency to see stimuli that are
near each other as parts of a
unified object.
somewhat different images our
two eyes receive of the same
object.

D)

inability to distinguish figure from

ground.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Holding two index fingers in front

of the eyes can create the
106. perception of a floating finger
sausage. This best illustrates the
effect of
relative height.
retinal disparity.
interposition.
relative luminance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Relative height is a cue involving

107. our perception of objects higher
in our field of vision as
brighter.
farther away.
hazier.
smaller.

A)

B)

C)

D)

If you stared at a house as you

walked down a street, the trees
108.
in front of the house would
appear to be moving
in the opposite direction as you,
and the trees behind the house
would appear to be moving in the
opposite direction as you.
in the same direction as you, and
the trees behind the house would
appear to be moving in the
opposite direction as you.
in the same direction as you, and
the trees behind the house would
appear to be moving in the same
direction as you.
in the opposite direction as you,
and the trees behind the house
would appear to be moving in the
same direction as you.

A)
B)
C)
D)

If two objects are assumed to be

the same size, the object that
109.
casts the smaller retinal image is
perceived to be
moving faster.
less hazy.
more distant.
closer.

A)
B)
C)
D)

As the farmer looked across her

field, the parallel rows of young
110. corn plants appeared to converge
in the distance. This provided her
with a distance cue known as
proximity.
linear perspective.
closure.
continuity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The monocular depth cue in

111. which an object blocking another
object is perceived as closer is
interposition.
relative height.
continuity.
linear perspective.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following is a cue

112. used by artists to convey depth
on a flat canvas?
proximity
continuity
interposition
closure

113. Our assumption that light

typically comes from above us
contributes most directly to the

A)
B)
C)
D)

importance of ________ as a
monocular cue for depth
perception.
interposition
retinal disparity
light and shadow
linear perspective

A)
B)
C)
D)

The steadily increasing size of

the retinal image of an
114. approaching object is especially
important for perceiving the
object's
shape.
motion.
height.
weight.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The quick succession of briefly

115. flashed images in a motion
picture produces
retinal disparity.
synaesthesia.
stroboscopic movement.
linear perspective.

A)
B)
C)
D)

116. The phi phenomenon refers to

psychics' supposed ability to see
into the future.
the perception of movement
created by the successive
blinking on and off of adjacent
lights.
the ability to adjust to an
artificially displaced visual field.
the tendency to fill in gaps to
perceive disconnected parts as a
whole object.

117. The sequentially flashing

A)
B)
C)
D)

Christmas tree lights appeared to

generate pulsating waves of
motion. This best illustrates
relative motion.
retinal disparity.
the phi phenomenon.
interposition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Perceiving objects as unchanging

118. even as illumination and retinal
images change is known as
interposition.
prosopagnosia.
perceptual constancy.
sensory adaptation.

119.
A)
B)
C)
D)

120.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Color constancy refers to the fact

that
light waves reflected by an
object remain constant despite
changes in lighting.
objects are perceived to be the
same color even if the light they
reflect changes.
the perceived color of an object
has a constant relation to its
brightness.
the frequency of light waves is
directly proportional to the light's
wavelength.

To experience color constancy,

we should view things
from very short distances.
for long periods of time.
under low levels of illumination.
in relation to surrounding objects.

121. Jody's horse looks just as black in

the brilliant sunlight as it does in

the dim light of the stable. This

illustrates what is known as
perceptual set.
sensory interaction.
brightness constancy.
the phi phenomenon.

A)
B)
C)
D)

122.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Brightness constancy is most

clearly facilitated by
proximity.
interposition.
relative luminance.
retinal disparity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The amount of light reflected by

an object relative to the amount
123.
reflected by surrounding objects
is called
continuity.
interposition.
retinal disparity.
relative luminance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Viewing the light reflected by any

object relative to the light
124. reflected by surrounding objects
is most necessary for
experiencing
synaesthesia.
retinal disparity.
perceptual adaptation.
brightness constancy.

A)

Although college textbooks

frequently cast a trapezoidal
image on the retina, students
125.
typically perceive the books as
rectangular objects. This
illustrates the importance of
size constancy.

B)
C)
D)

linear perspective.
shape constancy.
binocular cues.

A)
B)
C)
D)

As the retinal image of a horse

galloping toward you becomes
larger, it is unlikely that the
126.
horse will appear to grow larger.
This best illustrates the
importance of
relative luminance.
size constancy.
closure.
sensory interaction.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The perceived size of an object is

127. most strongly influenced by that
object's perceived
shape.
color.
distance.
motion.

A)
B)
C)
D)

If two objects cast retinal images

of the same size, the object that
128. appears to be closer is perceived
as ________ the object that
appears to be more distant.
overlapping
smaller than
larger than
the same size as

A)
B)

Because she mistakenly thought

she was much closer to the
129. mountain than she actually was,
Fiona perceived the mountain to
be ________ than it actually was.
higher
smaller

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

more richly colorful

larger

When the Moon is near the

horizon, it appears larger than
130.
when it is high in the sky. This
effect is primarily a result of
the slightly dimmer appearance
of the horizon Moon.
the scattering of the horizon
Moon's light waves, which
penetrate the atmosphere at an
angle.
distance cues, which make the
horizon Moon seem farther away.
the brighter appearance of the
horizon Moon.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Knowing about the effects of the

perceived distance of objects on
131.
their perceived size helps us to
understand
the Moon illusion.
the McGurk effect.
prosopagnosia.
phantom limb sensations.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The tendency to hear the steady

drip of a leaky sink faucet as if it
132.
were a repeating rhythm of two
or more beats best illustrates
interposition.
perceptual organization.
relative luminance.
perceptual adaptation.

Who emphasized that perceptual

understanding comes from
133.
inborn ways of organizing
sensory experience?

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Immanuel Kant
Aristotle
John Locke
Sigmund Freud

The ability of newly hatched

134. chicks to perceive depth best
serves to support the views of
John Locke.
Immanuel Kant.
Sigmund Freud.
Aristotle.

135.
A)
B)
C)
D)

136.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

The philosopher John Locke

believed that people
learn to perceive the world
through experience.
are endowed at birth with
perceptual skills.
experience the whole as different
from the sum of its parts.
are unable to adapt to an
inverted visual world.

John Locke is to Immanuel Kant

as ________ is to ________.
figure; ground
perception; sensation
nurture; nature
experience; learning

Lenore had been blind from birth.

Immediately after corrective eye
surgery, she could visually
137. perceive figure-ground
relationships. This fact would
serve to support the position
advanced by
Kant.
parapsychologists.

C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Aristotle.
Locke.

If an adult who was blind from

birth gains the ability to see, that
138.
person would have the greatest
difficulty visually distinguishing
circles from squares.
the Sun from the Moon.
red from green.
a white cloud from the blue sky.

139.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A clouding of the lens of the eye

is called a
blind spot.
cataract.
visual cliff.
masking stimulus.

D)

Rebecca was born with cataracts

that were not surgically removed
140.
until she was 3 years old. As a
result, Rebecca is most likely to
have lost visual receptor cells in
her eyes.
be unable to perceive figureground relationships.
have inadequate neural
connections in her visual cortex.
be unable to sense colors.

A)
B)

Sensory restriction is much more

likely to hinder visual
development in early infancy
141. than during other times of life.
This suggests that there is a(n)
________ for normal visual
development.
absolute threshold
perceptual set

A)
B)
C)

C)
D)

critical period
blind spot

A)
B)
C)
D)

The ability to adjust to an

142. artificially displaced or even
inverted visual field is called
perceptual set.
accommodation.
perceptual adaptation.
shape constancy.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Research with distorting goggles

143. best supports the view of human
perception advanced by
John Locke.
Herman Von Helmholtz.
Immanuel Kant.
Ewald Hering.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Although he was wearing a pair

of glasses that shifted the
apparent location of objects 20
144. degrees to his right, Lars was still
able to play tennis very
effectively. This best illustrates
the value of
perceptual set.
shape constancy.
retinal disparity.
perceptual adaptation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

145. Our sense of hearing is known as

the vestibular sense.
kinesthesis.
audition.
tinnitus.

146. The process of transducing air

pressure waves into neural

messages that the brain

interprets as meaningful sound is
known as
sensory interaction.
the vestibular sense.
kinesthesis.
audition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

The loudness of sounds is

147. determined by the ________ of
sound waves.
difference threshold
interposition
amplitude
frequency

A)
B)
C)
D)

The high notes on a piano always

148. produce ________ sound waves
than the low notes.
higher-amplitude
lower-amplitude
higher-frequency
lower-frequency

A)
B)
C)
D)

Brightness is to light as ________

is to sound.
pitch
loudness
frequency
wavelength

A)
B)
C)
D)

Long sound waves are to short

150. sound waves as a ________ voice
is to a ________ voice.
loud; soft
soprano; bass
soft; loud
bass; soprano

149.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The absolute threshold for

151. hearing is arbitrarily defined as
zero
decibels.
amps.
phonemes.
hertz.

A)
B)
C)
D)

An 80-decibel sound is ________

152. times more intense than a 60decibel sound.
2
10
20
100

153.
A)
B)
C)
D)

The bones of the middle ear relay

vibrations received from the
cochlea.
eardrum.
vestibular sacs.
semicircular canals.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Eardrum vibrations are

154. transmitted by three tiny bones
located in the
vestibular sacs.
inner ear.
cochlea.
middle ear.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Eardrum vibrations are

155. transmitted to the cochlea by a
piston consisting of
protruding hair cells.
the basilar membrane.
the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
bipolar and ganglion cells.

156.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

On the way to the temporal

lobe's auditory cortex, neural
157.
impulses from the auditory nerve
are first relayed to the
thalamus.
amygdala.
hippocampus.
fovea.

158.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Cones and rods are to vision as

________ are to audition.
eardrums
oval windows
hair cells
semicircular canals

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told

by experts that he has
conduction hearing loss and that
159. a hearing aid would restore his
lost sense of hearing. It is likely
that Joe's hearing loss involves
problems within the
inner ear.
middle ear.
auditory nerve.
basilar membrane.

160.
A)
B)
C)

The surface of the basilar

membrane is lined with
hair cells.
olfactory receptors.
bipolar cells.
feature detectors.

Damage to the oval window is

most likely to result in
accommodation.
conduction hearing loss.
loss of the sense of balance.

D)

sensorineural hearing loss.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Damage to the hammer, anvil,

and stirrup is most likely to cause
prosopagnosia.
sensorineural hearing loss.
phantom limb sensations.
conduction hearing loss.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Ringing of the ears after

162. exposure to loud music is most
likely to be caused by damage to
noiceptors.
hair cells.
cochlear implants.
bipolar cells.

A)
B)
C)
D)

As a rock musician who has

experienced prolonged exposure
to high-amplitude sounds,
163. Rodney is beginning to lose his
hearing. It is most likely that this
hearing loss involves problems in
the
auditory canal.
eardrum.
tiny bones of the middle ear.
cochlea.

161.

164.
A)
B)
C)
D)

A cochlear implant converts

sounds into
decibels.
electrical signals.
air pressure changes.
fluid vibrations.

165. Many hard-of-hearing people like

sound compressed because they
remain sensitive to ________

sounds.
loud
high-pitched
prolonged
unpredictable

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)

C)

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

166. Place theory suggests that

structures in the inner ear
provide us with a sense of the
position of our bodies in space.
we have a system for sensing the
position and movement of the
various parts of our body.
we can locate the place from
which a sound is emitted
because of the distance between
our ears.
the pitch we hear is related to
the place where the cochlea's
basilar membrane is stimulated.

After a small section of his basilar

membrane was damaged, Jason
experienced a noticeable loss of
167.
hearing for high-pitched sounds
only. Jason's hearing loss is best
explained by the ________ theory.
gate-control
frequency
opponent-process
place

168.
A)
B)

According to place theory, the

perception of
low-pitched sounds is associated
with large vibrations of the
eardrum closest to the oval
window.
high-pitched sounds is associated
with large vibrations of the
eardrum closest to the oval

window.
low-pitched sounds is associated
with large vibrations of the
basilar membrane closest to the
oval window.
high-pitched sounds is associated
with large vibrations of the
basilar membrane closest to the
oval window.

C)

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory best explains how

we perceive low-pitched sounds?
place theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
the Young-Helmholtz theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

Individual nerve cells increase

the frequency of neural impulses
170. in the auditory nerve by firing in
rapid succession. This is said to
illustrate
Weber's law.
the McGurk effect.
the volley principle.
top-down processing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The volley principle is most

171. directly relevant to our
perception of
color.
brightness.
pain.
pitch.

A)

Some combination of place

theory and frequency theory
172.
appears to be most necessary in
accounting for how we sense
high frequency sound waves.

169.

B)
C)
D)

intermediate frequency sound

waves.
low frequency sound waves.
subliminal auditory stimulation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A time lag between left and right

173. auditory stimulation is important
for accurately
locating sounds.
detecting pitch.
recognizing rhythms.
judging amplitude.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Cocking your head would be

174. most useful for detecting the
________ of a sound.
pitch
loudness
location
amplitude

A)
B)
C)
D)

The barn owl's right ear opens

slightly upward while its left ear
175. opens slightly downward. This
difference enables the owl to
detect the ________ of a sound.
pitch
location
loudness
amplitude

A)
B)
C)

Infant rats deprived of their

176. mothers' grooming touch
produce
less growth hormone and have a
higher metabolic rate.
more growth hormone and have
a lower metabolic rate.
less growth hormone and have a
lower metabolic rate.

more growth hormone and have

a higher metabolic rate.

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Premature human babies gain

177. weight faster if they are
stimulated by
blinking lights.
rhythmic sounds.
hand massage.
phantom limb sensations.

178.
A)
B)
C)
D)

The sense of touch includes the

four basic sensations of
pleasure, pain, warmth, and cold.
pain, pressure, hot, and cold.
wetness, pain, hot, and cold.
pressure, pain, warmth, and cold.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Touching side-by-side cold and

179. pressure spots triggers a sense
of
warmth.
pain.
wetness.
kinesthesis.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The sensation of hot results from

the simultaneous stimulation of
180.
adjacent ________ spots on the
skin.
warmth and pain
pain and cold
cold and warmth
warmth and pressure

Men's hearing tends to be

________ acute than women's,
181.
and women are ________ pain
sensitive than men.

A)
B)
C)
D)

more; more
less; less
more; less
less; more

A)
B)
C)
D)

Sensory receptors that detect

182. hurtful temperatures, pressure,
or chemicals are called
vestibular sacs.
hair cells.
nociceptors.
fovea.

A)
B)
C)
D)

In response to a harmful
stimulus, ________ initiate neural
183.
impulses leading to the sensation
of pain.
bipolar cells
nociceptors
feature detectors
ganglion fibers

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which theory suggests that

large-fiber activity in the spinal
184.
cord can prevent pain signals
from reaching the brain?
signal detection theory
opponent-process theory
gate-control theory
frequency theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

The classic gate-control theory

suggests that pain is experienced
185.
when small nerve fibers activate
and open a neural gate in the
basilar membrane.
semicircular canals.
olfactory bulb.
spinal cord.

A)
B)
C)
D)

According to the gate-control

theory, a back massage would
186.
most likely reduce your physical
aches and pains by causing the
release of pain-killing endorphins
in your muscles.
activation of large nerve fibers in
your spinal cord.
the release of adrenaline into
your bloodstream.
deactivation of the pain
receptors on the surface of your
skin.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The brain's release of endorphins

reduces
pain.
tinnitus.
prosopagnosia.
retinal disparity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

After losing his left hand in an

accident, Jack continued to
188. experience pain in his
nonexistent hand. His experience
illustrates
tinnitus.
sensory adaptation.
phantom limb sensations.
the McGurk effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following best

illustrates the impact of central
189.
nervous system activity in the
absence of normal sensory input?
tinnitus
kinesthesis
transduction
accommodation

187.

D)

After painful medical procedures,

190. people's memory snapshots tend
to overlook
the final moments of pain
associated with the procedure.
the peak moments of pain
associated with the procedure.
the total duration of the pain
associated with the procedure.
all of these periods of pain.

A)
B)
C)
D)

An integrated understanding of
pain control in terms of mental
distraction, the release of
191.
endorphins, and the presence of
empathic caregivers is most
clearly provided by
parapsychology.
opponent-process theory.
a biopsychosocial approach.
the volley principle.

A)
B)
C)

B)
C)
D)

The biopsychosocial approach to

192. pain is likely to emphasize the
importance of both
top-down and bottom-up
processing.
frequency and place theories.
kinesthesis and psychokinesis.
telepathy and clairvoyance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When given a placebo that is

said to relieve pain, we are likely
193.
to be soothed by the brain's
release of
umami.
nociceptors.
endorphins.
feature detectors.

A)

A)
B)
C)
D)

For burn victims, a computer194. generated virtual reality can help

to control pain by means of
subliminal stimulation.
thought distraction.
phantom limb sensations.
blindsight.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Our sense of taste was once

195. thought to involve only the
following four sensations
sweet, salty, starch, and bitter.
salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet.
sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy.
bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The taste of umami is a ________

taste.
meaty
salty
bitter
sour

A)
B)
C)
D)

The taste sensation umami is

197. most likely to attract us to foods
that are
sweet.
bitter.
starchy.
rich in protein.

196.

198.
A)
B)
C)
D)

The sense of ________ is a

chemical sense.
taste
kinesthesis
equilibrium
pain

A)
B)
C)
D)

Sense perception cells that

199. project antennalike hairs are
located within
feature detectors.
phantom limbs.
taste buds.
rods and cones.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Receptor cells for our sense of

200. ________ reproduce themselves
every week or two.
vision
hearing
taste
equilibrium

A)
B)
C)
D)

During the months when there is

a large amount of pollen in the
air, your hay fever severely
201. affects your sense of smell. At
the same time your food all
seems to taste the same. This
illustrates the importance of
sensory interaction.
accommodation.
serial processing.
sensory adaptation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

202. The McGurk effect best illustrates

phantom limb sensations.
Weber's law.
tinnitus.
sensory interaction.

The interconnection of brain

circuits that process sensory
experiences with brain circuits
203.
responsible for abstract thinking
contributes to what psychologists
call

A)
B)
C)
D)

the phi phenomenon.

embodied cognition.
sensory adaptation.
kinesthesis.

A)
B)
C)
D)

After holding a warm drink rather

than a cold one, people are more
204.
likely to rate others more warmly.
This best illustrates
the McGurk effect.
relative luminance.
synaesthesia.
embodied cognition.

A)
B)
C)
D)

If hikers perceive a hill as steeper

when carrying heavy backpacks
205.
rather than light backpacks, this
would best illustrate
embodied cognition.
telekinesis.
Weber's law.
stroboscopic movement.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When sounds were accompanied

by a very faint rather than a
more noticeable puff of air on
206. their hands, people more often
misheard the sound pa as the
more airless sound ba. This best
illustrates
synaesthesia.
prosopagnosia.
sensory interaction.
the phi phenomenon.

For some people, hearing certain

sounds may activate color207. sensitive regions of the cortex so
as to trigger a sensation of color.
This phenomenon is called

A)
B)
C)
D)

tinnitus.
blindsight.
synaesthesia.
kinesthesis.

A)
B)
C)
D)

When put in a foul-smelling

rather than a pleasant-smelling
room, people expressed harsher
208.
judgments of immoral acts such
as lying. This best illustrates the
importance of
Weber's law.
the McGurk effect.
embodied cognition.
sensory adaptation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

209. The sense of smell is known as

subliminal stimulation.
the vestibular sense.
transduction.
olfaction.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following senses is

210. best described as a chemical
sense?
kinesthesis
audition
vision
smell

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following would play

211. a role in quickly alerting you to a
gas leak in your home?
bipolar cells
olfactory receptors
feature detectors
basilar membrane

212. The olfactory receptors are

activated by
nociceptors.
feature detectors.
airborne molecules.
the basilar membrane.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

Information from the taste buds

travels to an area of the
frontal lobe.
parietal lobe.
occipital lobe.
temporal lobe.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Pleasant memories are most

214. likely to be evoked by exposure
to
bright colors.
soft touches.
fragrant odors.
loud sounds.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Our sense of the position and

215. movement of individual body
parts is called
feature detection.
accommodation.
kinesthesis.
sensory interaction.

213.

216.
A)
B)
C)
D)

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are

located in the
fovea.
bones, ears, tendons, and joints.
olfactory bulb.
auditory cortex.

Tiny hairlike receptors that

217. monitor the tilting of your head
are located in the

A)
B)
C)
D)

ganglion fibers.
fovea.
olfactory bulb.
vestibular sacs.

218.
A)
B)
C)
D)

The semicircular canals are most

directly relevant to
hearing.
kinesthesis.
the vestibular sense.
accommodation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Which of the following play the

biggest role in our feeling dizzy
219.
and unbalanced after a thrilling
roller coaster ride?
olfactory receptors
feature detectors
basilar membranes
semicircular canals

A)
B)
C)
D)

Sensory receptors in your

220. vestibular sacs enable you to
maintain your sense of
smell.
taste.
touch.
balance.

Mr. Logwood's eyewitness

perceptions of a car accident
were influenced by his inborn
ways of organizing sensory
experiences, his learned
221. schemas, and by other
eyewitnesses' reactions to the
car accident. An integrated
understanding of Mr. Logwood's
perceptions of the accident is
most clearly provided by

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

parapsychology.
gate-control theory.
a biopsychosocial approach.
the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic
theory.

222. Telepathy refers to the

extrasensory transmission of
thoughts from one mind to
another.
extrasensory perception of
events that occur at places
remote to the perceiver.
perception of future events, such
as a person's fate.
ability to understand and share
the emotions of another person.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Jamal claims that his special

psychic powers enable him to
perceive exactly where the body
223.
of a recent murder victim is
secretly buried. Jamal is claiming
to possess the power of
psychokinesis.
precognition.
telepathy.
clairvoyance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

The extrasensory ability to

perceive an automobile accident
taking place in a distant location
224. is to ________ as the extrasensory
ability to know at any moment
exactly what your best friend is
thinking is to ________.
telepathy; precognition
precognition; psychokinesis
psychokinesis; clairvoyance
clairvoyance; telepathy

A)
B)
C)
D)

Margo insists that her dreams

frequently enable her to perceive
225. and predict future events. Margo
is claiming to possess the power
of
telepathy.
clairvoyance.
precognition.
psychokinesis.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Andre claims that he can make a

broken watch begin to run again
simply by entering a state of
226.
intense mental concentration.
Andre is claiming to possess the
power of
precognition.
telepathy.
clairvoyance.
psychokinesis.

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

227. Parapsychology refers to the

study of phenomena such as ESP
and psychokinesis.
study of perceptual illusions.
study of the phi phenomenon.
direct transmission of thoughts
from one mind to another.

Psychics who have worked with

police departments in an effort to
228.
solve difficult crimes have
demonstrated the value of
clairvoyance.
telepathy.
precognition.
none of these things.

229. The existence of convincing

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

scientific evidence that ESP is

possible would pose the greatest
challenge to the
contemporary scientific
understanding of human nature.
continued existence of
parapsychology.
continuation of research on the
processes that underlie ordinary
forms of sensation and
perception.
ordinary belief systems of most
Americans.

The greatest difficulty facing

230. contemporary parapsychology is
the
inability to subject claims of ESP
to scientific testing.
lack of a reproducible ESP
phenomenon.
willingness of many experts to
accept fraudulent evidence.
difficulty of persuading many
ordinary people that there really
is such a thing as ESP.

Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

A
D
C
B
D
B
C
C
D
B
C
C
B
C
D
D
B
D
C
A
D
A
D
C
C
A
A
A
A
B
D
D
B
D
B
C
C
D
B
C
D

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.

C
B
B
C
C
B
C
C
D
D
D
C
D
A
C
A
B
D
D
C
D
D
C
D
B
C
C
B
B
A
A
B
D
C
D
D
D
D
B
B
B
A
A

85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.

D
A
C
D
C
D
C
C
D
C
A
A
D
B
B
C
B
C
C
C
C
B
B
D
C
B
A
C
C
B
C
B
C
C
B
D
C
C
D
D
C
B
C

128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.

B
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
C
A
A
B
C
C
C
A
D
C
D
C
C
B
D
A
D
B
D
C
A
A
C
B
D
D
B
D
B
A
D
D
D
C
C

171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.

D
B
A
C
B
C
C
D
C
C
D
C
B
C
D
B
A
C
A
C
C
A
C
B
D
A
D
A
C
C
A
D
B
D
A
C
C
C
D
D
B
C
D

214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.

C
C
B
D
C
D
D
C
A
D
D
C
D
A
D
A
B