ABSTRACT

In India the demand for energy is more and this is one of the large problem for our
India. Finding solutions, to meet the Energy -demand is the great challenge for
Engineers, Social Scientist, and Industrialist of our Country. According to them,
applications of renewable energy are the only another solution for conventional energy
demand. Now-a-days the Concept and Technique employing this renewable energy
becomes very exclusive for all kinds of development activities. One of the large area,
which finds number of applications are in agriculture. Solar energy plays an important
role in agriculture products and for irrigation system for pumping the water from well in
villages without electricity. Use of this Technology on solar energy can be applied for
Fungicides, spraying pesticides, and Fertilizers etc., using Solar Sprayers. This paper
explain how the Power Sprayer which is already in use and how it works with fossil fuel
can be converted into solar sprayers works without any fossil fuel. The machine, Solar
Agro Sprayer, we introduce through our project is majorly useful for Agricultural
purpose. It works under renewable energy which is the ultimate source for all living
beings. It is introduced first to replace the Engine run under petroleum product which
increase the pollution and also helpful in saving fuels for coming generation. Solar
energy is converted into electrical energy with the help of solar panel. The converted
electrical energy is completely deposited in the battery. A D.C. Motor is run by utilizing
this electrical energy. A liquid pesticide is sprayed with the help of sprayer unit. This
machine is also used to spray not only the liquid substance and also powder particles .

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy resources are the most preferable resources for generation of
electrical energy because of environmentally friendly. Of all the renewable energy
resources, solar energy is the most resource mainly because it is free, unlimited and free
from pollution. The contribution of these sources in the total consumption of energy in
the world is about 15%. The solar energy is usually harvested through solar panels that
are made up of photovoltaic cells. Approximately 80% of all photovoltaic systems are
mended into a standalone system. Solar energy is most simple and the energy produced
directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. Agriculture Plays the
very important role in sustainable development and energy is a major driver in this
process. Agriculture, as a productionoriented area, requires energy as an important
input to production. Pesticide sprayers are mechanical devices that are specifically
designed to spray chemical easily and quickly and. They come in a number of different
varieties. In this project well take a look at solar operated pesticide sprayers. A sprayer
of this type is a better way to use solar energy. Solar based pesticides sprayer pump is
one of the very improved versions of petrol engine pesticide sprayer pump. It is widely
used in the agriculture field & also used for many agriculture purposes. This concept
having more advantages over petrol engine sprayer pump. It uses the solar energy to run
the motor. So it is leads to a pollution free pump compared to petrol engine sprayer
pump. In this charged battery can also use for home appliances like glowing of CFL
bulbs, mobile charging etc.

HISTORY

Himel Melton in 1969 he founded that use of Pesticide application refers to the
practical way in terms of effective dose transfer to a crop. Pesticide application refers to
the practical way in which pesticides, (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides,
or nematode control agents) are delivered to their biological
targets (e.g. pest organism, crop or other plant). Public concern about the use of
pesticides has highlighted the need to make this process as efficient as possible, in order
to minimise their release into the environment and human exposure In agriculture, a
sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, pesticides,
and fertilizers on agricultural crops. Sprayers range in size from man-portable units
(typically backpacks with spray guns) to trailed sprayers that are connected to a tractor,
to self-propelled units similar to tractors, with boom mounts of 60151 feet in length. In
the form of a seed treatment, or coating, to protect plant from insects. Additionally,
these coatings can provide supplemental chemicals and nutrients designed to encourage
growth of the plants.

SOLAR CELL
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a wide area electronic device that converts solar
energy into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic is the field of technology
and research related to the application of solar cells as solar energy. Sometimes the term
solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight,
while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified. Assemblies of
cells are used to make solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays.

A. First Generation
Crystalline Silicon and Vacuum Deposition First generation cells consist of large-area,
high quality and single junction devices. First Generation technologies involve high
energy and labor inputs which prevent any significant progress in reducing production
costs. Single junction silicon devices are approaching the theoretical limiting efficiency
of 33% and achieve cost parity with fossil fuel energy generation after a payback period
of 5-7 years.

B. Second Generation
Thin-Film Cell Second generation materials have been developed to address energy
requirements and production costs of solar cells. Alternative manufacturing techniques
such as vapor deposition and electroplating are advantageous as they reduce high
temperature processing significantly. It is commonly accepted that as manufacturing
techniques evolve production costs will be dominated by constituent material
requirements, whether this be a silicon substrate, or glass cover. Such processes can
bring costs down to a little under but because of the defects inherent in the lower quality
processing methods, have much reduced efficiencies compared to First Generation. The
most successful second generation materials have been cadmium telluride (CdTe),
copper indium gallium solenoid, amorphous silicon and micromorphous silicon. These
materials are applied in a thin film to a supporting substrate such as glass or ceramics
reducing material mass and therefore costs. These technologies do hold promise of
higher conversion efficiencies, particularly CIGS-CIS, DSC and CdTe offers significantly

cheaper production costs. In CdTe production represented 4.7% of total market share,
thin-film silicon 5.2% and CIGS 0.5%.

C. Third Generation
Third Generation Solar Cell Third generation technologies aim to enhance poor
electrical performance of second generation (thin-film technologies) while maintaining
very low production costs. Current research is targeting conversion efficiencies of 3060% while retaining low cost materials and manufacturing techniques. They can exceed
the theoretical solar conversion efficiency limit for a single energy threshold material;
witch was calculated in 1961 by Shockley and Queisser as 31% under 1 sun illumination
and 40.8% under maximal concentration of sunlight (46,200 suns, which makes the
latter limit more difficult to approach than the former).

TYPES OF SPRAYERS

EXISTING SPRAYERS

A. Hand Driven Sprayer

The existing hand driven sprayer consist of a flexible diaphragm made of synthetic
rubber and connected to the pump handle with the help of crankshaft mechanism, a
rigid diaphragm chamber and either ball-type or flat inlet and outlet valves. The outlet
valve is connected to a pressure chamber, which in many hand driven pumpsprayers has
a variable pressure setting valve. These are the pumps which typically operate between
pressures of 1 and 3 bars and it is suitable for application of weed killer where large
droplets are required to minimize spray-drift.

B. Fuel Operated Sprayer

The sprayer consists of an integrated or external spray tank; The piston pump with high
pressure usually powered by two stroke petrol engine and pressure can be with the help
of regulating valve and a hose of up to 50 m of length. Since the Spray tanks are too big
to be carried as a knapsack. The power sprayer is produced in a number of versions.
Flow regulation can be varied with the help of a pressure regulating valve and the size of
the nozzle. At the other end of sprayers is mounted on wheels, equipped with pressure
regulators. Technically, this sprayer has a lot in common with the motorized knapsacksprayer. The unit is usually set for high volume spraying, the liquid droplets with high
pressure. Generally Hallow cone nozzles are preferred .

C. Electric motor Pump Sprayer

Electric motor pump sprayer is used electricity for charging battery. In this way the
pump can drive according to the battery changing.
In the above sprayer there are some drawbacks such as

Hand operated sprayers cannot be used for continuous spraying. We can say that

it cannot be used for long time.

Engine operated sprayer can be operated on petrol so it is not possible to use

every farmer.
Here 70% of the people can be living in rural areas. In rural areas there is
insufficient electricity. So for them it is not possible to use electric motor for
spraying.

COMPONENTS

Solar Panel
Battery
Funnel
Cylinder
Tank
Handle
Base
D.C Pump
Blower
Nozzle
It is a two stroke petrol engine with certain mechanical components and a fuel
tank. The discharging time or operating hour of the tank with a capacity of 10 l is
about 45 minutes. The operating cost depends on the current rate of the fuel. To
discharge a full tank the fuel requirement is about 1.25 l of petrol and 20 ml of oil.
The operating cost varies between Rs. 15 and 20 per tank. The annual
maintenance charge of the sprayer is expected to be around Rs. 500 with the
initial investment of Rs. 7000 towards the cost of the sprayer. So by using the
above components we can reduce the usage of cost of operation.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

GENERAL DIMENSIONS
A. Solar Panel
Material =silicon semiconductor
Type =dark blue
Quantity =1
B. Battery
Material =plastic
Type =lead acid battery
Quantity = 1
C. Base

Length of the base = 520mm

With of the base = 200mm
Height of the base = 80mm Material = M.S
Quantity = 1
D. Cylinder
Inner diameter if the cylinder = 65mm
Outer diameter of the cylinder = 215mm
Length of the cylinder = 50mm
Material = M.S
Quantity = 1
E. Funnel
Length of the funnel = 180mm
Diameter of the funnel = 185mm
Material = M.S
Quantity = 1
F. Supporting Angle
Length of the angle = 25mm
Height of the angle = 60mm
With of the angle = 25mm
Material = M.S
Quantity = 2
G. Nozzle
Nozzle Type= Full Cone Nozzle
Material= M.S
Quantity= 1

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

S.NO

Parts

Specifications

1.

Tank

PVC, 10 lit, 1 kg

2.

Solar Panel

12v, 10watts, 1 kg

3.

Battery

12v, 7.5ah, 1.5kg

4.

D.C Motor

Capacity: 12v,
1.5 Ah, RPM= 02500

5.

Pipe

Diameter: 11 mm
Length: 2 mm

PRINCIPLE
Solar radiation can be converted directly into electricity using semi conductor
devices, which are known as Photovoltaic (PV) cells. When Sunlight falls upon
the Solar cell a part of the light is absorbed and it is converted into Electrical

Energy by means of Electron Movements. This Solar Panel is connected to 12V

lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy. A 12V DC motor is connected to
these lead acid battery to convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy.

CONSTRUCTION
The design of solar agro sprayer consist of three main parts namely,
Solar panel unit
Storage battery unit
Rotating motor.
In the solar agro sprayer the two stroke petrol engine component of the power
sprayer has been replaced with a combination of storage battery and rotating
motor. The action of the rotating motor could be controlled by a switch attached
with it in the assembly. Solar panel arrangement has been provided at the top of
the unit to charge the storage battery. The units of solar panel, storage battery
and a rotating DC motor were mutually attached with one another.
FIg 1.: Power sprayer with its component
FIg 2: mechanical components of two stroke petrol engine

Figure-1

Figure-2

A solar panel of size of 1m2 area with an output power of 75 watt has been mounted on
a circular metal frame which is enclosed over the cylindrical chemical tank of capacity of
10 l. The solar panel arrangement was made at an angle of 45 to the vertical so that it
should not create any trouble to the person who is loading the unit on his back.
Moreover it is able to receive maximum solar radiations continuously from the sun

during the operation of the unit in the field. The output of the panel is connected in
parallel with the 12 V storage battery to store the electrical energy from the panel. The
12 V battery is properly connected with a 12 V DC motor attachment on the frame. The
operation of the motor is controlled by a press type switch attached on the assembly. In
this project an aluminum frame is constructed using aluminum bars to keep the weight
of the frame low. In this frame a retractable link is fixed to the top end of which a solar
photovoltaic panel is fixed that converts solar power into electricity. This electricity is
then provided to battery via a charging circuit and is used for charging the battery.
Electric power from this battery is given to an electric
motor via control switches, by controlling which entire device can be operated To the
shaft of this electric motor a blower fan is connected. The blower blows high speed air
into the blower pipe. The blower pipe is held with hand by the device operator and is
directed into the area where we wishes to spray the pesticides/insecticides. The
insecticide reservoir is connected to the blower pipe. By continuously feeding the
insecticide to the blower pipe the same is spread or sprinkled where we wished. Liquid
insecticide is sprayed on the crops using spray pipe which receives liquid from a
reservoir with the help of a pump. This pump is driven by another DC motor that
receives power from the same battery. Thus insecticide in liquid form is sprayed where
we wished.

WORKING

The blower fan is made to rotate by using a 12 V DC motor. The supply of the current is
been given from the 12 V battery provided. The chemical liquid provided in the tank
may reach the nose for spray by the gravitational force. The air produced in the blower
unit is supplied one part to the chemical tank through a filter tube. The panel board is
fixed by providing the Mild steel, The board can be adjusted to any angle by a tilting
mechanism (Manual). The board is made to rotate by providing a bolt and nut. During
the sunshine the panel board absorbs the heat energy from the sun and it converts it to
the electrical energy and sends the current to the battery for the storage provision. The
stored energy from battery is supplied to the motor for operating the blower fan. The
discharge of the electrical energy from the battery will be equal to the charging of the
battery by the solar photo voltaic cell.
Before filling the pesticide in chemical tank, please ascertain that
the throttle control valve is closed. The capacity of chemical tank is even though it is

more than 10 liters. Liquid chemical should be placed into it only 10 liters. Remove the
cup from the filler hole. A strainer cup is placed in the filler hole. A PVC tube connected
with the bottom of the tank is attached to the filter cup from under it, which brings in a
jet of air from the blower for correcting air cushion over the liquid chemical for creating
air cushion. The liquid chemical for ensuring free flow of the liquid to the nozzle one end
of the PVC tube is fitted with a socket which should be inserted tight into the cavity at
the bottom of the chemical tank.

In case of adjust the dosage scale for required type of spraying.

Load the tank with previously well strained liquid through the strainer provided in the
filler hole of tank. It is advisable not load the tank to its full capacity. It recommended
allowing about 0.5 liter space for air cushion. For efficient performance, replace the cup
tight.

Before mounting the machine on your back, start the motor.

Engage the left hand shoulder strap in the hook at the base of the frame. Insert your left
arm in the sling keeping the padding on your shoulder.

Fig: D.C Motor

As we are included the LED light and mobile charging circuit to our model with the help
of LED we can operate our model to pesticide the chemicals at night times at a same
time he can use the LED light for home application. The cost of the fuel increases day by
day. It should be reduced by the modified model which works on the principle of solar
energy. The operating cost of power sprayer for one hour operation is calculated and its
value is compared with the operating cost of solar sprayer.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Reason for using silicon semiconductor instead of conductor

Solar cells or photo-voltaic (PV) cells work on the principle of photo
electric effect. In photo electric effect the photons strike the element surface

and the energy of the photons is transferred to the electrons present in the
valence band of the element. This energy is good enough to excite the electrons
from valence band to conduction band and hence give rise to free electrons.
These free electrons form the base for the electric current in the circuit.
In semiconductors, this gap is less and photons can do the task of exciting
the electrons without any problem.
In conductors, these band almost overlap each other and hence there are
always free electrons.

We don't use conductors because despite having good band

gap , it converts more energy to heat and it is practically impossible to get a
device working if we use conductors . Guess why .You must get the answer from
this animation .

Why we use plastic for tank instead of another materials

Plastic materials are used intensively because of their cheap

cost and high availability. Also the weight of the plastic is very light. It is less
reactive to most of the chemicals used in the tank.

FORMULAE
Power Conversion Efficiency:
The Solar cell Power Conversion Efficiency can be calculated by using the relation
?=Pmax
Pin

Where,

P = Incident Solar radiation x Area of the Solar Cell in = I x A T

The output power (P ) = V x I out
It is the power delivered from the Generator.
Solar panel:
Solar 17.60V, 0.57A current
Power generated by solar panel (p) = V*I
= 17.60*0.57 = 10 Watt
Battery:
Battery 12V, 7.5Ah current
Battery Power = V*I
= 12*7.5 = 90 Watt
Time required charge the battery (T)
Charging time (T) was computed by taking the battery ratio rating in ampere hour
(Ah) to the total current consumed by the solar panel.
T= (battery rating in ampere hour)/(total current consumed by the solar cells)
T= 7.5/0.

= 13 hours

EXPERIMENTAL ANALSYS
The discharging time depends on the intensity of solar radiation. The performance of
the solar agro sprayer were studied with different ranges of solar radiation . The
maximum time requirement to charge the storage battery was found to be two hours
and the minimum time requirement is one hour.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

To assess the performance of the solar agro sprayer the following experimental
observations were made and its characteristics have been made.
The power conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
The charging time of the storage battery.
The discharge time of the storage battery.

 The discharge capacity of the chemical tank.

The operational cost effectiveness with the existing model

Time Measurement:
When the Solar radiation is between 200 to 300 mW/CM

: 3 to 4 hrs.

When the Solar radiation is between 300 to 400 mW/CM

: 2 to 3 hrs.

When the Solar radiation is between 400 to 600 m W/CM

: 1 hour.

Running period

: 3 to 4 hours.

Operating cost

: Nil

ADVANTAGES

The solar sprayer maintenance is simple.

There is less vibration as compared to the petrol sprayer.
The farmer can do the spraying operation by himself without engaging labour,

thus increasing spraying efficiency.

It reduces the cost of spraying, thereby reduces the usage of fuel/petrol.
The transportation cost for buying petrol is saved.
It facilitates lighting of wireless light traps which controls insect pests and
reduces the number of insecticide sprays by fifty percent cutting the cost of
cultivation.

This also reduces pesticide residues in the agriculture, horticulture and animal

products, improving the quality of the products.

The solar powered sprayer could be used throughout the day without any
interruption.

DEMERITS &LIMITATIONS

The existing model has certain demerits and limitations. The spark plug, carburettor
and the air filter are the components which need frequent checkup before and after
operation. To maintain the efficiency of the machine, care must be taken.
Maintenance of air filter must be strictly observed.
Carburettor has been adjusted correctly for service and maintenance of the
carburettor should be adopted strictly as per the instruction of the company.
The spark plug has to remain clean and always free from oil and deposits.

 Pipes and carburettor should always be kept clean. To overcome the above demerits it
is necessary to make certain modifications in the existing model.

MODELS OF SPRAYERS

Hand Operated Sprayer

Fuel Operated Sprayer

solar agro sprayer

CONCLUSION

The output of a solar pumping system is very dependent on good system design derived
from accurate site and demand data. It is therefore essential that accurate assumptions
are made regarding water demand/pattern of use and water availability including well
yield and expected drawdown.
With a solar pump, energy is not available on demand, and the daily variation in solar
power generation necessitates the storage of a surplus of water pumped on sunny days
for use on cloudy days, solar energy needs to be reserved in the form of either electricity
in batteries of lifted water in a storage tank. The suitability of solar power for lifting
water to irrigate plants is undeniable because of the complementary between solar
irradiance and water requirements of crops. The more intensively the sun is shining the
higher is the power to supply irrigation water while on the other hand on rainy days
irrigation is neither possible nor needed.
Water pumping has long been the most reliable and economic application of solarelectric (photovoltaic, or PV) systems. Most PV systems rely on battery storage for
powering lights and other appliances at night or when the sun is not shining. Most PV
pumping systems do not use batteries the PV modules power the pump directly.

As we know 70% of population of our country lives in village & their

main occupation is agriculture. The prominent aim of this project is to fulfill the tasks
like hand spraying, IC engine spraying, and leg pump spraying etc. using noncon energy
sources. Thus solar operated spray pump will help the farmers of those remote areas of
country where fuel is not available easily. Thus saving revenue of government & also
most demanded fuel. This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern. Project
has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the shortest time available.