Design of Automatic Gate Control Using I PDF

International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 2, Issue: 5, Nov -2014
ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC GATE

CONTROL USING INFRARED REMOTE
WITH PASSWORD PROTECTED
FEATURES
12345
Ayodele Sunday Oluwole1 , Temitope Adefarati2, Kehinde Olusuyi3,

Adedayo Babarinde4, Ezea Hilary5
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
ABSTRACT:- Infrared or wireless technology provides an

alternate, more portable, more independent means of
accessing, opening and closing of a gate and other electronic
information.This research work examines how users can
open and close the gate with password using IR control. The
device connected to this gate is working through the process
from microcontroller that has been programmed with
assembled language and logic circuit.This process is
controlled by 8-bit microcontroller AT89C2051, the
microcontroller receives the infrared signal from the
transmitter which remote control through IR sensor, decode
it and switch ON the relay that control the DC motor which
incorporate with gear that control the movement of the gate
forward and backward, when the wrong password enters
through IR remote control designed for the circuit and open
button is press the gate will not open, the security alarm will
sound for security purpose. This alarm system is
incorporated with design in order to impede intruders from
gaining entrance to the opening of the gate.
Keywords: DC motor, Decoder, Infrared, IR sensor,
Microcontroller.
I.INTRODUCTION
In this research work, we are concerned with providing an
automatic gate control at unmanned level operation replacing
the gates operated by gate keepers and also the semi
automatically operated gates. It deals with two things: it deals
with the reduction of time taken for which the gatekeeper is
being spent to either open or closed; it provides safety and
good security to the users by reducing issue of burgling that
usually occur due to carelessness of users and at times errors
made by the gatekeepers.
The goal of this research is to create an autonomous circuit
that would demodulate an infrared remote control signal into
the pure binary code that is sent when you press each button.
The device that connected to this gate is working through the
processing from microcontroller which program with
assembled language and logic circuit.A remote control is a
component of an electronics device, most commonly a
television set, DVD player and home theater systems

originally used for operating the television device wirelessly
from a short line-of-sight distance. Remote control has
continually evolved and advanced over recent years to include
Bluetooth connectivity, motion sensor enabled capabilities and
voice control. [1][2]
The main remote control technology used in the home is
infrared. The signal between a remote control handset and the
device it is controlling are infrared pulses, which are invisible
to the human eye. The transmitter in the remote control
handset sends out a pulse of infrared light when a button is
pressed on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting
diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote
control handset. The infrared light pulse represents a binary
code that corresponds to a certain command, such as (power
on). The receiver passes the code to a microprocessor, which
decodes it and carries out the command. [3]
The remote control is usually contracted to remote. It is known
by many other names as well, such as converter, clicker, the
box, flipper, the tuner, the changer, or the button. Commonly,
remote controls are Consumer IR devices used to issue
commands from a distance to televisions or other consumers
electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and dimmers.
Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless
handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various
settings such as television channel, track number, and volume.
In fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of
control, the remote contains all the function controls while the
controlled device itself only has a handful of essential primary
controls. Most of these remotes communicate to their
respective devices via infrared (IR) signals and a few via radio
signals. Earlier remote controls in the 1970s used ultrasonic
tones. Television IR signals can be mimicked by a universal
remote, which is able to emulate the functionality of most
major brand television remote controls. [4]
By employing automatic gate control with password based
using IR remote control, this design will preventing another
user in gaining access to the opening of that gate.
Copyright 2014- IJRDT
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Paper Title:- Design of Automatic Gate Control using Infrared Remote With Password
Protected Features (Vol.2, Issue-5)
The receiver unit consists of a sensor and its associated
circuitry. In receiver section, the first part is a sensor, which
detects IR pulses transmitted by IR-LED. The output of IR
sensor momentarily transits through a low state. As a result the
monostable is triggered and a short pulse is applied to the port
pin of the AT89C2051 microcontroller. On receiving a pulse
from the sensor circuit, the controller activates the circuitry
required for closing and opening of the gates.
Here a stepper motor is used for controlling the gates. A
stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical
pulses into mechanical movement. They function as their
name suggests they step a little bit at a time. Steppers simply
respond to a clock signal. They have several windings which
need to be energized in the correct sequence before the motor
shaft will rotate. Reversing the order of the sequence will
cause the motor to rotate the other way.
The specifics and complexity of the design changes many
times throughout its development, but this basic structure
remains the same.
Modulated
IR Light
IR
LED
SEN
SOR
DECOD
ER
MICROCONTROLLE
R
PUSH
BUTTO
N
LOGIC
CIRCUIT
POWER
SUPPLY
ISSN(O):- 2349-3585
systems originally used for operating the television device

wirelessly from a short line-of-sight distance. Remote control
has continually evolved and advanced over recent years to
include Bluetooth connectivity, motion sensor enabled
capabilities and voice control.[4]
The main remote control technology used in the home is
infrared. The signal between a remote control handset and the
device it is controlling are infrared pulses, which are invisible
to the human eye. The transmitter in the remote control
handset sends out a pulse of infrared light when a button is
pressed on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting
diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote
control handset. The infrared light pulse represents a binary
code that corresponds to a certain command, such as (power
on). The receiver passes the code to a microprocessor, which
decodes it and carries out the command. [4]
The remote control is usually contracted to remote. It is known
by many other names as well, such as converter, clicker, the
box, flipper, the tuner, the changer, or the button. Commonly,
remote controls are consumer IR devices used to issue
commands from a distance to television or other consumer
electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and dimmers.
Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless
handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various
settings such as television channel, track number, and volume.
In fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of
control, the remote contains all the function controls while the
controlled device itself only has a handful of essential primary
controls. Most of these remotes communicate to their
respective devices via infrared (IR) signals and a few via radio
signals.[4]
The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible
range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all audio and video
equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this
wide spread use the required components are quite cheap, thus
making it ideal for us hobbyists to use
REL
AY
IR remote control for the research.
MOT
OR
Figure1.1
Block diagram of Automatic Control Gate.
2.0
Aim of the research work: The aim of this research
work is to design a remotely activated gate control system
with password protected feature & demonstrate the
functionality of the system.
2.1
IR Remote Control Theory
A remote control is a component of an electronic device, most
commonly a television set, DVD player and home theater
Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We

humans can't see this colour because its wave length of 950nm
is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why
IR is chosen for remote control purposes. Another reason is
because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be
very cheap.
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2.2
Infrared, line of sight and operating angle
2.4
ISSN(O):- 2349-3585
The Transmitter
Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line
of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can,
however, be reflected by mirrors, just like any other light
source.If operation is required where no line of sight is
possible, for instance when controlling equipment in another
room or installed in a cabinet, many brands of IR extenders
are available for this on the market. Most of these have an IR
receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via radio
waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter
mimicking the original IR control.Infrared receivers also tend
to have a more or less limited operating angle, which mainly
depends on the optical characteristics of the phototransistor.
However, it's easy to increase the operating angle using a
matte transparent object in front of the receiver
The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should

consume as little power as possible, and the IR signal should
also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable control
distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well.
2.3
Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are

very fragile and tend to break easily when the handset is
dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here,
because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact
that they are a little less accurate is not important. The current
through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well
over 1A! In order to get an acceptable control distance the
LED currents have to be as high as possible. A trade-off
should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and
maximum control distance. LED currents can be that high
because the pulses driving the LEDs are very short. Average
power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum
value though. You should also see to it that the maximum
peak current for the LED is not exceeded. All these parameters
can be found in the LED's data sheet. A simple transistor
circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a
suitable HFE and switching speed should be selected for this
purpose.
The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law.
Remember that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is
approximately 1.1V.
Modulation
Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above

the noise. With modulation we make the IR light source blink
in a particular frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned to that
frequency,
so
it
can
ignore
everything
else.
You can think of this blinking as attracting the receiver's
attention. We humans also notice the blinking of yellow lights
at construction sites instantly, even in bright daylight.
Figure 2.1 Modulation unit circuit

In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving
the IR LED of the transmitter on the left side. The detected
signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.
In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and
'spaces'. The 'space' is the default signal, which is the off state
in the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the 'space'
state. During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is pulsed
on and off at a particular frequency. Frequencies between 30
kHz and 60 kHz are commonly used in consumer electronics.
At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of
the receiver's output. A 'mark' is then automatically
represented by a low level.
Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s
we want to transmit. The real relationship between the 'marks'
and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the protocol that's
being used. More information about that can be found on the
pages that describe the protocols.
Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The

older chips were dedicated to only one of the many protocols
that were invented. Nowadays very low power
microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for the simple
reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no button
is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in which
hardly any current is consumed. The processor wakes up to
transmit the appropriate IR command only when a key is
pressed.
Figure 2.2 Transmitting Signal circuit

2.5
The Receiver
Many different receiver circuits exist in the market. The most

important selection criteria are the modulation frequency used
and the availability in you region.
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Figure 2.3 Block diagram of the Receiver unit
In the picture above you can see a typical block diagram of

such an IR receiver. The received IR signal is picked up by the
IR detection diode on the left side of the diagram. This signal
is amplified and limited by the first 2 stages. The limiter acts
as an AGC circuit to get a constant pulse level, regardless of
the
distance
to
the
handset.
As you can see only the AC signal is sent to the Band Pass
Filter. The Band Pass Filter is tuned to the modulation
frequency of the handset unit. Common frequencies range
from 30 kHz to 60 kHz in consumer electronics.
The next stages are a detector, integrator and comparator. The
purpose of these three blocks is to detect the presence of the
modulation frequency. If this modulation frequency is present
the output of the comparator will be pulled low.
ISSN(O):- 2349-3585
decodes the signal according to programming software

program unit.
Microcontroller: This is the heart of the system. It performs
the same basic function as a computers microprocessors
which performs logical operations, I/O control operation etc.
in essence; microcontrollers are minicomputers without the
keyboard and monitor [6].
The main parts of microcontroller are:

1. Register for temporary storage of addresses and data
2. An arithmetic logic unit that
perform
arithmetic
logic
operation.
3. A unit that receives and decodes
instructions
4. A means of controlling and
timing operations with the system
AT89C351 is the microcontroller used for this research
work. AT89C251 is a low power, high- performance CMOS
As said earlier, all these blocks are integrated into a single

electronic component. There are many different manufacturers
of these components on the market. And most devices are
available in several versions each of which are tuned to a
particular modulation frequency.
Please note that the amplifier is set to a very high gain.
Therefore the system tends to start oscillating very easily.
Placing a large capacitor of at least 22F close to the
receiver's power connections is mandatory to decouple the
power lines. Some data sheets recommend a resistor of 330
Ohms in series with the power supply to further decouple the
power supply from the rest of the circuit.
3.0
Figure 3.1: Microcontroller AT89C251
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The units involved in the circuit are: IR sensor,

Microcontroller, Logic circuit, Power supply, Relay & Motor.
IR Sensor: The emerging technology of IR sensor network
has changed the way people interact with the physical world.
This produces myriad interdisciplinary research issues on
information processing, control, communication and
computation. It has also provided new paradigm for factory
automation that has remarkable impacts on control, tracking,
monitoring, and diagnostics of the manufacturing processes
and equipments. This device decodes modulated signal from
transmitter. Transmitter is any Sony TV Remote control. The
numeric button on this remote is used to enter data which
transfer out in form of light through IR LED. Sensor will
sense the modulated light and decode it, change it to electrical
signal which transfer to microcontroller [8]. Microcontroller
8- bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes of flash programmable

and Read Only Memory (P-ROM). The device is
manufactured using Atimels logb density non volatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry 22
standardMCS-51 instruction set and pin out, the on chip
flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional non volatile memory
programme
Logic circuit: Its Logic circuit is made of two CD4013 logic
IC which performs the function of ON and OFF of the relay
and resetting whenever incorrect key is pressed on the TV
Sony Remote Control. The logic circuit is designed to accept
any PNP drive transistor for relay. These logic circuit will
powers relay to move forward or move backward.
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Power Supply Unit: A microprocessor based system design
has to be activated with a clean power supply of good
regulation characteristics. A transient on the power line could
send the microprocessor wandering, resulting in system
failure .2.80 operates on a voltage Vcc =5v+_10% and as a
result of this ,the power supply unit designed is 5v Dc and is
not affected by variation in the Ac voltage serving as input to
the transformer. The components used in power supply [7].
Trans
form
er
Re
ctif
ier
F
il
te
Volt
age
regul
ator
Volt
age
divid
er
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of power

unit
FILTER CAPACITOR: Filter capacitors were chosen to be

large enough to reduce the ripple voltage contained in a
rectified voltage to a relatively filtered voltage which
resembles a smooth Dc voltage as much as possible.
Capacitors of low values were used at the output of the
regulator in order to give the power supply low Ac output
impedance. To determine the proper value of capacitors used.
The emanation given below is employed
V Dc = Vm (4.7*10-31Dc)/c. Where Vm is the peak rectified
voltage in volts, IDC is the load current in mA, VDC is the dc
voltage, C is the filter capacitor in F
V o l t a g e R e g u l a t o r ( 7 8 0 5 ) : A Voltage Regulator
(also called a "regulator") has only three legs and appears to
be a comparatively simple device but it is actually a very
complex integrated circuit. A regulator converts varying input
voltage and produces a constant "regulated" output voltage.
Voltage regulators are available in a variety of outputs,
typically 5 volts, 9 volts and 12 volts. The last two digits in the
name indicate the output voltage. The "LM78XX" series of
voltage regulators are designed for positive input.
4.0
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Methodology
The prototype of the gate to be controlled is constructed by

mounting the saw toothed D.C motor to be used for driving
out gate on the board. Plastic is used to design the gate to be
driven a saw toothed thread is gummed to this plastic. So
that it can easily be driven by the saw- toothed motor. The
panel is then mounted on the board. The two receivers to be
used are also mounted on the board and covered up to prevent
external influence from other sources of light. This is done for
each unit.
The mini transmitting control unit is constructed afterward.
This is achieved by using a transistor which is an NPN
transistor (C9014). The collector of this is connected to the
negative terminal via a 7.5 resistor. The base is linked with
the positive pin via a 2.2k resistor. A 33pf capacitor is
connected to the collector of this transistor and this is linked
with a variable capacitor. The other end of this variable
capacitor is connected to the positive terminal of board.
A 33pf is linked from the collector of this transistor to the
emitter, another 10pf is linked from the base of this transistor
and this is connected to the emitter of the transistor. An
inductor of 5turns is wound and one end of this is connected to
the positive terminal of the panel. The other end of this is
connected to the emitter of the third winding of the inductor.
This procedure is repeated for the second transmitting unit.
Mode of operation: Numerical button of Sony TV Remote is
used as key input. If the correct key is pressed simultaneously
the microcontroller will send signal to logic circuit through
555 timer which generates pulse that logic circuit used to
perform function of flip flop.
The correct key press from Remote control is 316, if these
number is press correctly microcontroller AT89C2051 will
send signal pulse to logic circuit through 555 timer as these
key is pressed. If by any means this key is incorrectly pressed
the logic circuit will make use of CD4013 which is ON the
relay, and OFF the relay.
If unauthorized person presses the key incorrectly any key
pressed on the remote other than 316 it will reset the circuit by
the action of CD4013. Because the CD4013 is a C-mos 1C
and it must solder well.
Analog Breakdown: The circuit flows from left to right. The
photodiode picks up the infrared signal, and sends it to an
inverting amplifier with a huge gain, which we need to
improve the efficiency of the rest of the circuit. The signal at
Figure 3.3: physical appearance of a 5v voltage

regulator
10
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point
is
shown
below:
Figure 4.1: Analog breakdown circuit diagrams

From there, we send the signal into a high pass filter, with a
cutoff frequency of about 30kHz, to cut out any lower
frequency noise or dc current that would come from constant
light sources (overhead lights). This also has the added effect
that it makes this negative voltage signal into a positive
voltage, so it can be fed into the demodulator. The
demodulator consists of a diode which rectifies the signal and
an RC component which has a time constant slow enough that
it hides the transitions from the 36kHz wave, but fast enough
that it allows the 1kHz pulse thru with no demodulation. The
time constant here is 50 s, which corresponds to a frequency
of 20 kHz. The output at point B (after the demodulation) this
signal is now in the basic state where one can look and see the
code trying to come in. The only things left to do is clean up
the signal, and convert it from 15 volts to 5 volts so it will be
compatible. This is why the signal now goes into a comparator
set to a threshold voltage of about .5 volts. A more elegant
solution would be to use hysteresis on this op amp, but for this
circuit, this simple solution works. We run the clean 15V
signal through a forward biased diode to rectify the negative
swing of the pulse train.
The signal is then connected to a forward biased diode that
leads to a 5V supply. The reason for this is that any voltage
above 5.6V will now be flooded to the power supply. Now our
wave has a range of approximately 0V to 5V. a resistor of
100 is connected in order to make the output of this circuit
compatible with the digital chips in the next section. The
output of the analog breakdown is now the pure, clean, pulse
code containing the command:
Lock Register Command Set Definitions: The Lock
Register Command Set permits the user to one-time program
the Secured Silicon Sector Protection Bit, Persistent Protection
Mode Lock Bit, and Password Protection Mode Lock Bit. The
Lock Register bits are all readable after an initial access delay
[9].
The Lock Register Command Set Entry command sequence
must be issued Prior to any of the following commands listed,
to enable proper command Execution.
Note that issuing the Lock Register Command Set Entry
command disables reads and writes for the flash memory.
Lock Register Program Command
Lock Register Read Command
11
ISSN(O):- 2349-3585
The Lock Register Command Set Exit command must be

issued after the execution of the commands to reset the device
to read mode. Otherwise the device Hangs. If this happens, the
flash device must be reset. Please refer to RESET# for more
information. It is important to note that the device is in either
Persistent Protection mode or Password Protection mode
depending on the mode selected prior to the device hang.
For either the Secured Silicon Sector to be locked, or the
device to be permanently set to the Persistent Protection Mode
or the Password Protection Mode, the associated Lock
Register bits must be programmed. Note that the Persistent
Protection The Lock Register Command Set Exit command
must be initiated to re-enable reads and writes to the main
memory.
Password Protection Command Set Definitions: The
Password Protection Command Set permits the user to
program the 64-bit Passwords, verify the programming of the
64-bit password, and then later unlock the device by issuing
the valid 64-bit password.
Password Program Command
Password Read Command
Password Unlock Command
The Password Program command permits programming the
password that is used as part of the hardware protection
scheme. The actual password is 64-bits long. There is no
special addressing order required for programming the
password.
The password is programmed in 8-bit or 16-bit portions. Each
portion requires a Password Program Command.
Once the Password is written and verified, the Password
Protection Mode Lock Bit in the Lock Register must be
programmed in order to prevent verification. The Password
Program commands is only capable of programming 0s.
Programming a 1 after a cell is programmed as a 0 results in a
time-out by the Embedded Program Algorithm with the cell
remaining as a 0 The Password Read command is used to
verify the Password. The Password is Verifiable only when
the Password Protection Mode Lock Bit in the Lock Register
is not programmed. If the Password Protection Mode Lock Bit
in the Lock Register is programmed and the user attempts to
read the Password, the device always drives all Fs onto the
DQ data bus.
The lower two address bits (A1A0) for word mode and (A1
A-1) for by byte mode are valid during the Password Read,
Password Program, and Password Unlock commands.
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REFERENCES
Figure 4.2: Circuit diagram of the prototype Automatic

gate control.
5.0
Observation & Discussion
It was observed during the design and after various testing had
been carried out in order to made the system function to
designed specification. It was observe that effect of the
difference in the values of voltage at Pin 1, 2 and 3 before and
after signal was receive is that the operation amplifier work in
such a way that, when voltage at the inverting Pin of the
comparator is greater than that of the non-inverting Pin, the
voltage at output Pin will be higher while the reverse is the
case when the voltage at the non-inverting Pin is greater than
that of the inverting Pin. Also, when the open button was
pressed 25.32v was read at the terminal and it was observed
that the polarities are reverse when the close button was
pressed.
1.
http://www.thetechherald.com/articles/Microsoftbrings-TV-voice-control-to-Kinect.
2.
http://us.playstation.comp/ps3/accessories/playstation
-move-navigation-controllerps3.html
3.
ICT Roger Crawford - Heinemann IGCSE - Chapter
1 page 16.
4.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control#mwhead.
5.
Shoewu O. & Baruwa O. T. (2006). Design of a
Microprocessor Based Automatic
Gate, The
Pacific Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 7, No.1,May
2006 pp. 31-44. http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm.
6.
McGlynn
D. R. (1976): Microprocessor
Technology and Application, John Wiley and Son, Inc.
7.
Theraja A. K. and Theraja B. K. (1999): Electrical
Technology, 3rd Edition.
8.
Freeman, William; Weissman, Craig (1995).
"Television control by hand gestures". Mitsubishi Electric
Research Lab.
9.
Baruwa, Olatunde. T. 2004. Design and
Construction of a Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate.
Unpublished B.Sc. Project. Lagos State University: Epe,
Nigeria.
Discussion: Comparator is used to compare two signal or

voltage level. Before signal from remote controller was
received, Pin 1=8.32v, Pin 2=9.33v, Pin 3=7.34v, Pin
4=0.02v, Pin 8=14.32v. Then when the open switch was press,
Pin 1=0.091v, Pin 2=6.24v , Pin 3=10.2v, Pin 4=0.01v, Pin
8=14.32v
Conclusion
In conclusion, proper care should be taken when designing
this type of research work, patience and extra care should be
given while fixing the component on the PCB and mounting
of panel in the casing to avoid short circuiting so that the work
will not be useless.
12
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International Journal For Research & Development in Technology

Volume: 2, Issue: 5, Nov -2014

ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585