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APPROVAL SHEET
The research attached here entitled Astronomy:

Geocentric &

Heliocentric prepared and submitted by Jean Murphy N. Bagtas, John


Roxley Rodriguez and Rose Anne Maligaya in partial fulfillment for the
completion of Prelim period is hereby accepted.

JEAN MURPHY N. BAGTAS

ROSE ANNE MALIGAYA

JOHN ROXLEY RODRIGUEZ

MS. MARCELINA G. NAZARETH

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Prelim period.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Sheet

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Chapter One: Introduction


A. Problem and its background

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3
B. Objectives of the study

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3
C. Statement of the study

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3
D. General Objectives
E. Specific Objectives
Hypothesis of the study

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4
4

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Significance of the study

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4
Definition of terms

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5
Chapter two: Review of related literature

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Misconceptions

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20

Chapter three: Methodology

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21

Chapter four: Conclusion and Recommendation

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Conclusion

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22

Recommendation

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Summary
Bibliography
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Astronomy: Geocentric & Heliocentric Page 3

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Astronomy: Geocentric & Heliocentric Theory
Chapter I
Introduction
Problem and its Background:
This research is about the Geocentric, the Heliocentric and the scientist
or proponents of the geocentric and heliocentric. In pursuit of this research,
the researchers wants to see the comparisons of the two theories. The
research is going to tackle about the proponents of the two theories.
Statement of the problem:
The researchers wants to know and understand the theories Geocentric
and Heliocentric.
These questions will answer this study below.

What is Geocentric and Heliocentric Theory?


Who are the proponents of Geocentric Theory?
Who are the proponents of Heliocentric Theory?
What are the differences and similarities of Geocentric and Heliocentric
Theory?

Objectives of the study:


The objectives of the study are to know and to understand the
Geocentric and Heliocentric Theory and their proponents.

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General Objective:
The main objective of the study is to know on why scientist prefer the
Heliocentric theory than the Geocentric theory.
Specific objectives:

To
To
To
To

know what is Geocentric and Heliocentric.


know who are the proponents of Geocentric theory.
know who are the proponents of Heliocentric theory.
know what are the differences and similarities of Geocentric and

Heliocentric theory.
Hypothesis of the study:
The researcher predicts that the Heliocentric is approved by other
scientist because it is proven that sun is the center of the solar system.
Significance of the study:
The significance of the study is to understand differences and
similarities of Geocentric and Heliocentric theory. This topic is chosen to
benefit the following:
1. Students Students will benefit in this research because they will see
the theory of geocentric and heliocentric. The similarities and
differences of the two theories. Also, the proponents of the two
theories.

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Definition of terms:
Geocentric is a superseded description of the universe, where the Earth is
at the center of all the celestial bodies.
Heliocentric- is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets
revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System
Epicycles -are tiny circles the planets orbit on
Deferent - the circle around the earth in which a celestial body or the center
of the epicycle of its orbit was thought to move
Retrograde the apparent backward motion of a planet caused by its being
lapped by another planet, or vise- versa

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Chapter II
Review of related literature
Astronomy is the study of the sun, moon, stars, planets, comets, gas,
galaxies, gas, dust and other non-Earthly bodies and phenomena.

[1]

The

theories are considered as the astronomical model of the solar system.


The early Greeks observed the sky and all that it contained. From their
observations, the Greeks believed the Earth was the center of the moon,
Sun, and the only known planets at that time, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and
Jupiter. These planets were said to be moving around Earth in a clockwise
direction. They believed the Earth was motionless, because no one felt the
Earth moving. The stars appeared to move around the Earth daily, further
convincing them of this theory, which became known as geocentric or Earthcentered. The Greeks had a basic understanding of geometry and
trigonometry, which lead them to conclude that fast moving objects were
closer to the Earth than slower moving objects.
Claudius Ptolemy lived in Rome around 100 AD. His model of the solar
system and heavenly sphere was a refinement of previous models developed
by Greek astronomers. Ptolemys major contribution, however, was that his
model could so accurately explain the motions of heavenly bodies, it became
the model for understanding the structure of the solar system. It is beyond
the scope of this course to discuss all the complex social and historical
implications of an Earth-centered versus a Sun-centered model of the solar
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system. But nearly all the early models, including Ptolemys version of the
solar system, assumed that the Earth was the center of not only the solar
system, but the entire universe.
The models in Ptolemy's volumes became known as the Ptolemaic
system. In these volumes, Ptolemy discusses epicycles, deferent, and
retrograde. Epicycles are tiny circles the planets orbit on. The center of an
epicycle would move along a large circle, known as the deferent. Ptolemy
used epicycles in his models to make retrograde more visible. The
combination of counter-clockwise motion, epicycles, and deferent create the
motion of retrograde. Ptolemy explained retrograde motion, as an apparent
westward drift. This westward drift of the planets would give one the
impression that it was backing up.
The Ptolemaic model accounted for the apparent motions of the
planets in a very direct way, by assuming that each planet moved on a small
sphere or circle, called an epicycle, which moved on a larger sphere or circle,
called a deferent. The stars, it was assumed, moved on a celestial sphere
around the outside of the planetary spheres.
Ptolemy insisted that the job of the astronomer was to explain the
motions of the wanderers using only uniform circular motion - the kind of
motion that most gears and wheels show. To make the planets appear to
speed up and slow down, three tricks were used. The epicycles we've just
shown were the first trick. The second trick was to move the observer out of
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the center of the circle, putting us into an "eccentric" position. The third trick
was called the equant and is illustrated here:

The Roman Catholic church accepted the Ptolemaic theory, because


biblical passages suggested the sun was in constant motion while Earth
remained in one place. Since the Church was in control during this time
period, anyone who did not believe in the Ptolemaic theory would be
punished, possibly with house arrest.
Besides Claudius Ptolemy, there are other people who believe that the earth
is the center of the solar system but also the universe.

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1) Tycho Brahe (1546 1601) developed a comprehensive method of
recording precise observations of the skies, before the advent of the
telescope. His many detailed observations included:

the discovery of a supernova (a new star, to all appearances, which


shone brightly and then faded away) in the heavens, in 1572

measurements of parallax for comets, showing that they were further


away than the Moon

extensive measurements of the position of Mars in the skies; these


data led in time to Kepler's three laws of planetary motion

the most detailed measurements of stellar parallax to date, which still


showed no effect

Tycho posed an intermediate model of the universe, where the earth was still
the centre point, but the other planets were allowed to rotate around the Sun
as it rotated around the Earth. This was an intermediate solution, designed to
explain the observational evidence that the planets moved around the Sun
while preserving the sacrosanct notion that the Earth was the centre of the
universe.
2) St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274) - a priest and philosopher, used the
writings of these men to show that the heavens were "God-ordained
and man-centered." The Church leaders felt that they had the duty of
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teaching the people about the universe, which declared the glory of
God.
3) Plato developed an entire model of the universe in which everything
moved on circular orbits at a constant speed. this was in line with his
theory of pure forms, and seemed like a perfect model of the universe.
Eudoxus,one of Platos pupils, proposed a universe where all objects in
the sky sit on moving spheres, with the Earth at the centre.
Heliocentric
The word "helios" in Greek means "sun." Heliocentric means that the
sun is at the center. A heliocentric system is one in which the planets revolve
around a fixed sun. Thus Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
all revolve around the sun. The moon is the only celestial sphere in this
system which revolves around the earth, and, together with it, around the
sun.
Heliocentric system, a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed
to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe)
while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it. In the 5th century

BC

the

Greek philosophers Philolaus and Hicetas speculated separately that the


Earth was a sphere revolving daily around some mystical central fire that
regulated the universe. Two centuries later, Aristarchus of Samos extended

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this idea by proposing that the Earth and other planets moved around a
definite central object, which he believed to be the Sun.
The heliocentric, or Sun-centred, model of the solar system never gained
wide support because its proponents could not explain why the relative
positions of the stars seemed to remain the same despite the Earths
changing viewpoints as it moved around the Sun. In the 2nd century

AD,

Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria suggested that this discrepancy could be


resolved if it were assumed that the Earth was fixed in position, with the Sun
and other bodies revolving around it. As a result, Ptolemys geocentric
(Earth-centred) system dominated scientific thought for some 1,400 years.
In 1444 Nicholas of Cusa again argued for the rotation of the Earth and
of other heavenly bodies, but it was not until the publication of Nicolaus
Copernicuss De

revolutionibus

orbium

coelestium

libri

VI (Six

Books

Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs) in 1543 that the


heliocentric system began to be reestablished. Galileo Galileis support of
this model resulted in his famous trial before the Inquisition in 1633.
The Heliocentric theory was first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.
Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. He first published the heliocentric
system in his book: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, "On the revolutions
of the heavenly bodies," which appeared in 1543. Copernicus died the same
year his book was published. After 1,400 years, Copernicus was the first to
propose a theory which differed from Ptolemy's geocentric system, according
to which the earth is at rest in the center with the rest of the planets
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revolving around it. The claim that all planets revolve around the sun had
been raised in ancient time, but Copernicus was the first to succeed in
describing the movements of the planets using an astronomical theory which
placed the sun at the center.
Several people found fault with the Ptolemaic theory. Nicolaus
Copernicus was convinced that the Earth was also a planet. Since he
categorized Earth as a planet, he also believed that Earth was rotating like
the other planets. Copernicus then made a new model with the Sun in the
middle. The Earth, moon and the other planets were believed to move
around the Sun in a counter-clockwise motion. This new theory was known as
heliocentric or Sun-centered theory. This theory is also known by many as
the Copernican system.
In the heliocentric theory the distance of the planets from the sun was
determined by the size of the retrograde loops. For example, a small
retrograde loop signifies that the planet is far away from the Sun. On the
other hand, a large retrograde loop would signify that the planet is close to
the Sun. A relation between the orbital period and orbital radius is known by
the size of the orbit of a planet. This was discovered by Kepler and termed
his third law.
Copernicus conducted his studies over many years and was well
acquainted with the Ptolemaic theory. In order to explain the exact
movements

of

the

planets,

it

was

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necessary

to

add

more

and

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more spheres along which the planets move. Copernicus noticed that all of
the planets, apart from the sun, have the same annual movement, and he
thought that this movement might be explained by the annual movement of
the earth around the sun. His hypothesis that all the planets revolve around
the sun was reinforced by the unique characteristics of the sun, which gives
light and heat to all the other planets. Hence, it was plausible that the sun
served as the center of the planetary system.
The daily movement of all the stars around the earth, claimed
Copernicus, could be explained by the rotation of the earth on its axis within
a 24-hour period. The view experienced from an object revolving around
itself is identical to the view experienced when all the other objects revolve
around it. In his book, Copernicus explained the movement of the planets
and the stars in a simpler way than the Ptolemaic theory did. However, one
cannot point out any observational difference between the two theories. Both
of them predict identical planetary movements.
The way to prove this is by means of physical experiments and
arguments rather than observation proofs. Galileo contributed a great deal to
such arguments in refutation of the Ptolemaic theory, but it was Newton who
first produced convincing proof supporting the geocentric theory.
Copernicus remained loyal to the Ptolemaic tools and used the spheres
in order to explain the movements of the stars. He too thought that the
movements of the planets are composed of a number of uniform circular
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movements, which eventually create a non-circular path. Copernicus was
obliged to abandon the idea that the planets are made of a special material,
ether, because for him the earth itself is a planet and is obviously not made
of ether. He claimed that the movements of the planets are uniform and
circular because of their spherical shape. By adhering to this notion of
circular movement, Copernicus continued an astronomical tradition of two
thousand years which dated back to ancient Greece, and continued through
the Arab astronomy of the Middle Ages and right up to the Christian
astronomy. Galileo too upheld this tradition by maintaining the claim that
circular movement was the characteristic movement of the celestial
bodies. Johannes Kepler was the first to discover that the planets move in an
elliptical orbit around the sun.
In 1539, the Protestant leader Martin Luther denounced the new
theory. The Catholic Church disregarded Copernicus' book until 1616, when it
was included in the "Index": A list of prohibited books. The Catholic church
even used Copernicus' book to correct the calendar (which we still use
today). The Church did not object to the theory so long as the book was
treated as no more than a mathematical explanation,(about which he had
heard considerable rumors). Which does not really claim that the earth
rotates around the sun. This explanation also allowed Protestant astronomers
to use the theory.

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However, there were other objections to the theory that were not
religious in nature. Most astronomers and natural philosophers of that period
claimed that Copernicus' theory was scientifically implausible and raised
many counter claims.
Several people found fault with the Ptolemaic theory. Nicolaus
Copernicus was convinced that the Earth was also a planet. Since he
categorized Earth as a planet, he also believed that Earth was rotating like
the other planets. Copernicus then made a new model with the Sun in the
middle. The Earth, moon and the other planets were believed to move
around the Sun in a counter-clockwise motion. This new theory was known as
heliocentric or Sun-centered theory. This theory is also known by many as
the Copernican system.
In the heliocentric theory the distance of the planets from the sun was
determined by the size of the retrograde loops. For example, a small
retrograde loop signifies that the planet is far away from the Sun. On the
other hand, a large retrograde loop would signify that the planet is close to
the Sun. A relation between the orbital period and orbital radius is known by
the size of the orbit of a planet. This was discovered by Kepler and termed
his third law.
Other proponents of Geocentric and Heliocentric theory:

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Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), a Greek philosopher, taught that the Earth
was the center of the Universe. He thus taught that the Sun, the Moon,
and the planets thus orbited the Earth. This is the "geocentric theory."
Aristotle set forth this theory in a book called, "On the Heavens."
On the other hand, another Greek named Aristarchus of Samos in the
3rd century BC placed the Earth and other planets in motion around
the central Sun. This idea, however, was rejected by the people in
favor of Aristotle's geocentric theory.Aristarchus of Samos (310 - 230
BC) was both a mathematician and astronomer. He the first to propose
a sun-centered universe. Archimedes (287 - 212 BC) criticized this

theory in The Sand-Reckoner.


Claudius Ptolemy (85-165 AD) was a later philosopher who lived in
Alexandria. He wrote that the Earth was motionless because constant
gales would sweep across it if it were in motion. Ptolemy also devised a
complex system of "epicycles" to account for the apparent retrograde
motion of the planets. Retrograde means backwards. Consider two
objects rotating about a common point with the inner object traveling
at a faster angular speed than the outer object. As the inner objects
passes by the outer object, the outer object will appear to move
backwards. This effect is an optical illusion. In Ptolemy's epicycle
system, each planet revolved around the earth in a large circle by
making a series of smaller circles, to account for this effect.
Ptolemy wrote these theories in book called "Almagest," around 140

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AD.
The theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy were adopted by the Roman
Catholic Church, which played an important role in presenting these

theories to the Europeans.


St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), a priest and philosopher, used
the writings of these men to show that the heavens were "Godordained and man-centered." The Church leaders felt that they had the
duty of teaching the people about the universe, which declared the

glory of God.
Nicholas Copernicus (1473 - 1543) studied to become a priest in
the University of Bologna in 1497. His religious training included
astronomy, since one of his duties would be to warn the people about
the future by what happened in the heavens. Domenico Maria Novara
was an astronomy professor who taught Copernicus. Domenico and
Copernicus spent many nights studying the heavens together. They
freely discussed ways for improving and simplifying Ptolemy's system
of planetary motion.
Copernicus set out to improve the system devised by Ptolemy. He
realized that the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, and stars could
be accounted for by a daily revolution of the Earth. Also, he found that
if he put the Sun at the center of the planet's orbits he could simplify
the number of epicycles from 80 in Ptolemy's system to a mere 34.
Although epicycles do not exist, Copernicus' intuition was correct. His
idea that the Earth and planets orbited about the sun became known

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as the "heliocentric theory." He wrote about it in his book "De
Revolutionibus," which translates to "Concerning the Revolutions."
Copernicus defended his placement of the Sun at the center of the
Universe by asking, "For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful
temple in another or better place than this, wherefrom it can illuminate
everything at the same time?"

Martin Luther, Philipp Melancthon, Andrew Osiander, Tommasco Caccini


and other religious leaders were quick to denounce Copernicus'

heliocentric theory.
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) lived in Italy. He used the newlyinvented telescope to make his own observations. He studied
mountains and craters on the Earth's moon, the phases of Venus, and
the moons of Jupiter. Particularly he noted that Venus at times appears
to be a crescent, just as the Earth's moon does. All of these findings
supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Galileo wrote about his
observations and thus angered the Roman Catholic Church. The Church
eventually placed him under house arrest. The Inquisition was the
tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church at this time. The Inquisition
made Galileo kneel before them and confess that the heliocentric
theory was false.
A modern author name Preserved Smith wrote, "Though the
implications of the new science were not worked out immediately, it
began to be suspected that if the theories were true, man had lost his

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birthright as the creature for whose sake all else existed, and had been
reduced to the position of a puny and local spectator of infinite forces

unresponsive to his wishes and unmindful of his purposes."


Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was a Danish astronomer who made
measurements of the planet and stars. His measurements were the
most accurate that had yet been made. He began his observations in
Denmark but later moved to Prague to continue his work. He proposed
a system in which all of the planets except for Earth orbited about the

Sun. He claimed that the Sun still orbited about the Earth, however.
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) was a German astronomer. Kepler
was invited to live in Prague by Tycho Brahe. Tycho died a year after
Kepler's arrival. Kepler inherited a wealth of astronomical data from
Tycho. Kepler used this data to draw conclusions about the orbits of the
planets.
Kepler's Three Laws can be used to describe the motion of the Planets:
1. The Planets move in orbits about the Sun that are ellipses
2. The planets move such that the line between the Sun and the
Planet sweeps out the same area in the same area in the
same time no matter where in the orbit.
3. The square of the period of the orbit of a planet is proportional

to the mean distance from the Sun cubed.


Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) lived in England. Newton derived the
law of gravitation between two masses. Since the Sun was the most
massive object in the planetary system, all of the planets would
naturally be attracted to it and revolve around it, in the same manner
as the Moon revolves around the Earth.

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Newton eventually wrote about gravitation and the heliocentric theory
in Principia Mathematica in 1687, at the prompting of another famous
astronomer, Edmund

Halley (1656-1742) Halley used Newton's equations to predict that a


comet seen in 1682 would return in 1758.The return of Halleys comet
gave final proof to the Heliocentric theory.
In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church finally repealed the ruling of
the Inquisition against Galileo. The Church gave a pardon to Galileo
and admitted that the heliocentric theory was correct. This pardon
came 350 years after Galileo's death.

Misconceptions of Geocentric and Heliocentric


Common Misconceptions:
1. Galileo never proved that Earth orbits the sun, and modern science
acknowledges this.While most are aware that Galileo was forced to
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recant Heliocentrism by the Inquisition, a lesser-known fact is that he
wrote a voluntarily recantation of his own accord, several years
later.Geocentrism and Newton's laws are not necessarily at odds with
one another. Even granting that the barycenter of the Solar System is
near the sun, it is theoretically possible, assuming a finite universe, for
the barycenter of the universe to be centered on Earth. In this way, the
entire universe can revolve around Earth, in accord with Newton's laws.
2. Classic geocentric model of the solar system, showing three orbiting
bodies.
3. Modern heliocentric model of the solar system, (only three orbiting
bodies, including earth)
4. Planets have shared orbits

Chapter III
Methodology
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Research Design
This research used the internet as the source of information
because there are no available books.
Data Gathering Tool
This study used an Internet to get the information needed for the
research.
Chapter IV
Conclusion and Recommendation
Significance Findings of the Study
1.

The researchers found out the meaning of the Geocentric and

Heliocentric theory.
2. The research found out that there are proponents that contradicts and
approves of either of the two theories.
3. The research also found out who are the different proponents of the
two theories.
4. The research also states the differences and the similarities of the two
theories.
5. The research also found out that the Sun was really the center of the
solar system because of the findings of the past and present findings.

Conclusion
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Therefore, the sun is the center of the solar system. The heliocentric theory
that was proposed by Nicholaus Copernicus is correct. That, there are studies
that can verify that the sun is at the senter of our solar system.
Recommendation
The researcher recommends that students should read this research for
better understanding of the Geocentric and the Heliocentric. This research
can help students to identify who are the proponents of the Geocentric and
Heliocentric theories.

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SUMMARY
The two models are known as the astronomical model of the solar
system, the geocentric and the heliocentric model. The geocentric model is
proposed by Claudius Ptolemy. He stated that the earth is the center of the
universe. There are other proponents who is involve in geocentric theory.
They are St. Thomas of Aquinas, Tycho Brahe, and Plato.
The heliocentric theory was first proposed by Aristarchus, but he
could not justify that the sun is the center of the solar system. Nicholaus
Copernicus is enhance the theory that Aristarchus developed. Later on,
Copernicus set out to improve the system devised by Ptolemy. He realized
that the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, and stars could be accounted
for by a daily revolution of the Earth. He stated that the sun is the center of
the solar system. There are other proponents in heliocentric they are;
Aristarchus, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler who proposed the 3 Laws of
Planetary Motion.

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Bibliography
https:/en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentrism
https:/en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism
http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/students/denning/geo.htm
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/deferent
http://cseligman.com/text/sky/retrogade.htm
http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub1.htm
http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/students/denning/geo.htm
http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub1.htm
http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/students/denning/geo.htm
http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/geas/lectures/lecture11/slide02.html
http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/students/denning/hel.htm
https://www.khanacademy.org/partnercontent/nasa/measuringuniverse/space
math1/a/the-geocentric-universe
https://www.britannica.com/topic/heliocentric-system
http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/students/denning/hel.htm
http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/heliocentric.html
http://www.vibrationdata.com/space/helio.html
http://www.conservapedia.com/Geocentric_theory
https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=hVaLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=misconceptions+in+geocent
ric+and+heliocentric&source=bl&ots=wupjqiMYaH&sig=XHhXJjUPD6OseDcg-0FpTgz-Bw&hl=fil&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFn4iConPAhXEHpQKHRHgC6cQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=misconceptions%20in
%20geocentric%20and%20heliocentric&f=false

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