INTRODUCTION

The term `refrigeration` may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance
under controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the
temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. In other words, the
refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already
below temperature of its surroundings. In a refrigerator, heat is virtually pumped from a lower
temperature to a higher temperature. According to Second Law of Thermodynamics, this process
can only be performed with the aid of some external work. It is thus obvious that supply of
power is regularly required to drive a refrigerator.
Theoretically, a refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat pump which pumps heat
from a cold body and delivers it to a hot body. The substance which works in a pump to extract
heat from a cold body and to deliver it to a hot body is known as refrigerant. The refrigeration
system uses four basic principle to operate heat always flow from a warmer point to cooler
point ,flow is always from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area, heat must be added to
or removed from a substance before a change in state can occur and the temperature at which
a liquid or gas changes state depends on the pressure. In the refrigeration cycle a substance,
called the refrigerant, is compressed, cooled, and then expanded.
In expanding, the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings to provide refrigeration.
After the refrigerant absorbs heat from such a source, the cycle is repeated. Compression raises
the temperature of the refrigerant above that of its natural surroundings so that it can give up its
heat in a heat exchanger to a heat sink such as air or water. Expansion lowers the refrigerant
temperature below the temperature that is to be produced inside the cold compartment or
refrigerator. The sequence of processes performed by the refrigerant constitutes the refrigeration
cycle. When the refrigerant is compressed mechanically, the refrigerative action is called
mechanical refrigeration.
There are basically 3 main component in refrigeration cycle. First one is the compressor.
The compressor is the heart of the system. Just like a heart pumps blood through a body at a
specific flow rate and pressure, the compressor pumps the refrigerant through the air
conditioning system at a designed flow rate and pressure.

When the refrigerant enters the compressor it is in a vapor state. It enters the compressor
because it is literally being sucked into it. That is why the side of the compressor where
refrigerant enters is called the suction side or low pressure side. As its name suggests the
compressor compresses the vapor as it is being pumped through it. When a vapor is compressed
both the pressure and temperature of that vapor increases. The vapor leaving the compressor is
very hot. A person will get burnt if to touch the copper refrigerant lines coming off of the
compressor.
The next component will be the condenser. The high temperature refrigerant passes into a
condenser coil. As the vapor refrigerant travels through the coil, air from a fan passes over the
coil to cool the vapor refrigerant. As the vapor cools it condenses and becomes a liquid, this is
referred to as a change of state. This change of state from vapor to liquid is essential. It may
be somewhat familiar with a typical home system where the condensing unit sits outside. Inside
this condensing unit high temperature vapor refrigerant is entering into it, as the heat energy in
the vapor is removed by blowing air across the condenser coil, the vapor changes to a liquid.
The last one will be the evaporator. After leaving the metering device the refrigerant
immediately enters a coil called the evaporator. This coil or evaporator has a fan blowing across
it. As the refrigerant enters the coil at a lower pressure it begins to bubble and boil and change
state back to a vapor. During this process of changing state, energy in the form of heat is being
removed from the air passing over the coil and is being absorbed by the refrigerant. The heat that
was in the air is transferred into the refrigerant. Since heat was removed from the air blowing
over the evaporator coil, the air leaving the evaporator coil is cold. It can be seen that an air
conditioner makes cold air by having the heat that is in the air absorbed into the refrigerant.
Then, the heated refrigerant is sucked into the compressor and pumped back to the
condenser coil. Here in the condenser the heat that was earlier absorbed by the refrigerant in the
evaporator section from the space we are cooling is released and removed. The process of the
refrigerant changing states from vapor to liquid (releasing heat through the condenser) and
from vapor to liquid (absorbing heat in the evaporator) is how an air conditioner works.

Procedure:
START-UP PROCEDURE.
1) The Cooling Water supply valve was turn on.

2) Main Switch was turn. This step will start the Compressor and at the same time the two
internal lights will also illuminate. Allow the system to run for a while.

3) Water Flow Meter Control Valve was opened on the Condenser unit in order to obtain 50
g/s flow rate. The system was allowed to achieve stability between 5 to 10 minutes. The
Pressure at which the Condenser stabilizes will depend upon the Water Inlet Temperature.
At the same time, the Water Flow Meter Control Valve on Evaporator was reducing to 25
g/s.

4) By referring to given diagram R633 Valve Positions, the respective valve was opened as
shown in the diagram under Normal Operation.

5) The reading for Gauge Pressure for Condenser unit was observe to ensure the reading do
not exceed 150 kN/m2.

Experiment A: To Determine The Overall Heat Transfer Between R141b And Water In The
Evaporator And Condenser.

1.

The unit was start as shown in the Start-up Procedures starting from Step 1 until Step 3.

2.

Once Air is freed, the condenser cooling water flow was increase to mid range value. The
pressure at which the Condenser stabilizes will depend upon the Water Inlet Temperature.

3.

The Evaporator Water flow was set to mid range value and the unit was allow to run for
approximately between 15 to 20 minutes. The time taken to stabilize will depend upon
the local ambient conditions and the Cooling Water Inlet Temperature.

4.

The system parameters were recorded in the provided Data Sheet.

Experiment B: To Determine The Coefficient Of Performance ( C.O.P. ) Of A Refrigeration

Unit And Generation Of A Refrigeration Cycle Diagram On A Pressure Enthalpy Chart.

1.

Water Flow Meter Control Valve for Condenser was adjust for five different flowrate.

2.

The required readings was recorded in the provided Data Sheet.

Experiment C: To Study The Effect Of Evaporating And Condensing Temperatures On

The Refrigeration Rate And Condenser Heat Output And To Investigate The Effect Of
Compressor Pressure Ratio On System Performance.

1.

The unit was started as shown in the Start-up Procedures starting from Step 1 until Step
7.

2.

The system parameters was recorded in the provided Data Sheet.

3.

The condenser cooling water flow rate was reduced until the Condenser Pressure
increases by approximately between 5 to 10 kN/m 2.The refrigeration unit was allowed to
stabilize again for the duration of between 5 to 10 minutes.

4.

The system parameters for the new value of Condenser Pressure was recorded in the
provided Data Sheet.

5.

The experiment was repeat with this time for another increasing Condenser Pressure to
the minimum readable value on the Condenser Water Flow Meter is reached, or when the
Condenser Pressure reaches 200 kN/m2 Gauge Pressure.

Refference
The Refrigeration Cycle - How an Air Conditioner Works. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016,
from https://www.mobileair.com/refrigeration-cycle