PT.

QUALITA UTAMA

DATE
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PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION

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PT. QUALITA UTAMA

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION
In Accordance With ASME BPV Section V Article 2, 2007 and
ASME B31.3, 2004 As Acceptance Criteria

QU/RT/003

THIS AND ALL STANDARD PRACTICE INSTRUCTIONS / OPERATING PROCEDURES

CONTAINED IN THE COMPANY QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM ARE CONTROLLED BY
THE QUALITY ASSURANCE REPRESENTATIVE AND MAY NOT BE AMENDED, REVISED
OR IN ANY ALTERED WITHOUT HIS AUTHORITY.
The signatures below indicate, Review and Authorization of all the numbered pages in this Operating
Procedures up to and including the date of Authorization. This Procedure is invalid without page 1.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION NO

TITLE

1.0.

SCOPE

2.0.

REFERENCES AND APPLICABLE CODES

3.0.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION & RESPONSIBILITY

4.0.

SAFETY

5.0.

EQUIPMENTS

6.0.

FILM, PROCESSING AND LEAD INTENSIFYING SCREENS

7.0.

SURFACE PREPARATION

8.0.

DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF BACK SCATTERED RADIATION

9.0.

SYSTEM RADIOGRAPHS IDENTIFICATION

10.0.

FILM AND SOURCE PLACEMENT

11.0.

IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) & PLACEMENT

12.0.

SHARPNESS OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE AND SOURCE

TO FILM DISTANCE

13.0.

QUALITY AND INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHS

14.0.

QUALIFICATION OF TESTING PROCEDURE / TECHNIQUE SHEETS

15.0.

EXTENT OF EXAMINATION

16.0.

REPORTING

17.0.

RE EXAMINATION

18.0.

ACCEPTENCE CRITERIA

Appendix 1

SINGLE WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

Appendix 2

EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE FOR FLAT COMPONENTS

Appendix 3

PLACEMENT OF LOCATION MARKERS

Appendix 4

IQI DESIGNATION AND SELECTION

Appendix 5

ASTM WIRE TYPE PENETRAMETER

Appendix 6

HOLE TYPE IQI PENETRAMETER

Appendix 7

PERIODIC VERIFICATION CERTIFICATE

1.0

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SCOPE
1.1. This testing procedure describes the requirements, technique evaluation and
interpretation of radiographic testing on boilers and pressure vessels.
1.2. Specific testing parameter are detailed in the technique sheet.

2.0

3.0

4.0

REFERENCES AND APPLICABLE CODES

2.1

ASME BPV Section V Article 2, 2007

2.2

ASME BPV Section VIII Div 1 and 2, 2007

2.3

ASME BPV B31.3, 2004 Edition

2.4

SHELL DEP 31.38.01.31-GEN

2.5

PT. Qualita Utamas Company Written Practice No. QU-WP-0 Rev. 0 for NDT
Personnel Qualification and Certification.

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION AND RESPONSIBILITY

3.1

The ASNT NDT RT Level III examiner shall be responsible for the initiation of this
procedure.

3.2

Radiographers and interpreters shall be qualified in accordance with the latest edition of
PT. Qualita Utamas written practice No. QU-WP-0 Rev. 0, NDT Personnel
Qualification and Certification.

3.3

Radiographers qualified to ASNT NDT RT Level I and under the supervision of the
ASNT NDT RT Level II and radiographers qualified to RT Level II may perform
radiographic testing

3.4

Minimum ASNT RT Level II may interpret testing under approval of client.

SAFETY
All radiographers and assistants shall abide to the safety requirements and rules at all times
when performing radiographic work or handling of radio isotopes.
This manual formed part of the employment condition for the employees. Client safety
procedure shall be followed in addition to the in-house safety manual.

5.0

EQUIPMENT
5.1

Generally the X-ray unit, Ir-192 and Se-75 Gamma ray system shall be used.

5.2

Gamma source unit shall be of the remote (wind-out) type

Example Tech-ops model 660 gamma camera. The cameras shall be tested and certified
by the manufacturer prior to shipment to the end user.
In addition, it is mandatory requirement that these cameras be inspected periodically by
the National Atomic Energy (BATAN).

5.3

Small Control Area Radiography ( S.C.A.R ) system with Sentinel model 959 projector
including controls, pipe mounting jigs and shield Se-75 source with a maximum of 30

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curie strength.
5.4

Source strength of Ir-192 will be 100 curies maximum.

5.5

All personnel radiation safety devices shall be calibrated and in good working
condition. Record of dosage and calibration of devices shall be maintained and
available for inspection at all times.

5.6

The recommended thickness range (testing limit) for Ir-192 is as follow :

Isotope

Steel

Aluminum

Copper or Nickel Alloy

Ir-192

6.0 to 65 mm

3.5 mm and above

5.0 mm and above

Other thickness may be radiographed upon received approval of procedure

demonstration by the Authorized Inspector or the Client.
6.0

FILM PROCESSING AND LEAD INTENSIFYING SCREENS.

6.1

Radiographs shall be made using type AGFA D7 or equivalent films or as per Clients
specification..

6.2

All films shall be stored in a clean, dry place where they will not be subjected to :
6.2.1

Chemical vapors

6.2.2

Radiation and light

6.2.3

Excess heat

6.2.4

Undue pressure

If there is any doubt regarding the condition of unexposed film, a film from each box
without exposure to light or radiation, shall be processed in the manner used to
production radiographs. If this processed films show a density of more than 0.3 H & D
the entire box shall be discarded.
6.3 The film processing dark room and all accessories shall be kept the manufacturer.
Processing details are stated in the technique sheets attached. Chemical preparation and
change out shall follow manufacturers recommendations.
6.4 Lead foil intensifying screens of thickness 0.005 (0.13 mm) shall be used to sandwich
the film, front and back and placed in leak proof cassettes for exposure.
Lead screens to be free of scratches, dust , dirt and moisture which may impair the
sensitivity of the film or induced false indication/image on processed films.
7.0

SURFACE PREPARATION
Surface of components to be radiographer shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable
material and fabrication specification, with additional conditioning, if necessary, by any
suitable process to a degree that surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
discontinuities. All loose foreign particles on the test surface shall be removed.

8.0

9.0

10.0

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DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF EXCESSIVE BACK SCATTERED

RADIATION
8.1

To check for back scattered radiation, a (13 mm) high lead symbol B of thickness
1/16 (1.6 mm) is attached to the back of the film cassette.
If a light image of the B appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protection
from back scattered is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable.
A dark image of the B on a lighter background is not cause of rejection. (ASME VArt.2-T-284)

8.2

Whenever back scattered is evident, a 2 or 3 mm lead sheet or additional layer of

intensifying screens will be placed at the back of the film cassette during exposure to
shield the film from back scattered radiation.

SYSTEM OF RADIOGRAPHS IDENTIFICATION

9.1

As a minimum, client/contract/project name, component identification , weld seam

number, welder number, date and location marker shall be clearly identified on the
radiographs by using lead alphabets and lettering.

9.2

The image of these data shall not appear in the image of the area of interest.
For flat component or weldment with reinforcement flush to the parent metal, lead
arrows or other suitable markers will be used to indicate the area of interest.

FILM AND SOURCE PLACEMENT

10.1 Cassettes with films loaded (sandwiched) shall be securely positioned and intimately
close to the surface of the component being radiographer.
10.2 Film overlap of at both ends of the films is required when more than one film are
used during single exposure.
The effective film length when testing component in flat position can be determined
by :
L = 0.8 x source to film distance
where L is the effective film length
10.3 The main radiation beam to the object and the film shall be as perpendicular as possible
to minimize geometric distortion of the radiographic image.

11.0

IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) AND PLACEMENT

11.1 Materials of IQIs
IQIs shall be selected from the same alloy material group or grade as identified in
ASME SE-1025 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption
than the material being radiographed.
11.2 Shims under Hole IQIs
Shims is applied when use IQI hole type to accommodate weld reinforcement. The
material is made similar to the weld metal. It shall be place between the part and the

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IQI. The Shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions and outline of at least three
sides of the IQI image shall be visible.
11.3 IQIs / penetrameters shall meet the requirements of ASME V, i.e. wire type (SE-747) or
hole type (SE-1025) see T233 Valid for Appendix 2
11.4 One IQI shall be used for 10 x 4 film and two IQI shall be used for 15 x 4 or larger
films.
11.5 IQI shall be placed at the least advantage position across the area of interest with
thinnest wire facing outward except when using panoramic technique).
The identification of the IQI shall not obscure the image of the area of interest.
11.6 Placement of IQIs
IQI shall be on the source side of the component being radiographed. If the source side
is inaccessible, the IQI may be placed on the film side for which letters F shall appear,
provided the radiographs sensitivity as stipulated in section 13.0 can be achieved. If
necessary, procedure qualification can be carried out on a test weld (having same
dimensions as the production weld) on which IQI s can be placed on both source and
film sides. When the source side IQI achieved the required sensitivity , the smallest
corresponding wire discernible on the film used for production radiography.
12.0

SHARPNESS OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE AND SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE

12.1 Geometric unsharpness (Ug) of radiographs shall not exceed the following :

Material Thickness

Ug. Maximum

Under 2 ( 50.8 mm)

0.02 ( 0.51 mm)

2 through 3 ( 50.8 mm to 76.2 mm)

0.03 ( 0.76 mm)

Over 3 through 4 (76.2 mm to 101.6 mm)

0.04 ( 1.02 mm)

Greater than 4 (101.6 mm)

0.07 ( 1.78 mm)

12.2 The geometric unhappiness (Ug) can be determined by :

Ft
Ug = ------D
Where :
F

= Source size , the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or
focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the component
being radiographer.
D = Source to object distance.

13.0

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= Thickness of component, assuming the film is intact with the component, plus
the space between the film and component. In double wall double image
technique on piping, the outside diameter shall be considered as it.

QUALITY AND INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHS

13.1 The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the IQI and the area
of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made with an
x-ray unit and 2.0 minimum for radiographs made with gamma-ray source.
For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite
set shall have a minimum density of 1.3 H&D. The maximum density shall be
4.0 H&D for either single or composite viewing. The tolerance for variations in
density reading shall be 0.05 H&D.
13.2 If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by
more than minus 15% and plus 30% from the density through the body of the
hole type penetrameter and adjacent to the designated wire of a wire type
penetrameter, within the required minimum/ maximum density ranges, then an
additional penetrameter shall be used.
13.3 The film density shall be determined by calibrated densitometer or stepwedge
comparison film verified with a calibrated stepwedge film traceable to a national
standard.
Calibration of densitometer and Stepwedge comparison strip shall be as described in
section T-262 of ASME BPV Section V, Article 2, 2007.
13.4 The required IQI sensitivity for various thickness is stated in the radiographic testing
technique sheets attached in this procedure specification.
IQI sensitivity shall be calculated base on thinnest visible wire :

i.

ii.

Diameter of Thinnest Wire Visible

IQI sensitivity = ------------------------------------------ x 100%
Thickness of Component below
The diameter of the smallest discernible wire image of the IQI on the parent metal
adjacent to the weld-toe-shall be considered.

iii. For double wall double image exposure, that IQI sensitivity shall be computed
based on double wall thickness . The IQI sensitivity shall be 3% or better.
13.5 Viewing room for radiographs shall be provided with subdued background lighting of
an intensity that will not cause shadow or glare on the radiographs. The viewer shall
have minimum 30,000 Lux of Light Intensity to properly illuminate radiographs with H
& D density of up 3.5 and adjustment of intensity will be incorporated.
13.6 All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other blemishes to the extent
that they cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of
interest in the radiograph, such blemishes include but are not limited to :

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i.

Fogging

ii.

Processing defects such as streaks, water marks or chemical stains.

iii.

Scratches , finger marks, crimps, dirt, static marks, smudges or tears.

iv.

False indications due to defective screens or internal faults.

QUALIFICATION OF TESTING PROCEDURE / TECHNIQUE SHEETS.

14.1 Testing techniques shall be established in a standard format / technique sheets- see
attached.
14.2 Each testing technique shall be individually qualified and its parameters recorded.
However, qualification test may be waived if the testing techniques have been
previously qualified and approved by client.
14.3 Radiographs and testing procedure qualification record sheets shall be maintained and
kept on file.

15.0

EXTENT OF EXAMINATION
The extent of radiographic examination shall be as per Client or Authorized Inspector
request.

16.0

REPORTING
16.1 Interpretation of radiographs shall be reported on the standard radiographic report
format (see attached).
16.2 Accompanying the reports, radiographs of each component shall be presented to the
client in film folders with all the necessary information including result of
interpretation, printed name and signature, recorded on the outside for easy reference.
16.3 A copy of the radiographic report shall be keep and maintained by PT. Qualita Utama
for filing and record.
16.4 Client is responsible for maintaining and safekeeping of the reports and radiographs.

K
17.0

RE-EXAMINATION
17.1 An item showing unacceptable defects ,when repaired, shall be re-examined using the
same RT technique as originally used.

18.0

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
18.1 ASME B31.1 Power Piping 2007 Paragraph 136.4.5
Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of discontinuities are
unacceptable :
a.

Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration

b.

Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than

b.1 (6.0 mm) for t up to (19.0 mm)
b.2 1/3t for t from (19.0 mm) to 2 (57 mm), inclusive

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b.3 (19.0 mm) for t over 2 (57 mm) where t is the thickness of
the thinner portion of the weld
c.

Any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of
12t, except where the distance between the successive indications exceed 6L where L is
the longest indication in the group

d.

Porosity in excess of that shown as acceptable in Appendix A-250 of ASME BPV Section
I, 2007 Edition and Addenda 2009

e.

Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density, as indicated on the radiograph.

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APPENDIX 1

Single Wall Radiographic Techniques

Pipe
O.D.

Exposure
Technique

Radiograph
Viewing

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement
End View

Side View

IQI
Selection

Placement

Location
Marker
Placement

Exposure Arrangement A

FILM

Single
Wall
T-271.1
Any

Single
Wall

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)

T-276
and
Table
T-276

Source centrally placed within circumference.

Film(s) wrapped around outside surface.

Film
Side
T-277.1(b)

Either
Side
T-275.3
T-275.1(c)

Exposure Arrangement B
Single
Wall
T-271.1
Any

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)

X
T-276
and
Table
T-276

Single
Wall

Film
Side
T-275.1
(b)(1)
Film
Side
T-277.1(b)

Source offset internally.

FILM
Film on opposite outside surface.
Exposure Arrangement C

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)

Single
Wall
T-271.1
Any

Single
Wall

FILM

T-276
and
Table
T-276

Source
Side
T-275.1
(a)(3)

FILM

Source outside pipe. Film inside on near wall.

Film
Side
T-277.1(b)

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APPENDIX 1
Double Wall Radiographic Techniques (Continued)
Pipe
O.D.

Exposure
Technique

Radiograph
Viewing

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement
End View

IQI

Side View

Selection

Placement

Location
Marker
Placement

Exposure Arrangement D

Any

Double
Wall
T271.2(a)
at Least 3
Exposures
120 to Each
Other
for
Complete
Coverage

X
X

X
X

Single
Wall

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)
T-276
and
Table
T-276

Film
Side
T-275.1
(b)(1)
Film
Side
T-277.1(b)

Double Wall Single Image

Film and source both outside pipe.
X-X Optional Source Location
Exposure Arrangement E

Any

Double
Wall
T271.2(a)
at Least 3
Exposures
120 to Each
Other
for
Complete
Coverage

X
X

X
X

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)
T-276
and
Table
T-276

Single
Wall

Film
Side
T-275.1
(b)(1)
Film
Side
T-277.1(b)

Double Wall Single Image

Source and film both outside pipe
X-X Optional Source Location
Exposure Arrangement F

X
Double
Wall
T-271.2
3 in.
(b)(1)
(88.9mm) at Least 2
or
Exposures
Less
at 90 to
Each Other
for
Complete
Coverage

Double
Wall
(Ellipse):
Read
Offset
Source
Side
and
Film
Side
Images

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)
T-276
and
Table
T-276

Double Wall Double Image

Source and film both outside pipe. Beam offset

Either
Side
T-275.2

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APPENDIX 1
Double Wall Radiographic Techniques (Continued)
Pipe
O.D.

Exposure
Technique

RadioGraph
Viewing

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement
End View

Side View

IQI
Selection

Placement

Location
Marker
Placement

Exposure Arrangement G

X
Double
Wall
T-271.2
3 in.
(b)(2)
(88.9mm) at Least 3
or
Exposures
Less
at 60 or
120 to
Each Other
for
Complete
Coverage

Double
Wall
Read
SuperImposed
Source
Side and
Film Side
Images

Source
Side
T-277.1(a)
T-276
and
Table
T-276

Double Wall Double Image

Source and film both outside pipe
Beam perpendicular to weld and film.

Either
Side
T-275.2

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APPENDIX 2
EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE FOR FLAT COMPONENTS

RADIATION SOURCE

RADIATION SOURCE

FILM

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APPENDIX 3
PLACEMENT OF LOCATION MARKERS

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APPENDIX 4
IQI DESIGNATION AND SELECTION

IQI
Designation

Table T-233.1 Hole-Type IQI Designation, Thickness,

and Hole Diameters, in.( mm )
IQI
1T Hole
2T Hole
Thickness
Diameter
Diameter

4T Hole
Diameter

0.005 ( 0.13 )

0.010 ( 0.25 )

0.020 ( 0.51 )

0.040 (1.02 )

0.0075 ( 0.19 )

0.010 ( 0.25 )

0.020 ( 0.51 )

0.040 ( 1.02 )

10

0.010 ( 0.25 )

0.010 ( 0.25 )

0.020 ( 0.51 )

0.040 ( 10.2 )

12

0.0125 ( 0.32 )

0.0125 ( 0.32 )

0.025 ( 0.64 )

0.050 ( 1.27 )

15

0.015 ( 0.38 )

0.015

( 0.38 )

0.030 ( 0.76 )

0.060 ( 1.52 )

17

0.0175 ( 0.4 )

0.0175 ( 0.44 )

0.035 ( 0.89 )

0.070 ( 1.70 )

20

0.020 ( 0.51 )

0.020

( 0.51 )

0.040 ( 1.02 )

0.080 ( 2.03 )

25

0.025 ( 0.64 )

0.025

( 0.64 )

0.050 ( 1.27 )

0.100 ( 2.54 )

30

0.030 ( 0.67 )

0.030

( 0.76 )

0.060 ( 1.52 )

0.120 ( 3.05 )

35

0.035 ( 0.89 )

0.035

( 0.89 )

0.070 ( 1.78 )

0.140 ( 3.56 )

40

0.040 ( 1.02 )

0.040

( 1.02 )

0.080 ( 2.03 )

0.160 ( 4.06 )

45

0.045 ( 1.14 )

0.045

( 1.14 )

0.090 ( 2.29 )

0.180 ( 4.57 )

50

0.050 ( 1.27 )

0.050

( 1.27 )

0.100 ( 2.54 )

0.200 ( 5.08 )

60

0.060 ( 1.52 )

0.060

( 1.52 )

0.120 ( 3.05 )

0.240 ( 6.10 )

70

0.070 ( 1.78 )

0.070

( 1.78 )

0.140 ( 3.56 )

0.280 ( 7.11 )

80

0.080 ( 2.03 )

0.080

( 2.03 )

0.160 ( 4.06 )

0.320 ( 8.13 )

100

0.100 ( 2.54 )

0.100

( 2.54 )

0.200 ( 5.08 )

0.400 ( 10.1 )

120

0.120 ( 3.05 )

0.120

( 3.05 )

0.240 ( 6.10 )

0.480 ( 12.19 )

140

0.140 ( 3.56 )

0.140

( 3.56 )

0.280 ( 7.11 )

0.560 ( 14.22 )

160

0.160 ( 4.06 )

0.160

( 4.06 )

0.320 ( 8.13 )

0.640 ( 16.26 )

200

0.200 ( 5.08 )

0.200

( 5.08 )

0.400 (10.16 )

240

0.240 ( 6.10 )

0.240

( 6.10 )

0.480 ( 12.19 )

280

0.280 ( 7.11 )

0.280

( 7.11 )

0.560 ( 14.22 )

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APPENDIX 4
IQI DESIGNATION AND SELECTION (Continued)
Table T-276 IQI Selection
IQI
Nominal Single-Wall Material Thickness
Range, in. ( mm )

Source Side
Hole-Type
Wire-Type
Designation
Essential
Wire

Film Side
Hole-Type
Wire-Type
Designation
Essential
Wire

Up to 0.25 (6.4), incl.

12

10

Over 0.25 (6.4) through 0.375 (9.5)

15

12

Over 0.375 (9.5) through 0.50 (12.7)

17

15

Over 0.50 (12.7) through 0.75 (19.0)

20

17

Over 0.75 (19.0) through 1.00 (25.4)

25

20

Over 1.00 (25.4) through 1.50 (38.1)

30

10

25

Over 1.50 (38.1) through 2.00 (50.8)

35

11

30

10

Over 2.00 (50.8) through 2.50 (63.5)

40

12

35

11

Over 2.50 (63.5) through 4.00 (101.6)

50

13

40

12

Over 4.00 (101.6) through 6.00 (152.4)

60

14

50

13

Over 6.00 (152.4) through 8.00 (203.2)

80

16

60

14

Over 8.00 (203.2) through 10.00 (254.0)

100

17

80

16

Over 10.00 (254.0) through 12.00( 304.8)

120

18

100

17

Over 12.00 ( 304.8) through 16.00(406.4)

160

20

120

18

Over 16.00 (406.4) through 20.00 (508.0)

200

21

160

20

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APPENDIX 5
ASTM WIRE-TYPE PENETRAMETER

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APPENDIX 6
HOLE-TYPE IQI PENETRAMETER

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APPENDIX 7
PERIODIC VERIFICATION CERTIFICATE
Step tablet No.
:
Date of Verification :

Densitometer and No. Series :

Date of Expiration
:

The density values reported are traceable to NIST and have been verified in accordance with ASME BPV
Section V, Article 2 Paragraph T-262, 2007 requirements with results as follow :
Step No.

Density Recorded

Actual Density

Deviation

Result

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
The step wedge comparison films is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than + 0.05 density
units from the density stated on the step wedge comparison films.
Verified By,

Name______________
ASNT NDT RT. Level II

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APPENDIX 8
RADIOGRAPHY TEST REPORT FORM