UNIT 1

1-THE HUMAN BODY

The body is made of: Cells

They form:

Tissues

Organs

Systems

Perform basic life processes: Nutrition, Interaction and Reproduction

The Cell:
Smallest living unit of the human body
It has got 3 main parts: the membrane ,the cytoplasm and the nucleus

The Tissues:

Similar cells work together and form tissues:

Skin tissue: covers the outside of the body

Fat or adipose tissue: store fats
Bone tissue: form bones and support the body
Muscle tissue: moves the parts of the bosy
Nervous tissue: transmits information and coordinates the bodys functions

The Organs :

The brain
The heart
The stomach
The liver
..

The Systems

Nutrition: digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and excretory system

Interaction: muscular system, skeletal system, nervous system and endocrine system

Reproduction: females reproductive system and male reproductive system

2- THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

It breaks down food into nutrients. Then it absorbs the nutrients and eliminates the waste
It includes:

-The Alimentary canal:

The mouth : is where the digestion starts

the teeth

The tongue

The salivary glands

The pharynx: connects the mouth to the esophagus

The esophagus: long tube that takes food from the pharynx to the stomach

The stomach: produces gastric juices to break down food

The small intestine: a long thin tube. 3 parts:

The duodenum

the jejunum

the ileum

The large intestine: a short, thick tube. Parts:

The colon

the rectum

the anus

-The glands:

The salivary glands

The liver: produce the bile

How does your digestive system work?

3 different processes:

The pancreas: produce the pancreatic juice

Digestion

The food goes into the mouth

the teeth cut and crush the food

the tongue mixes the food with saliva and form the bolus

the bolus

goes to the pharynx and down the esophagus to the stomach.

Absorption: in the small intestine the chime mixes with intestinal juice, bile and pancreatic juice. This make a thin paste
called chyle.
The small intestine absorbs the nutrients in the chyle. They go to the blood. The rest of the paste goes to the large intestine

Elimination: the paste that goes to the large intestine is mostly water and solid waste. The intestine changes the water into
feces. They leave the body through the anus

3- HEALTHY FOOD

The most important nutrients are:

Water

carbohydrates

-Water:
Its essential.

-Carbohydrates:

fats

proteins

vitamins and minerals

The body breaks down carbohydrates into sugar for energy

They are in: bread, cereal, pasta and potatoes
-Fats:
The body stores fats for extra energy
Fats helps to grow and stay warm
They are in: oil, butter and cheese

-Proteins:
The body uses them to grow and repair tissues, like muscles and skin
They are in: meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans and nuts

-Vitamins and minerals:

The body need them to work properly and stay healthy.
They are in: fresh fruit and vegetables

A BALANCED DIET
We should eat a varied and balanced diet :
-

Food from all of the groups

Have a minimum of five portions of fruit and vegetables every day
Drink a lot of water
Dont eat fatty or sweet foods

Have a healthy breakfast

Eat slowly and chew the food well
Brush the teeth after meals

4- THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

It extracts oxygen from the air and eliminates the carbon dioxide that the cells produce.

Parts:

The respiratory airways

Nasal passages

pharynx

the lungs

larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

bronchioles

alveoli

When the air goes into the nasal passages, it gets warm and moist. The nasal passages trap dirt to keep the lungs clean

The pharynx takes air to the larynx. And food goes from the pharynx to the esophagus

The larynx is between the pharynx and the trachea. The vocal cords are there.
The trachea is a long tube with hard rings. It divides into two big branches called bronchi. One bronchi goes to one lung and the other to the other lung

The lungs are two soft organs that contain the bronchioles and millions of alveoli

Each bronchi divides in bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole there are tiny sacs called alveoli

Around the alveoli there are tiny tubes called capillaries that contain blood. The gases go through the alveoli and the capillaries

How we breathe
There are 2 actions:
1-Inhalation. ( we breathe in)

2-Exhalation (we breathe out)

Together, they allow us to exchange gases in your lungs:

When we breathe in, the air goes to the alveoli. The oxygen goes through the alveoli and into the capillaries. Then the blood carries the
oxygen to all the cells

The blood takes the carbon dioxide away from the cells. In the lungs the carbon dioxide pass through the capillaries and into the alveoli.
Then it leaves the body when we breathe out