PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY

CHE572-2014

1. APPROXIMATE DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR SMOOTH, RIGID

SPHERICAL PARTICLES
(a) Stokes Law Region (strictly for Rep<0.2, but may be used for
Rep1)
CD

f Uod p
24
where Re p
Re p
f

(b) Intermediate Region (1<Rep<500)

CD 18.5 Re p0.6
(c) Newtons Law Region (500<Rep<2x105)

CD 0.43

(d) Turbulent Region (Rep>2x105)

CD 0.11

2. TERMINAL VELOCITY IN FREE FALL OR RISE

Two dimensionless groups derived from the standard drag curve
CD ReT2

3
f vT d p
4 d p f p f g

where ReT
2
3
f
f

CD
4 g f p f

ReT
3
f2v T3

Curves for CDReT2 and CD/ReT are given in Fig. 2

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The three flow regions based from Stokes Law

(i) For spherical particles
Laminar region (Ret < 0.2)

v T ,ST

f gdv2
18 f

, dp < 33 m; CD

Turbulent region, (Ret >1000)

v T ,N

4 p f gdv
, dp > 1500 m
.
3
0.43 f
CD 0.43

Transition region, 0.2 < Ret < 1000

CD Ret2

4
f p f gd v3
3
or

CD
4 p f f

Ret 3 f2 v T3
Generally,

CD

4 p f d v g
.
3
f v T2

24
Ret

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(ii) For non-spherical particles

For laminar region, Ret < 0.2

v T ,ST

K ST p f gd v2
18 f

where K ST 0.843 log

0.065

and d v 1.13d p

Turbulent region, Ret > 1000

v T ,N
where

4 p f gdv
.
3
K N f

K N 5.31 4.88

Transition region, 0.2 < Ret < 1000

0.43 1000 Ret

0.43
.
K TR K ST

K
1000

0
.
2
KN

vT K TR vT Sphere

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CHE572-2014

Standard Drag curves from Stokes Law

Fig. 1: Drag Coefficient, CD versus particle Reynolds

number, Rep

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CHE572-2014

Alternatively, the following equations can be used to form a

computer program (Clift, Grace & Weber, Bubbles, Drops and
Particles, Academic Press.
Range
CDReT2 73; ReT 2.37

Correlation
C Re2
ReT D T
24

C Re
C Re

1.7569 x10 4 CD ReT2

6.9252 x10 7

73 <CDReT2 580
2.37 <ReT 12.2

log10 ReT 1.7095

1.33438 log10 CD ReT2

0.11591 log10

580 <CDReT2 1.55 x 107

12.2 <ReT 6.35 x 103

ReT2

log10 ReT 1.81391

0.12427 log C Re
0.006344 log C Re
1.34671 log10 CD ReT2
10

2 2
T

10

1.55 x 107 <CDReT2 5 x 1010

6.35x103 <ReT 3 x 105

2 3
T
2 4
T

2.3027 x10 10

2 3
T

log10 ReT 5.33283

0.19007 log C Re
0.007005 log C Re
1.21728 log10 CD ReT2
10

10

2 2
T

2 3
T

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CDReT2

CD/ReT

Terminal velocity Reynolds number, ReT

2

Fig. 2: CDReT and CD/ReT as a function of Reynolds number

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CHE572-2014

3. FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH PACKED BEDS

(a) For incompressible fluids:
2
2

1 f Uo H
1 f Uo H
P 150
1.75

2
d sv

d sv

= voidage
Uo = superficial gas velocity
dsv = equivalent surface/volume diameter
f = gas density
H = height or length of bed

(-)
(m/s)
(m)
(kg/m3)
(m)

(b) For compressible fluids:

P 150

1 2 f GH 1.75 1 HG 2
3

2
f d sv

f d sv

G f Uo

f = mean viscosity of fluid

G =, mass flux of fluid
f = mean density of fluid

(Ns/m2)
(kg/m2.s)
(kg/m3)

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4. FLUIDIZATION
(a) Geldarts Classification of Powders (1973)

p - g (kg/m3)

10000

1000

A
C
100
10

100

1000

Particle size, (m)

Fig. 3: Particle Classification according to Geldart (1973)

10000

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(b) Minimum fluidization velocity

Wen-Yu equation (1966), for dpi > 100 m

U mf

where Ar

Ar

f
p
f

dv
dp
dsv

f
1135.7 0.0408 Ar 1 / 2 33.7
f dv

f p f gd sv3
2f

= Archimedes number
= fluid density
= particle density
= fluid viscosity
= equivalent volume diameter
= particle diameter
= equivalent volume/surface diameter

Baeyens & Geldart (1974), for dpi < 100 m

U mf

0.934

g 0.934d 1p.8

1110 0f.87 0f.066

(-)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(Ns/m2)
(m)
(m)
(m)

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(c) Bed expansion of a liquid fluidized bed

Richardson and Zaki (1954) equation

U o vT n

Khan and Richardson (1989)

dp
4.8 n
0.043Ar 0.57 1 2.4
n 2.4

0.27

dp = Particle diameter
(m)
D = Diameter of vessel
(m)
n = Exponent for Khan & Richardson equation (-)
= mean voidage
(-)
Uo = Superficial fluid velocity
(m/s)

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5.

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ENTRAINMENT

(a) Elutriation rate constant, Ki

i.

For dpi<100 m, Uo<1.2 m/s, use the correlation from

Zenz and Weil (1958)

Uo 2
K i
7
1.26x10
2
gUo
gd pi p

1.88

Uo 2
K i
4.31x10 4
2
gUo
gd pi p

1.18

Uo
when
< 3x10-4 m6/kg2
2
gd pi p
2

when

Uo
> 3x10-4 m6/kg2
2
gd pi p

ii. For larger particles and higher velocities, use the correlation
from Geldart (1979)

K i
23.7 e
gU o

(b)

5.4vT
Uo

Rate of entrainment, Ri for dpi

Ri

d
M B x Bi K ih* Ax Bi
dt

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(c)

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Mass fraction in bed, xBi

K ih At

x Bi x Bio exp
MB

or

x Bi

Fx Fi
K ih A F Rt

Ki = elutriation rate constant for size above TDH

g = gas density
p = particle density
dpi = particle diameter
Uo = superficial gas velocity
g = acceleration of gravity
vt = terminal velocity of particle size dpi
xBi = mass of size fraction dpi in bed
xBio = initial mass of size fraction dpi in bed
xFi = mass of size fraction dpi in feed
Rt = total rate entrainment
A = cross sectional area
F = feed rate
t = time
MB = total mass in bed

(kg/m2s)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(m)
(m/s)
(m/s2)
(m/s)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(kg/s)
(m2)
(kg/s)
(s)
(kg)

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(d)

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CHE572-2014

Entrainment flux, Eh

For entrainment flux when the gas offtake is at any height, h

above the bed surface:
From Wen and Chen(1982)

E h E Eo E exp ah
where
Eh = Entrainment flux of solids at gas offtake
E = Entrainment flux of solids when gas offtake is
above TDH(F)
Eo = Entrainment flux of solids at bed surface
a = overall decay constant
h = distance above the bed surface
(e) Transport Disengagement Height (TDH)
i.

Coarse particle

(Soroko et. al, 1969)

TDH 1200H Re1p.55 Ar 1.1

for;
Reynolds number
Archimedes number
Packed bed height
Particle diameter

: 15<Rep<300
: 19.5<Ar<6.5
: H<0.5 m
: dp = 0.7 to 2.5 mm

(kg/m2 s)
(kg/m2 s)
(kg/m2 s)
(m)

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ii. Fine particle

(Horio et. al, 1980)
0.5
TDH 4.47d Bvs

dBvs

= equivalent sphere diameter of a bubble at bed

surface

(Fournol et. al, 1973)

TDH 1000

Uo
g

(Amitin et. al, 1968)

TDH 0.851.2 7.33 1.2 log10 U o

6. HOPPER DESIGN

B
B

H crit
bg
= minimum hopper outlet dimeter (m)

H = 2
b
g

crit

60

(conical outlet)

(-)

= bulk density
(kg/m3)
= acceleration of gravity
(m/s2)
= critical unconfined yield stress (N/m2)

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Hopper flow factor values for conical channels, =30o

Hopper flow factor values for conical channels, =40o

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Hopper flow factor values for conical channels, =50o

Hopper flow factor values for conical channels, =60o

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7. PNEUMATIC TRANSPORT
(a) Saltation velocity:
1

U salt

2
4M 10 g / 2 D 2
S

MS = mass flowrate
(kg/s)
g = acceleration of gravity
f = gas density
D = pipe diameter
= 1440dp + 1.96
= 1100dp + 2.5
dp = particle diameter

(m/s2)
(kg/m3)
(m)
(-)
(-)
(m)

(b) Choking velocity:

Punwani correlation

U CH

CH

vT

Gs

p 1 CH

and g0.77

4.7
2250 D CH
1

2
UCH

v T

CH

CH = voidage at choking (-)

UCH= choking velocity
vT = terminal velocity
g = gas density
p = particle density
D = pipe diameter
Gs = mass flux solids

(m/s)
(m/s)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(m)
(kg m-2 s-1)

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(c) Pressure drop:

P g

u g2
2

where Fgw L

i.

1 u 2p
2

Fgw L Fsw L p L1 g sin g Lg sin

2fg g U o

for horizontal flow

Fsw L

2fs p 1 H u p2
D

3 g
D
u g u p

where fs
CD

8 p
d
up

and

u p U o 1 0.0638d p

0.3

p0.5

ii. for vertical flow

Fsw L 0.057Gs L

U
ug
up
fg
fs
CD
L

g
D

= voidage
= superficial gas velocity
= gas velocity
= particle velocity
= gas friction factor
= solid friction factor
= single particle drag coefficient
= pipe length

(-)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(m)

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iii. Pressure drop across standard 90o bends:

Assume equivalent to the pressure drop across 7.5 m at
vertical conveying pipe.
8. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Mean composition

1
N

y
i 1

N = number of samples
yi = composition of component
Variance
N

S2

y
i 1

N 1

Two-component mixture variance

Completely segregated, 02 p1 p
Randomly mixed, R2

p1 p
n

p and 1-p are the proportions of two components

n = number of particles in each sample

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Mixture Variance

L2

U2

S 2 N 1

2
S 2 N 1

12

Differential frequency number distribution

mass of particles in each size range
= number of particles in size range x mass of one particle

dm dn

px 3
6

p = particle density
x = arithmetic mean of adjacent sieve size.

CHE572-2014

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Chi-squared distribution table

P
DF 0.995
0.975 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.001
1 0.0000393 0.000982 1.642 2.706 3.841 5.024 5.412 6.635 7.879 9.550 10.828
2 0.0100 0.0506 3.219 4.605 5.991 7.378 7.824 9.210 10.597 12.429 13.816
0.216 4.642 6.251 7.815 9.348 9.837 11.345 12.838 14.796 16.266
3 0.0717
0.207
0.484 5.989 7.779 9.488 11.143 11.668 13.277 14.860 16.924 18.467
4
0.412
0.831 7.289 9.236 11.070 12.833 13.388 15.086 16.750 18.907 20.515
5
0.676
1.237 8.558 10.645 12.592 14.449 15.033 16.812 18.548 20.791 22.458
6
0.989
1.690 9.803 12.017 14.067 16.013 16.622 18.475 20.278 22.601 24.322
7
1.344
2.180 11.030 13.362 15.507 17.535 18.168 20.090 21.955 24.352 26.124
8
1.735
2.700 12.242 14.684 16.919 19.023 19.679 21.666 23.589 26.056 27.877
9
3.247 13.442 15.987 18.307 20.483 21.161 23.209 25.188 27.722 29.588
10 2.156
3.816 14.631 17.275 19.675 21.920 22.618 24.725 26.757 29.354 31.264
11 2.603
4.404 15.812 18.549 21.026 23.337 24.054 26.217 28.300 30.957 32.909
12 3.074
5.009 16.985 19.812 22.362 24.736 25.472 27.688 29.819 32.535 34.528
13 3.565
5.629 18.151 21.064 23.685 26.119 26.873 29.141 31.319 34.091 36.123
14 4.075
6.262 19.311 22.307 24.996 27.488 28.259 30.578 32.801 35.628 37.697
15 4.601
6.908 20.465 23.542 26.296 28.845 29.633 32.000 34.267 37.146 39.252
16 5.142
7.564 21.615 24.769 27.587 30.191 30.995 33.409 35.718 38.648 40.790
17 5.697
8.231 22.760 25.989 28.869 31.526 32.346 34.805 37.156 40.136 42.312
18 6.265
8.907 23.900 27.204 30.144 32.852 33.687 36.191 38.582 41.610 43.820
19 6.844
9.591 25.038 28.412 31.410 34.170 35.020 37.566 39.997 43.072 45.315
20 7.434
10.283 26.171 29.615 32.671 35.479 36.343 38.932 41.401 44.522 46.797
21 8.034
10.982 27.301 30.813 33.924 36.781 37.659 40.289 42.796 45.962 48.268
22 8.643
11.689 28.429 32.007 35.172 38.076 38.968 41.638 44.181 47.391 49.728
23 9.260
12.401 29.553 33.196 36.415 39.364 40.270 42.980 45.559 48.812 51.179
24 9.886
25 10.520 13.120 30.675 34.382 37.652 40.646 41.566 44.314 46.928 50.223 52.620