Canada Center for Remote Sensing

.
-
2008

. 957
.

.

.

Tele Comunications

Broadcasting

.Microwave Relays
.

Surveillance Satellite

.
.
-1

1962 Tele Star -1 3

Syncom 3

1964

(Geostationary ) .
300

.1957

.
-2 Navigation Satellite

.
.
.

Transit-1B

.1960

.1996

Nafstar

) Global Positioning System (GPS 24 .

GPS

100 1 .
( Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System

) GLONASS 24 .

30
2005

.Galileo 1

.2009 Global Navigation

) Satellite system (GNSS

-3 Weather Satellite

Television Infrared Observation Satellite TIROS-1 1

.1960 1 23.000 .

GOES .Geostationary
.

Meteosat

. NOAA

.
.

-4 Military Satellite

) the Defence Satellite Communication System (DSCS

Geostationary
.

Defence Meteorological

) Satellite Program (DMSP .

GPS

-5 ( Scientific Satellite )

.
.

Hubble Space Telescope

1990
The Mars Global Surveyor

" ( )

.
".

Incident .
.

Sensors

Non-Imaging

- 1

(Energy Source or Illumination )A

Electromagnetic .
- 2

()B

.
0

- 3

( )C

.
- 4

) ( )
.
- 5

()E

)
- 6

((F
5

Visual

Digital

Electronic .
- 7

()G

(
) .

( )E

( )M .

. .

Wavelength
. (

( .Lambda ) ( )m
.

)Nanometres (nm, 10-9 metres

)Micrometres (m, 10-6 metres
Centimetres (cm, 10-2 metres).
( )
.Hertz

Electromagnetic Spectrum

) (
)

)(UV

Ultra

Violet

0
(

. .


0

( )
. Spectrum Visible

"

.
0.4 0.7 .um

0.446 - 0.4 :0

0.5 - 0.446:0

0.59 - 0.57:0

0.62 - 0.59 :0
0.7 - 0.62:

.
.

Prism

Bend

7 0

100 .

100
.

IR

Reflected

.Emitted or Thermal IR

RIR

.Visible

7 0 0 3 .

.
0 3 100.

1 1 mm

1
.

10

 ( ) .

11

.
.

.Scattering & Absorption

Scattering

:
Raleigh

." "

. (
) ().

12

.
Mie

Non-selective

( + += )

Absorption

:
.

( ).

13

 - -
.

( 22 1 ) .
.

).

"" .

) " "Atmospheric Windows

\ ( )

10
.

1 .

14

( )

: (

)A

( )T ( .)R

.
( )A ( )

( )T

( ) . ""
.

( )
:

.Diffuse

)
.
.

.
.

15

" "
.

(
).

( )

16

.
-

Brighter .

. ( )S

( ) .

( / 000)

( . )

Spectral Response .

.
17

( ) . ""

18

()

. (
)
(

).

.Passive

() .
( )
.

Active

19

Detected .

.
.

Image

Pictorial

Photographs .

( )
.

Photos

0.3 0.9 -

) (

) .

Image

Photographs

Digital

Brightness

Pixel
Digital

).Numbers (DNs

20

( )Scanner

Pictorial

Digital (
).

. Channel
Band Combine

Digitally ( - - ).
- (

) -

21

 ()

.
/

22

. :
.

:
.

Platforms

Sensors .

Stable Platforms

Ground-based

0000
( )
( )

.
23

: Orbits & Swaths

Path Orbit

Altitude, Orientation,

. Rotation

Geostationary -

36.000 -

.
.

24

)
. (

) Near-Polar Orbit
.

Sun-

Synchronous

Local Sun Time

.

Monitoring Change
.

Ascending and Descending Passes

Sun-

Synchronous

. Active
( )

"

" .

.Swaths

25

 .
-

. .

( .)Consecutive
.

Pass

Retraces

Nadir Point

Steerable
"

"
.

. (
) .

Near-polar orbit

paths .

26

 Spatial Resolution

.
.

Spatial Resolution

.
()

View

Of

IFOV Instantaneous

.Field

Angular Cone
( )A

" " ( .)B

IFOV

( . )C

Resolution Cell

Articular
.

27

20
Resolution

Full

20 20X .

.
.

.
.

"

."Coarse or Low Resolution

Fine or High Resolution .

. 100.000:1 1

100.000 ( 1)

( )100.000:1 (5.000:1 ).

28

 Spectral Resolution

Spectral

Response
/

Broad Classes

- -

. - -

. Fine Wavelength intervals

Finer .

( )

. (
)Coarse
() .

29

.
.

. Multi-

.Spectral Sensors

Hyperspectral Sensors

( ) Narrow Spectral Bands

Visible

.

Radiometric Resolution

Spatial Structure
.
.

Positive Digital Number

.2

Bits
30

 ()

Binary Format

Bit

( 2 .)1 bit = 21 = 2
Bits .

28 = 256

Digital

values .255 4

24 16 .15

Grey tones

(255 8) . 8
.
-

Temporal Resolution

( ) .

Overlap Swaths

.
Point passes

: / .

31

.Multi Temporal Imagery

( )
( Human-Induced Changes ) .
:

( )- ( 0000)

- ( Multi-Temporal

).

( ).

Cameras & Aerial Photographs

.
( )

Framing Systems

Snapshot ( .)A
( ( )B

)Optics Focal

)C( Plane .

0.3

0.9 Ultra-

) .Violet (UV ) .Near Infra-Red (NIR

Panchromatic

. ( )

32

( ) .

0.3 0.9
.

Colour (

)Colour Infrared CIR

.

Normal Colour

Photograph

( "") .

CIR

. .

False Colour

Platforms

( ) ( )

Angular Field of View (

"") ( IFOV )
" " "" .

90 210 152 .

33

 ( ) .

""

) .

50 Spatial Resolution

Oblique Vertical

High Oblique

Horizon .

Foreground

Background .

Vertical

Photograph
Single-Lense

()

" ." Flight Line

( )A .% 60-50

Steroscoping
34

 Viewing .
.

Spectral

Information

( Photogrametry )

( )

Scanned
.

Multi-Band Photography

multi-lense

. .
Digital Camera
.

array

Gridded

Silicon-Coated

( ) Charge-coupled devices .

"

" Brightness .

.
.

0.3 0.012
3 .
512 x 512 .2048 x 2048

35

 Multispectral Scanning MSS

( )

Scanning

( .)IFOV
.
.

Multispectral Scanner MSS .

- Across - Track

- Along - Track

.
(

) across the swath

)A( Rotating mirror

( )
() .
.

Internal

Detector -

- -
.

36

) ( )C

(Ground )D

Reolution Cell
.

( Angular Field of View )E

sweep of the

mirror

scan line ()F

Airborne sweep

(90 120) -

( 20-10) .
swath

IFOV ""
.Dwell Time

.
Along-Track

( / )

Linear array of

(A( detectors

( )B ( )C ""
.

Pushbroom Scanner

( )D

IFOV

37

 . .

Track

Along

Pushbroom ""
( )

. IFOVs

Cross-Calibrating

Detectors .Array

.
.

Multi-Bands or Multispectral

Registration .

MSS

Optical .

Digital MSS
.

38

 Thermal Imaging

MSS

15-3)

Thermal Sensors

Photo Deectors Photon

.

Thermal Imagers

across-track

Internal

Temperature Refrences

.Detected .
/ magnetic tapes

0.1

( ) Thermogram

.

.

39

)
:

14-8.

5-3

IFOVs

. Fairly

Coarse
.

) (

) .

.
:

Sensor Optics-

Snapshot .

Relief Displacem

40

) Nadir

Positional error

track

Along

Scanline

" " Snapshot .

.

. ( )A
.

.Nadir
.

( )B .

IFOV
.

Compression
Tangential Scale Distortion

41


.Data Acquistion

platforms

Sensors (

) .

( Civilian
) Military

Television ( TIROS-1 1-
) and Infrared Observation Satellite

1960 .

Near-Polar
. 1966 US National ( NASA

) Aeronautics and Space Administration ATS-1 1-

.
( Coarse
) .

Temporal Resolution

42

 GOES

Geostationary

Operational Environmental Sattelite
.ATS

National

Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration

NOAA

20
70 . .

36000 .

75

135

. 20

165.

Fran
.1996

. -

( GOES-1 ) 1975 7 -
GOES-7

( .)1992

.) %5

( 8 - ) 1994 .
(

15 )

43

8 -

Imaging & Sounding . Imager

. .

10 Bit

44

GOES Bands
Wavelength
Spatial
Band
Range
Resolution
(m)

1 km

cloud,
pollution, and
haze
detection;
severe storm
identification

4 km

identification
of fog at
night;
discriminating
water clouds
and snow or
ice clouds
during
daytime;
detecting
fires and
volcanoes;
night time
determination
of sea surface
temperatures

6.47 - 7.02
(upper
level water
vapour)

4 km

estimating
regions of
mid-level
moisture
content and
advection;
tracking midlevel
atmospheric
motion

10.2 - 11.2

4 km

identifying

45

Application

0.52 - 0.72
(visible)

3.78 - 4.03
(shortwave
IR)

cloud-drift
winds, severe
storms, and
heavy rainfall
identification
of low-level
;moisture
determination
of sea surface
;temperature
detection of
airborne dust
and volcanic
ash

(longwave
)IR

4 km

11.5 - 12.5
(IR window
sensitive to
water
)vapour

Sounder 19

18 .
8 13.

Cloud Top

NOAA

Sun-Synchronous

( near-polar 830 870 )

(TIROS

) 1960 ( ) .

6 .
.

)AVHRR ( Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

46

.
. 3000

.
NOAA AVHRR Bands
Band

Wavelength
Range (m)

0.58 - 0.68
(red)

0.725 - 1.1
(near IR)

3.55 -3.93
(mid IR)

10.3 - 11.3
(thermal IR)

11.5 - 12.5
(thermal IR)

Spatial
Resolution

Application

1.1 km

cloud, snow, and ice

monitoring

1.1 km

water, vegetation,
and agriculture
surveys

1.1 km

sea surface
temperature,
volcanoes, and
forest fire activity

1.1 km

sea surface
temperature, soil
moisture

1.1 km

sea surface
temperature, soil
moisture

AVHRR
.

AVHRR Data Formats

Format
APT (Automatic
Picture
Transmission)

Spatial
Resolution
4 km

HRPT (High
1.1 km
Resolution Picture
47

Transmission and
Processing
low-resolution
direct transmission
and display
full-resolution
direct transmission

and display

)Transmission

low-resolution
coverage from
recorded data

4 km

GAC (Global Area

)Coverage

selected fullresolution local

area data from
recorded data

1.1 km

LAC (Local Area

)Coverage

AVHRR

AVHRR

Coarse

( DMSP

) Operational Linescan System ( OLS

3000 2.7.
(

0.4 1.1

) ( 10.00 13.4) .

GMS

48

 .Meteosat Geostationary
. .

: 0.75 0.5 ( 1.25 )

10.5 12.5 ( 5 ).

1.1 0.4 (

2.5 ) ( 5.7 7.1 (

5 ) . ( 10.5 ) 12.5

( 5 ).
/ Land Observation

- Landsat

Landsat-1 1- .1972

Earth ( ERTS-1 1-
)Resources Technology Satellite

NOAA .1983 1985

.

Swath

) .

Sun-Synchronous
49

 Landsat 1-3 900

18 Revisiting 700
16 .

)(RBV

Vidicon

Return

Beam

MSS .Thematic Mapper TM

.TM 185
185 185 X.

MSS

80X 60

6 64 .

Line scanning .Oscillating Mirror 6

MSS
MSS Bands
Wavelength
Range
)(m

Channel
Landsat 4,5

Landsat 1,2,3

0.5 - 0.6
)(green

MSS 1

MSS 4

0.6 - 0.7
)(red

MSS 2

MSS 5

0.7 - 0.8
(near
)infrared

MSS 3

0.8 - 1.1
(near
)infrared

MSS 4

MSS 6

MSS 7

50

 MSS 1992 - TM

-4 .MSS TM MSS

MSS .

TM . Detectors ( 16
6 .)MSS 16 TM

( Non-Thermal )
( ) (

) . MSS TM

Dwell Time

30
( 256 8 ).

TM
120.

TM Bands
Wavelength
Channel
Application
)Range (m
soil/vegetation
;discrimination
bathymetry/coastal
mapping; cultural/urban
feature identification

0.45 - 0.52
)(blue

green vegetation mapping

(measures reflectance
peak); cultural/urban feature
identification

0.52 - 0.60
)(green

vegetated vs. non-vegetated

and plant species
discrimination (plant
;)chlorophyll absorption
cultural/urban feature

0.63 - 0.69
)(red

TM 1

TM 2

TM 3

51

identification
identification of
plant/vegetation types,
health, and biomass content;
water body delineation; soil
moisture

TM 4

0.76 - 0.90
(near IR)

TM 5

sensitive to moisture in soil

1.55 - 1.75
and vegetation;
(short wave
discriminating snow and
IR)
cloud-covered areas

TM 6

vegetation stress and soil

moisture discrimination
10.4 - 12.5
related to thermal radiation;
(thermal IR)
thermal mapping (urban,
water)

TM 7

2.08 - 2.35 discrimination of mineral and

(short wave rock types; sensitive to
IR)
vegetation moisture content

TM MSS

( Change Detection

MSS

350.000

TM 200.000
RSI Inc.
.

52

SPOT

SPOT System Pour

L'observation de la Terre

( Centre )CNES
d'Etudes

National

. 1 - 1986

4-3

Sun-Synchronous

near-Polar Orbits 830 .

26 . 10.30
.AM Local Solar Time

Alomg-Track .Pushbroom

High Resolution

)HRV( Visible .
(

)HRV

Panchromatic

)PLA( Single-Channel

Coarse

( Multi Spectral )MLA

Along-Track HRV .

PLA 6000

10 . MLA 3000
20.

60

.Nadir

( )

/
PLA

()

MLA
(0.73-0.51 - -)

( 0.59-0.50 )

53

0 0.78-61 )

( 0.89-0.79 )

( )Nadir

Off-

Nadir Viewing
.

27

950 . .

60 80

Off-Nadir Viewing

( ) .

.Visual Terrain Simulation

Oblique

(
26

)Orbital Cycle
45

( 11 26 )

Orbital paths .

HRV

54

 117 ( 3 ) .
.

optical

Sensors
.

Sharpen

)
( )
(
. )Digital elevation Model
IRS

) The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS

MSS/TM .SPOT

IRS-IC 1995 :

PAN

4 LISS-II Linear Imaging Self-Scanning

Sensor

Coarse

WIFS .Wide Field Sensor .

Revisit
Spatial
Swath
Period (at
Resolution Width
)equator

Wavelength
)Range (m

Sensor

70 km 24 days

5.8 m

0.5 - 0.75

PAN

24 days

142
km

23 m

0.52 - 0.59

Green

24 days

142
km

23 m

0.62 - 0.68

Red

24 days

142
km

23 m

0.77 - 0.86

Near IR

55

24 days

148
km

70 m

Shortwave
1.55 - 1.70
IR
WiFS

5 days

774
km

188 m

0.62 - 0.68

Red

5 days

774
km

188 m

0.77 - 0.86

Near IR

26 Across- Track

( ) ( 4 5 )

LISS-III

1 TM 4
.

WIFS

NOAA

AVHRR .
2 MEIS-II & CASI

Airborne . -

MEIS-II Multispectral Electro-optical Imaging scanner

. .

MEIS

Pushbroom .

8 ( 256 )

0.39 1.1 1728 .

()
.

the Compact Airborne Spectro-Graphic Imager CASI

Spectrometer

Hyperspectral

56

 Vast Array

.Along-Track 288 0.4 0.9

0.018 .

Band

Widths .

Diagnostic

"" Spectral Finger-

.print

57

 / Marine Observation

()
.
7 -

Nimbus-7 1978

Coastal Zone Colour

) Scanner ( CZCS .

.Water Column

Nimbus

Sun-Synchronous

Near-polar Orbit 955 .

Local Noon

6 83 .

CZCS 6

825

1566 .
.

CZCS Spectral Bands

Wavelength Range
Primary Measured
Channel
)(m
Parameter
Chlorophyll absorption

0.43 - 0.45

Chlorophyll absorption

0.51 - 0.53

Gelbstoffe (yellow
)substance

0.54 - 0.56

Chlorophyll concentration

0.66 - 0.68

Surface vegetation

0.70 - 0.80

Surface temperature

10.5 - 12.50

58

CZCS

.
.Phytoplankton .

. CZCS .1986
MOS

Marine Observation Satellite

1987 -1 MOS-1b .1990

:

Four Channel Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer

)(MESSR
Visible)and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (VTIR
Microwave Scanning
)Radiometer (MSR
/ .
MOS /

Swath
Width

Spatial
Resolution

Wavelength Ranges
)(m

Sensor

100 km

50 m

MESSR 0.51 - 0.59

100 km

50 m

0.61 - 0.69

100 km

50 m

0.72 - 0.80

100 km

50 m

0.80 - 1.10

1500 km

900 m

0.50 - 0.70

1500 km

2700 m

6.0 - 7.0

1500 km

2700 m

10.5 - 11.5

1500 km

2700 m

11.5 - 12.5

VTIR

MESSR

MSS .
MOS 900 17.

59

 Sea WIFS

Sea Star "

" ) .Sea-Viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor ( WIFS

( ) .

( )Aerosol
. 750

12 . :
-

1.1 ( )

4.5 ( )

2800.
1500.

Sea WIFS

)Wavelength Ranges (m

Channel

0.402 - 0.422

0.433 - 0.453

0.480 - 0.500

0.500 - 0.520

0.545 - 0.565

0.660 - 0.680

0.745 - 0.785

0.845 - 0.885

Ocean-

Observing
.

60

 :

.

( ) .

.
:

Point Line .Area

( pictorial or photograph-type format

)Digital Format
.Analog Format

digital processing and analysis

.)Erdas Imagine

interpretation

.visual

automatic
.
( ).

61

 ( )

. ()

. .

( )

.
.

(subjective

( objective ) .

( )
.
Elements of Visual Interpretation

.
:
.

(
) . (

) DEM .

62

) ( ).

.
:
-

Tone

Shape

Size

Pattern

Texture

Shadow

Association

()

/ ..).

Tone . (

) ( ).

63

.
...
. Shape .

Outline

. (

.
.

Size . .

.
.

.Pattern . .

.
.Texture . ( )

( )

rough texture
smooth texture

.
.

.
.
.Shadow .
( / ) .

64

.Association .

...
Digital Image Processing

digital format .
:

formatting and correcting of thedata

- digital enhancement

. automated classification :
CD Tape ( ).
- (

Erdas Imagine ER Mapper

(.
:
- 1

Preprocessing

65

- 2

Image Enhancement

- 3

Image Transformation

- 4
Analysis

Image Classification and

Pre-processing
:
.radiometric & geometric corrections

( ).
Image Enhancement

. Contrast
stretching .Filters
Image
transformation

66

principal

components analysis
.
Image classification and analysis

.
: .
Pre-processing

Image Restoration & Rectification

( / )

: ( )
.

convert or calibrate ( )
.

illumination and viewing

geometry ( )Optical Sensors

67

.
.

( 0 255

values

)brightness

( ).

value

minimum

( ).

Subtracting

.

(

)
(

) .

.
()

Noise

68

.
lines striping

dropped

MSS .

errors

random,

or

unsystematic,

. ()
geometric registration .

( )

ground control points (or GCPs),

A1 .)A4
(
)

( B1 B4

69

.image-to-map registration
.

) .

image-to-image

. registration

Image Enhancement

.

)

.

...

( )

( .) 255
( )

. image histogra
( ) 255 x-axis
.

70

.linear contrast stretch

( )

84
153 .)255

( )153-84 70

( )255-0

histogram-equalized
.stretch stretch

71

40 76
( .) Raster/data scaling

. Spatial filtering
highlight

.spatial frequency
.

Tone .

" "Rough

Tone ( )
.

Tone .

smooth

"" ( x 3
3 5 x 5 )

.
: Low-Pass

" " smoothing .

High-pass
.Sharpen

Edge-Detect

72


: .

Supervised classification
:

. Training Fields

.Spectral Signatures

( ).

.
.

(
)

73

 Map Digitizing ( )

. Digitizer

.

. (
.

.
:

).

""

" " .

:
.Minimum Distance Classifier ""

. .
() .

74

 . 5

( 3 7

""
.

- .Parallelepiped Classifier

.
.

overlap
.

Maximum Likelhood

75