Coppice with

standards.
Monte el Viejo
(Palencia, Spain 2016)

Forest stand structure

Uneven-aged , multi-layered stand. Monte el Viejo (Palencia, Spain 2016)

Even-aged

Two-storied

Uneven-aged

http://forestry.usu.edu/htm/rural-forests/forest-management/forestprotection/western-spruce-budworm-in-utah/
https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/MS%20Course%20Workbook%
20-%20March%2027%2008a.pdf

s = single-storied Closed or open forest stand dominated by the

overstorey crown class (dominant and co-dominant trees);
intermediate and suppressed trees comprise less than 20% of all
crown classes combined.5
t = two-storied Closed or open forest stand co-dominated by distinct
overstorey and intermediate crown classes; the suppressed crown
class is lacking or comprises less than 20% of all crown classes
combined.5
m = multistoried Closed or open forest stand with all crown classes
well represented; each of the intermediate and suppressed classes
comprise greater than 20% of all crown classes combined.5
5 Based on either basal area or percent cover estimates.
o = open Forest stand with very open main and intermediate crown
classes (totaling less than 25% cover); substantial understorey light
levels commonly result in well-developed shrub and/or herb
understorey.
Crown Class and Tree Class
Assign a crown class designation to all standing live trees as follows:
D Dominant Trees with crown extending above the general level of the
layer; somewhat taller than the codominant trees, and have well
developed crowns, which may be somewhat crowded on the sides.
C Codominant Trees with crowns forming the general level of the
crown canopy; crown is generally smaller than those of the dominant
trees and usually more crowded on the sides.
I Intermediate Trees with crowns below, but extending into the general
level of the crown canopy; crowns usually small and quite crowded on
the sides.
S Suppressed Trees with crowns entirely below the general level of the
crown canopy.
http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-andecosystems/conservation-datacentre/field_manual_describing_terrestrial_ecosystems_2nd.pdf

http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/fm101/eco/p2_key.html

http://outreac
h.oregonstate.
edu/programs
/forestry/oreg
on-forestmanagementplanning/planwriting-toolsandguidance/oreg
on-uniformplanguidelines/p-3

https://www.
na.fs.fed.us/s
pfo/pubs/mis
c/ecoforest/
dyn.htm

http://slideplayer.com/slide/9363662/

Figure 2.2
Typical examples
of five different
kinds of stand
structure show
the appearance
of stands in
vertical cross
section and
corresponding
graphs of
diameter
distribution in
terms of
numbers of trees
per unit of area.
The trees of the
first three stands
are all of the
same species.
The fourth stand
consists of
several species,
but all of the
same age, and
the fifth stand
has trees of two
different age
classes.

http://www.fao.org/
docrep/005/y4496e
/Y4496E25.htm