Professional Documents
Culture Documents
emai
l
:edi
t
or
@baj
ec
e
.
c
om
Bal
kanJournalof
El
ect
r
i
c
al
&Comput
er
Engi
neer
i
ng
www.
ba
j
e
c
e
.
c
om
AnI
nt
er
nat
i
onalPeerRevi
ewed,Ref
er
r
ed,I
ndexedandOpenAcces
sJ
our
nal
Vol
:
4
No:
2
Year:
2016
I
SSN:
2147-284X
Sponsored by the
Istanbul Technical University
This journal is accredited by the Istanbul Technical
University subsidy purposes. It is abstracted and
indexed in, Index Google Scholarship, the PSCR,
DOAJ, Research Bible, Indian Open Access Journals (OAJ),
Institutional Repositories (IR), J-Gate (Informatics India), Ulrichs,
ResearchGate, International Society of Universal Research in Sciences,
DRJI, EyeSource.
General Publication Director & Editor-in-Chief
.Serhat Seker, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Vice Editor
Amir Toki, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tahir Cetin Akinci, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Veselina Nedeva, Trakia University, Bulgaria
BAJECE
Scientific Committee
Abhishek Shukla (India)
Aleksandar Georgiev (Bulgaria)
Arunas Lipnickas (Lithuania)
Audrius Senulis (Lithuania)
Belle R. Upadhyaya (USA)
Brijender Kahanwal (India)
Daniela Dzhonova-Atanasova (Bulgaria)
Deris Stiawan (Indonesia)
Emine Ayaz (Turkey)
Enver Hatimi (Kosovo)
Ferhat Sahin (USA)
Gursel Alici (Australia)
Hakan Temelta (Turkey)
Ibrahim Akduman (Turkey)
Jan Izykowski (Poland)
Javier Bilbao Landatxe (Spain)
Jelena Dikun (Lithuania)
Kunihiko Nabeshima (Japan)
Lambros Ekonomou (Greece)
Marcel Istrate (Romania)
Marija Eidukeviciute (Lithuania)
Milena Lazarova (Bulgaria)
Muhammad Hadi (Australia)
Muhamed Turkanovi (Slovenia)
Mourad Houabes (Algerie)
Murari Mohan Saha (Sweden)
Okyay Kaynak (Turkey)
Osman Nuri Ucan (Turkey)
Ozgur E. Mustecaplioglu (Turkey)
Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar (India)
Ramazan Caglar (Turkey)
Rumen Popov (Bulgaria)
Tarek Bouktir (Algeria)
Sead Berberovic (Croatia)
Seta Bogosyan (USA)
Savvas G. Vassiliadis (Greece)
Suwarno (Indonesia)
Tulay Adali (USA)
Vitalijus Volkovas (Lithuania)
Yogeshwarsing Calleecharan (Mauritius)
YangQuan Chen (USA)
Youcef Soufi (Algeria)
CONTENTS
BALKAN
JOURNAL OF
ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
(An International Peer Reviewed, Indexed and Open Access Journal)
Contact
Web: https://www.bajece.com
http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/bajece/
e-mail: editor@bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
51
INTRODUCTION
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
52
(2)
Choose the particle with the best fitness value of all the
particles as the gbest
for each particle
Calculate particle velocity according equation (1)
Update particle position according Equ. (2)
end
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
=
(3)
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
53
(4)
where:
(5)
is equal to zero.
The output power of the aerodynamic the wind turbine is
described by the following equation [2]:
P = (, )
3
2
(6)
where:
Pm
cp
1.2
14.4 m/s
0.8 Max. power at base wind speed (12 m/s) and beta = 0 deg
0.6
13.2 m/s
12 m/s
10.8 m/s
0.4
9.6 m/s
0.2
8.4 m/s
7.2 m/s
6 m/s
0
0
0.2
1 pu
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Turbine speed (pu of nominal generator speed)
1.4
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
54
Crossover_p = 0 1;
Mutation_r = 0.05 0.5
400
Id
Iq
300
Current, A
200
100
-100
-200
-300
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time, s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Experiment Design
System, with parameters have to be estimated is represented
by the wind turbine generator system model, produced in
Simulink environment as a block diagram. This model was
described in details above. There are five parameters in system
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
55
configuration
of
the
evaluated
The syntax of the function is as follows:
parameters.
fit = fitness5(gene),
where the gene is a vector containing the current set of genes (model
parameters).
V. RESULTS
Test results for first 5 estimations, using real coded GA and PSO
are reported in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.
crossover_p
is the crossover parameter
mutation_r
is the mutation rate;
n_generations
is the number of generations.
The two parameters in PSO-based search algorithm may vary too:
correction factor and inertia. The related code is written as a Matlab
function with the next syntax:
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
Rsum,
Rf,
L12,
L1,
Ohm
Ohm
Kg.m2
0.83969
0.98713
0.53758
0.69762
0.48262
2.1095
3.0567
0.9729
1.4955
0.6502
0.14288
0.31685
0.074
0.07375
0.05
0.01199 0.0812
0.0236 0.01458
0.01351
0.00768 0.00523
0.00609 0.0095
TABLE II
MONTE CARLO SYSTEM PARAMETER ESTIMATION TEST RESULTS USING PSO
1
2
3
4
5
5.493
70.32
4.102
7.983
15.566
2
1.6
2
2.4
2.4
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
Rsum,
Rf,
L12,
L1,
Ohm
Ohm
Kg.m2
1.0016
3.1422
0.9912
1.0482
0.9133
2.5279
19.9406
2.5451
2.5577
2.4368
0.61985
0.99357
0.40782
0.8053
0.54215
0.0481
0.01348
0.0316
0.06334
0.04386
0.01592
0.2
0.01449
0.005
0.15934
VI. DISCUSSION
The significance analyzes for the varied parameters was
preformed too. Combined scatter plot for GA and PSO
parameters significance analyzes is showed on Fig.8 and Fig.9
respectively. Best values for the crossover parameter and
mutation rate are 0,6 and 0,5. Best values for the correction
factor and inertia are 2,0 and 0,8.
[A B AvSAE]=pso_proc(swarm_size, correction_factor,
inertia, iterations, err), where:
100
80
AvSAE
AvSAE final
value
0.05 8.7812
0.5 25.5266
0.275 46.705
0.5 37.1226
0.05 57.3622
AvSAE final
value
A
is a vector, containing evaluated 'a' parameters;
B
is a vector, containing evaluated 'b' parameters (for
future use);
AvSAE is a vector of average sum of absolute error of the
model for all generations;
err
is an error tolerance;
popsize
is the size of population;
Mutation rate
0.6
0.2
1
1
1
Run Number
Correction
factor
I nertia
Fig.7. Positions of the input variables in the parameter space in PSO tests
1
2
3
4
5
Crossover
probability
Run Number
TABLE I
MONTE CARLO SYSTEM PARAMETER ESTIMATION TEST RESULTS USING GA
60
40
20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Crossover parameter
0.1
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Mutation rate
Fig. 8 Scatter plot of AvSAE vs. Crossover parameter and Mutation rate in
GA tests.
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
56
100
90
80
70
AvSAE
100
AvSAE
80
60
50
60
40
40
30
20
20
0
1.4
10
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
Correction factor
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Rf
2.524
2.4347
2.5581
- 3.53
- 1.35
L12
0.152
0.18024
0.15901
-18.57
- 4.61
L1
0.0117
0.01439
0.01212
- 22,99- 3.58
J
0.02
0.02089
0.0195
- 4.45
2.5
Copyright BAJECE
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sorted Run number
70
80
90
Fig.10. Sorted by values of AvSAE for both algorithms PSO (in red) and
GA (in blue)
Inertia
Fig.9. Scatter plot of AvSAE versus Correction factor and Inertia in PSO
tests
Original
PSO
GA
Error PSO, %
Error GA, %
ISSN: 2147-284X
REFERENCES
[1] Bedwani, W, A., Ismail, O. M. Genetic optimization of variable structure
PID Control System, In: ACS/IEEE International Conference on
Computer Systems and Applications, 2001, pp. 2730.
[2] Siegfried Heier, "Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,"
John Wiley&Sons Ltd, 1998, ISBN 0-471-97143-X
[3] Kargupta, H., Smith, R. E., System identification with evolving
polynomial networks, Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on
Genetic Algorithm, University of California, San Diego, USA, 1991, pp.
370-376.
[4] Kristinsson, K,, Dumont, G, System identification and control using
Genetic Algorithms, Ieee Transactions on Systems, Man and
Cybernetics, 1992 22 (5), pp, 10331046,
[5] Holland J.H., Adaptation in natural and artificial system, Ann Arbor, The
University of Michigan Press, 1975.
[6] http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~mdorigo/ACO/ACO.html
[7] http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~shi/Coference/psopap4.html
[8] http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~eberhart/web/PSObook.html
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.52662
57
BIOGRAPHIES
ROSITSA KAZAKOVA was born in Belozem,
Bulgaria, in 1957. She received the M.S degree
(Automatic Control Systems) in University of Food
Technologies of Plovdiv in 1983. Since 1988 she is
an assistant professor in Technical University of
Sofia, branch Plovdiv.
She is research interest are in Artificial Intelligence,
Measurement and Automation.
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
DOI:10.17694/bajece.73922
Vol.4 No.2
58
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
DOI:10.17694/bajece.73922
Vol.4 No.2
59
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
DOI:10.17694/bajece.73922
Vol.4 No.2
60
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
DOI:10.17694/bajece.73922
Vol.4 No.2
61
http://www.bajece.com
62
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.73922
I. INTRODUCTION
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
2013
2023
Increment
2013
2023
Increment
Hydro
22,289
34,000
53%
59,420
91,800
54%
Wind
2,759
20,000
625%
7,558
50,000
562%
Geothermal
310
1,000
223%
1,364
5,100
274%
Solar
5,000
8,000
Biomass
224
1,000
346%
1,171
4,533
287%
Renewable
energy
Technology
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
63
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.73922
TABLE-3.[8]
PRODUCTION COST OF 1 MWH FROM DIFFERENT POWER SOURCES
Production cost ($/MWh)
Power source
Minimum
Average
Maximum
Conventional Coal
87.1
95.1
119
Advanced Coal
Natural Gas Conventional
Combustion Turbine
Natural Gas Advanced
Combustion Turbine
106.1
115.7
136.1
107.3
141.5
156.4
94.6
113.5
126.8
Advanced Nuclear
91.8
95.2
101
Geothermal
43.8
47.8
52.1
Biomass
90
100.5
117.4
Wind
65.6
73.6
81.6
Wind Offshore
169.5
196.9
269.8
Solar PV
97.8
125.3
193.3
Solar Thermal
174.4
239.7
382.5
Hydroelectric
69.3
83.5
107.2
TABLE 2.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES POTENTIAL IN TURKEY[7]
Usage kind of
energy
Potential
Solar energy
kWh/m
1,520
Hydraulic energy
TWh/year
160
Wind energy
TWh/year
48
Geotermal energy
MWt
31,500
Biomass energy
MTEP
8.6
Biogas
MTEP
1.5-2
ISSN: 2147-284X
A. Hydroelectric Energy
Hydroelectricity provide more than 16% of the worlds
electricity. Fossil fuels and natural gas potential is very low in
Turkey, but potential of hydropower is very high in Turkey.
Hydropower source is the second largest source to generate
electricity in Turkey, coal is the first one. In developing
country Hydroelectricity provide around 40% of the electric
energy. Hydroelectric plants are more reliable and highly
efficient. However, the dams and their large lake forms also
have major environmental and social impacts [10,11].
Turkey has significant potential of renewable energy despite
of this, the countrys energy still depends on the fossil fuels,
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.73922
64
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.73922
65
TABLE.4
Color
Red
1550<irradiance>1700
irradiance>1700
1550<irradiance>1700
Orange
Green
Yellow
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.73922
BIOGRAPHY
[12] Kilic F.C., Recent renewable energy developments, studies,
incentives in Turkey, Energy Educ. Sci. Technol. Part A 28 (1)
(2011) 37e54.
[13] Simsek H.A., Simsek N., Recent incentives for renewable energy in
Turkey, Energy Policy 63 (0) (2013) 521e530.
[14] Baris K., Kucukali S., Availibility of renewable energy sources in
Turkey: Current situation, potential, government policies and the EU
perspective, Energy Policy 42 (0) (2012) 377e391.
[15] EMRA, RE: Data on Energy Potential of Turkey, Republic of
Turkey Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara, 2014
[Personel communication,15.06.2014].
[16] Demirbas A. Energy balance, energy sources, energy policy, future
developments and energy investments in Turkey. Energy Convers
Management, 2001, Vol.42, No.10, pp.1239-1258.
[17] Demirbas A. Biomass co-firing for coal-fired boilers. Energy
Exploration & Exploitation, 2003, Vol.21, No.3, pp.269-278.
[18] Balat M., The use of renewable energy sources for energy in Turkey
and potential trends. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 2004,
Vol.22, No.4, pp.241-257.
[19] Bascetincelik A, Karaca C, Ozturk HH, Kacra M, Kaya D, Ekinci
K, et al. First progress report of exploitation of agricultural residues
in Turkey. European Commission, LIFE third countries projects,
2004e2005. LIFE 03 TCY/TR/ 000061; 2005.
[20] GHI Solar Map 2016 Solargis http://solargis.com
[21] Meteorological
Data
Processing
Department
http://www.mgm.gov.tr/
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
66
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.41977
I. INTRODUCTION
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016 Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
67
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.41977
G. LED Lamps
They are used for lighting during the night in street lights. In
this model 8 LEDs are used which are connected in parallel
across supply and each having a rating of 1W.
H. Rectifier and filter unit
Full wave rectifier is used to convert the ac output of the
transformer into DC. The output of rectifier contains ripples
which can be further removed by capacitor as a filter unit
and hence pure DC is obtained. [8]
. Light Dependent Resistor
It is a device which offers resistance in response to the
ambient light. Its resistance decreases when light falls on it
and vice versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a
resistance of the order of mega-ohms, which decrease too
few hundred ohms in the presence of light [9]. It can acts as
a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in
accordance with the varying light.
A. FLOW CHART
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016 Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
68
When any vehicles pass through the road, then the receiver
detects it and its output goes low for that instant only relay 1
gets de-energized and starts operating in NO mode.
When relay 1 starts
operating in NO mode, and then timing IC is also triggered.
It starts working as a short pulse generator [13]. With the
output of timing IC, relay 2 gets energized. The input supply
to the infrared receiver is fed from NO mode of the relay.
So, when relay 2 is energized and starts working in NC
mode, at that time, this supply also cuts off and current in
parallel again fed to LED lamps which increase its intensity
and starts its operation in full mode. The time interval of full
mode depends upon NE 555 timing IC. After a few seconds,
the LED Lamps again starting glow in dim mode when a
vehicle passes out. In this way, the intensity of LED lamps
is controlled which can save energy and reduces light
pollution.
IV.
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.41977
During the day: The sun rays continue falling on LDR and
its resistance decreases, which results in an increase of the
voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555. IC 555 has got comparator
inbuilt, which compares between the input voltage from
pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage [15]. The input
rises above 1/3rd, output is set LOW and the relay gets deenergized. During the de - energized mode, the relay will
operate in NO mode; hence there is no supply in NC mode.
So, the street light will not turn ON at day time.
During the night: At night time, when no light falls on
LDR i.e. its resistance increases, which results in a decrease
of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555, then the timing IC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016 Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
69
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.41977
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016 Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
70
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
REFERENCES
Sanjana, Solar Powered traffic sensitive automated LED street
lighting system, M.E Thesis, Dec 2012.
W.L. Chee, Modular Intelligent Control System, B.E Thesis, May
2011.
M. Ali., M. Orabi, E. Abdelkarim, J.A.A. Qahouq, A.E. Aroudi,
"Design and development of energy-free solar street LED light
system," IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies - Middle East, pp. 1- 7, 17-20 Dec. 2011.
A. Sanjana, Solar Powered traffic sensitive automated LED street
lighting system, M.E Thesis, Dec 2012.
M. Castro, A.J. Jara, A.F.G. Skarmeta, "Smart Lighting Solutions for
Smart Cities," 27th International Conference on Advanced
Information Networking and Applications Workshops, pp.13741379, 25-28 March 2013.
G.M. Ereu, J.O. Mantilla, "A Methodology to Determine Electrical
Energy Consumption in Street Lighting Systems," IEEE/PES on
Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin
America, pp. 1-5, 15-18 Aug. 2006.
H. Rohaida, O. Zulkifli, Automatic Street Lighting System for
Energy Efficiency based on Low Cost Microcontroller, IJSSST,
Vol.13, No.1, 2012.
J.D.Lee, K.Y. Nam, S.H. Jeong, S.B. Choi, H.S. Ryoo, D.K. Kim,
"Development of Zigbee based Street Light Control System," IEEE
PES on Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp. 2236- 2240,
Oct. 29-Nov. 1 2006.
L. Lian, L. Li "Wireless dimming system for LED Street lamp based
on Zigbee and GPRS," 3rd International Conference on System
Science, Engineering Design and Manufacturing Informatization,
vol. no. 2, pp. 100-102, 20-21 Oct. 2012.
D.V. Pushpa Latha, Simulation of PLC based Smart Street Lighting
Control using LDR, International Journal of Latest Trends in
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2 Issue, July 2013.
M. Reinhard, Reiner Andreas, An energy efficient pedestrian aware
Smart Street Lighting system, International Journal of Pervasive
Computing and Communications, Vol.7, No.2, pp.147-161, 2011.
R.P. Pantoni, D. Brandao, "A geocast routing algorithm intended for
street lighting system based on wireless sensor networks," 9th
IEEE/IAS International Conference on Industry Applications, pp. 16, 8-10 Nov. 2010.
M. Popa and A. Marcu, A Solution for Street Lighting in Smart
Cities, Carpathian Journal of Electronics and Computer
Engineering, Vol. 5, pp. 91-96, 2012.
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.41977
BIOGRAPHIES
SATWINDER SINGH was born in 1988.
He received his Diploma in Electronics and
Telecommunications Engg. From PSBTE &
IT Chandigarh in 2008 and Bachelor Degree
in Electrical and Electronics Engg. From
Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar in
2012. Recently, he is completed Masters
degree in Power Systems from Electrical and
Instrumentation Department at Thapar
University, Patiala and Researched on the
topic of the Smart Street Lighting System.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016 Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
71
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.61693
72
INTRODUCTION
a)
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
b)
Fig.1.ARCDU panel from PC-9M & ARCDU simulator
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.61693
73
III. HARDWARE
ISSN: 2147-284X
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.61693
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank to Dr. Remigiusz Pielacha
Aeronautical Telecommunication lecturer in Polish Air Force
Academy for providing materials in the area of aviation
telecommunication.
REFERENCES
It has one 2x8 chars LCD display, two rotary encoders and a
switch button. It is also equipped with FM radio receiver and
transmitter. It can receive and transmit signal to only one
frequency.
74
BIOGRAPHIES
DIMITAR K. NEDEV was born in Smolyan,
Bulgaria. He received the B.S. and M.S degrees in
Microelectronics from "Angel Kanchev" University of
Ruse, Ruse, Bulgaria. Since 2015, he is a lecturer in
Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Her research interests are in electronics and particularly
in designing PCBs.
a)
b)
Fig. 6. ATCs panel
VI. CONCLUSION
According
to
our
experiments
Aeronautical
telecommunication simulator is a very useful training system
for pilots and ATCs. It can be used from beginner and
experienced pilots and controllers. The system is part of a new
aviation education system used in Bulgarian Air Force, which
is going to be announced in February 2017.
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.14351
75
I. INTRODUCTION
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
(1)
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
= + (1 )1
)1
(3)
(4)
( )
(5)
(6)
Calculate the base value, , using Eq. (1) for a given time
series data and periods
2.
1
= 1
=
3.
=1
(8)
76
(2)
=
+ (1
Then, the forecast for + , for any > 1, is given by:
+ = + ,
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.14351
=1| |
100
(9)
(7)
Return to step 1 until each data point in the time series data
given ended.
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Fig. 1 shows the interface of the system. User can choose any
value for the initial data to start with and span data as described
above. As shown on Fig. 1, the initial data been used in this
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.14351
77
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
TABLE I
MSE and MAPE values for each method
MA method
MSE
MAPE
WMA
72435.785437873
5.689034692941
B-DES
36036.961439658
3.6042411277246
B-WEMA
30805.878289729
3.6001241345362
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.14351
78
BIOGRAPHY
SENG HANSUN Tangerang, Indonesia. He received
the S.Si. degree in Mathematics from Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, in 2008 and M.Cs.
degrees in Computer Science from the same
university, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, in
2011.
Since 2011, he has been a Lecturer with the
Computer
Science
Department,
Universitas
Multimedia Nusantara, Tangerang. He is the author of
two books and 26 articles. His research interests
include computational science, soft computing methods, internet and mobile
technology.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
OECD:
Glossary
of
Statistical
Terms,
https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2708, last accessed on
August 19th, 2015.
NIST/SEMATECH
e-Handbook
of
Statistical
Methods,
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section4/pmc41.htm, last
accessed on August 19th, 2015.
Subanar and Suhartono, Wavelet Neural Networks untuk Peramalan Data
Time Series Finansial, Program Penelitian Ilmu Dasar Perguruan Tinggi,
Yogyakarta: FMIPA UGM, 2009.
Boediono and W. Koster, Teori dan Aplikasi Statistika dan Probabilitas,
Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001.
B. Render, R.M. Stair Jr., and M.E. Hanna, Quantitative Analysis for
Management, 8th ed., New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003.
M. Stevenson and J.E. Porter, Fuzzy time series forecasting using
percentage change as the universe of discourse, World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 27, no. 55, pp. 154-157, 2009.
S. Hansun, Peramalan data IHSG menggunakan fuzzy time series,
Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetic Systems (IJCCS), vol.
6, no. 2, pp. 79-88, July 2012.
S. Hansun, Jakarta stock exchange forecasting using backpropagation
neural networks, Proc. of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on
Electronics Technology and Industrial Development, October 2013.
A. Popoola, S. Ahmad, and K. Ahmad, A fuzzy-wavelet method for
analyzing non-stationary time series, Proc. of the 5th International
Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing RASC2004, United
Kingdom: Nottingham, 2004, pp. 231-236.
A.O. Popoola, Fuzzy-wavelet method for time series analysis,
dissertation, Department of Computing, School of Electronics and
Physical Sciences, Surrey: University of Surrey, 2007.
C.
Murphy,
Moving
averages,
http://www.investopedia.com/university/movingaverage/, last accessed
on August 19th, 2015.
S. Dash, A comparative study of moving averages: simple, weighted, and
exponential,
http://www.tradestation.com/education/labs/analysisconcepts/a-comparative-study-of-moving-averages, last accessed on
August 19th, 2015.
N.E. Hwa, Different uses of moving average (MA),
http://www.chartnexus.com/learning/static/pulses_apr2007.pdf,
last
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.43067
79
I. INTRODUCTION
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.43067
80
Pre-Emphasis
Framing
Windowing
FFT Spektrum
Mel Spektrum
Mel Cepstrum
Feature Extraction
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
81
their weights, to the input of next layers, and these weight are
used in the calculation of outputs for the next layer. Weights
of the hidden layer between input and output layers are
calculated [7].
x1
y1
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.43067
x2
,,
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Q=
,,
,,
C=
,,
,,
)= (
(2)
)2
82
(1)
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.43067
TABLE I
ATTRIBUTES OF USED DATABASES
(3)
Number of speaker
Age Range
(4)
ISSN: 2147-284X
Female
15
23
12
19
26
15
Copyright BAJECE
Male
TABLE II
SUCCESS OF THE GENDER SPEAKER USED METHODS
Used
Feature
Vectors
ANN (%)
HMM (%)
DTW (%)
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
MFCC-1
MFCC-3
MFCC-5
MFCC-9
72.03
74.02
81.63
85.69
68.44
71.87
79.37
80.36
71.63
76.35
84.99
98.34
69.63
75.33
82.37
97.02
69.63
76.01
79.22
87.37
67.35
71.93
75.54
86.33
IV. CONCLUSION
The sound recognition has a great importance from the angle
of security and many other reasons. In this study, a system,
aimed at determining the gender of the speaker, has been
developed on the unique database, obtained by using German
language. Classification success of the methods, used in the
study, has been calculated separately in men and women and
the results have been presented comparatively. When we
looked at the results; it has been seen that HMM method has
given more successful results compared to other classification
methods. Furthermore, the speaker gender recognition system
is more successful in women compared to the men. MFCC-9
feature extraction has rather more success as per the results,
obtained by using 1,3 and 5 feature vectors.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.43067
83
BIOGRAPHIES
CIGDEM BAKIR was born in stanbul. She
received the B.S. degrees in computer engineering
from the University of Sakarya, in 2010 and the M.S.
degree in computer engineering from Yildiz
Technical University, stanbul, in 2014.
Since 2012, she was a Research Assistant with the
Yildiz Technical University. Her research interests
include recommendation systems, data mining,
image processing and biomedical signal processing.
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.93236
84
I. INTRODUCTION
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.93236
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Foundation of Fractional Calculus
Fractional order derivative operator as an extension of
integer order derivative and integrator were written in general
form as [16],
a Dt
1
f ( )
d , n 1 n
(n ) a (t ) n1
Adaptation
Mechanism
(1)
1
J ( ) ed2 ( )
2
(3)
(4)
de
d
dJ
ed d
dt
d
d
(2)
ISSN: 2147-284X
Copyright BAJECE
yp Plant
ed yr y
Controller
ym
Reference
Model
d
0
dt
1
0
a Dt
t
(d )( ) 0
85
(5)
d t
de
dJ
ed d
d
d
(6)
D ed ym
(7)
u (t ) uc (t )
(8)
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.93236
86
Fig. 4. Close views of coaxial rotors and blades used in the experimental
system.
+
-
PID
uc
usat
yp
5V
5V
2K
2K
12V
2K
(A)
V out2
(B)
V out2
V in2
ENCODER
V out1
V out1
V in1
(C)
Dri ve r
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.93236
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
t (sec)
Fig. 9. Change of adaptation parameter (t ) for FOAR-MRAC structure
with the fractional order integration of 0.8
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.8
B. Experimental Results
In this section, test results obtained for FOAR-MRAC
implementations are presented for the fractional order
integration of 0.88 and 1.12. Figures 7 and 8 show the step
responses of FOAR-MRAC implementations. For the
fractional order integration of 0.88, it settles 0.7 radian
without any overshooting in Figure 7 and this smooth settling
is a desired response for flight control [15]. Figure 8 shows
integration with the order of 1.12 provides faster rise but it
gives slight overshoots and this response may result in
disturbance for multi-rotors systems such as quadcopter.
Because, all rotors are coupled with each other and overshoots
in settling may cause swing of multi-rotor system.
Figures 9 and 10 show the change of adaptation parameter
(t ) during step responses. One can see that the change of
87
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6
(rad)
p
0.4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
t (sec)
Fig. 10. Change of adaptation parameter (t ) for FOAR-MRAC structure
with the fractional order integration of 1.12
0.5
0.3
IV. CONCLUSION
0.2
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
t (sec)
50
60
70
(rad)
0.6
0.4
0.2
10
20
30
40
t (sec)
50
60
70
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
ISSN: 2147-284X
88
BIOGRAPHIES
Copyright BAJECE
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.93236
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
89
I. INTRODUCTION
Investigating of transformers which have a great deal of
importance for production, transmission and distribution of
electrical energy begins with inventing flux distribution. In
this distribution various fluxes can be distinguished from each
other. Leakage flux rung with only one winding plays an
important role in the theory of electrical machines and
transformers. Determination of the leakage field distribution in
transformers is required to calculate inductances, the force
applied to the windings, additional losses occuring in the
windings and iron. Icreasing energy consumption and the
growing generator power required large power transformers.
Despite the restrictions of materials, dimensions and weight,
performing suitable transformers production has been made
possible with advances of leakage flux determination [1, 2].
Leakage flux generated by primary and secondary windings
currents give rise to internal voltage in primary and secondary
windings. Hence leakage fluxes decrease the useful fluxes. As
a result voltage reduction is seen in output of secondery
windings. Voltages created by leakage fluxes is full inductive
and 90 degree ahead from current.
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
90
one of which is on the left and the other is the right side of the
Y-Y' axis provides a conclusion by adding up all the results
obtained by considering these magnetic circuits separately in
calculations.
So, considering that both parts divided into two with the Y
Y axis is not different from the simple cylindrical coil form
that we previously examined, the leakage induction coefficient
of the secondary winding can be expressed as follows [8].
N2
4 2 2 2 r
a a2
k R 1
h
3
9
10 H
(4)
a2
2a1
a2
(1)
l 2 4. 2 2 20 e 0 .10 9 H
(2)
2
2
hs
N2
8 2 2 2 r
3
k R
h
a
1 a2
9
10 H
(3)
r
a1
1
a2
r2
r1
Z
Z
ISSN: 2147-284X
4 2 2 2 r
a a2
k R 1
hm
3
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
9
10 H
(5)
http://www.bajece.com
hs
2 /4
1 /2
2 /2
1 /2
2 /4
hs
Z
8 2 1 2 r
a a 2 a 2 9
k R 1
10 H
h
3
3 36
(6)
Z
a1
a2 2
a
2 2
hs
h
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
91
ni oi
(7)
ISSN: 2147-284X
nk
Nj
w kj o j
j1
k 1,2,3,..., N k
(8)
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
ok
1
f k n k , k
1 exp n k k
(9)
1 k
t pk o pk
2 k 1
Np
(11)
p 1
(12)
N 2 t
(16)
In this study, a single data set was used for two types of
ANN models. In the first YSA model called the conventional
ANN, 6 inputs or, in other words the [6x341] matrix and 1
output of [1x341] was used. Inputs and output used in the
conventional model can be seen in Table 1.
TABLE I. INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF CONVENTIONAL ANN MODEL
Inputs
Output
R
h
N2
hs
a1
a2
Cf
Leakage
Induced
coefficient
Coil form
Insulating layer (mm)
(13)
(14)
pj o pj 1 o pj pk wkj
Nk
(15)
k 1
B. CREATION OF DATASET
Ep
pk t pk o pk o pk 1 o pk
92
(10)
where tpk is the target output for output neuron k, and opk the
calculated output for output neuron k. The overall measure of
the error for all the inputoutput patterns is given by
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
ISSN: 2147-284X
YSA1
R: Inputs of Conventional
Model
YSA2
R1 : 1, 2 , R
YSA3
R2 : R1, r
YSA4
R3 : R2, kR
: Number of turns
of the first winging
Number of turns
of the second winging
r : The average radius
of the windings
kR : Rogowski
Coefficient
N2 : Leakage Induced
coefficient
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Cf
4
1
hs
1048.764
202.5806
r
222
141
N2
6.124687
0.001372
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
ANN 1
Input
Layer
ANN 2
Hidd en
Layer
a1
Input
a2
Hid de n
Layer
Output
a1
a2
N2
hs
cf
Bias
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
Output
hs
R1
cf
Bias
Bias
ANN 4
ANN 3
Inp ut
Layer
Hidd en
Layer
Output Layer
93
Hidd en
Layer
Input
Layer
Output
r
R2
kr
Hidd en
Layer
Input
Layer
Output
R3
N2
R1
R2
Bias
Bias
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
Output-Tradional
Output-Cascaded
16
31
94
Target
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
46
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
R
0.999454
0.997875
0.977540
0.999999
0.999994
0.999997
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
Output-Cascaded
Target
Output-Tradional
0,7
Output-Cascaded
Target
6
Leakage Reactange Coefficient
95
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
5
4
3
2
1
10
10
11
Fig. 14. Comparison of the ANN outputs and target for the thirth part of
testing data
Output-Cascaded
Target
4,5
Fig. 12. Comparison of the ANN outputs and target for the first part of testing
data
Output-Tradional
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
10
11
Fig. 15 Comparison of the ANN outputs and target for the forth part of testing
data
Target
Output-Tradional
Output-Cascaded
Target
4,5
4
Leakage Reactange Coefficient
4,5
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
10
11
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
Fig. 13. Comparison of the ANN outputs and target for the second part of
testing data
ISSN: 2147-284X
Fig. 16 Comparison of the ANN outputs and target for the fifth part of testing
data.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, leakage inductions (N2) in different coil forms
of mono-phase transformers were predicted by using the
artificial neural networks system. It is obvious that this study
will lay the groundwork for the production of software that
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
: Insulating layer
1 : Number of turns of the first winding
2 : Number of turns of the second winding
h
: Coil height
hs : Fictive iron frame height
kR : Rogowski Coefficient
a1 : Width of the first winding
a2
: Width of the second winding
Nj, Nk : The number of neurons in the hidden layer and
output layer
wkj
: Connection weight between neuron j and
neuron k
ni
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
: Input of neuron I
oi
: Output of neuron I
k : Threshold of neuron k
fk : Activation function
Ep : Sum of squared errors
: Momentum constant
s : Cable section
r : The average radius of the windings
ANN : Artificial Neural Network
cf : Coil form
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Copyright BAJECE
ISSN: 2147-284X
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
DOI: 10.17694/bajece.39364
96
M. Tripathy, R. P. Maheshwari and H.K. Verma, Probabilistic neuralnetwork-based protection of power transformer,IET Electr. Power
Appl. 1, (5), pp. 793798, 2007.
A. Stadler, M. Albach, S. Chromy, The Optimization of High
Frequency Operated Transformers for Resonant Converters, Dresden
EPE , 2005
O. kizli, Distribution, Losses and Warm up on Electrical Machines Elektrik Makinalarnda Dalma, Kayplar ve Isnma, Library of
Istanbul Technical University, 1962, No 482, pp. 15-18
M. Tsili, A. Kladas, P. Georgilakis, A. Souflaris, D. Paparigas,
Numerical techniques for design and modeling of distribution
transformers, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 161. 320
326, 2005.
J. Kondoh, I. Ishii, Fault Current Limiting Transformer With Variable
Reactance, IEEE Transactions on applied superconductivity, Vol. 14,
No. 2, June 2004.
Jan Reynders, The prediction of fault currents in a large multi-winding
reactor transformer, IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, June 2326, Bologna, Italy, 2003.
L. Fausett, Fundamentals of Neural Networks: Architectures, Algorithms
and Applications, Prentice Hall. 1994.
H. Yurtoglu, Yapay Sinir Alar Metodolojisi ile ngr Modellemesi:
Baz Makroekonomik Deikenler iin Trkiye rnei, DPT Dissertion,
DPT:2683, pp 1-7. Feb. 2005
H. S. Nogay, Prediction of Internal Temperature in Stator Winding of
Three-Phase Induction Motors with ANN, European Transactions on
Electrical Power. 20:19. DOI: 10.1002. 2010.
T. Kohonen, State Of The Art In Neural Computing, IEEE First
International Conference on Neural Networks, 1. 79-90, 1987.
Z. Aydogmus, A neural network-based estimation of electric fields
along high voltage insulators, Expert Systems with Applications, 36,
87058710. 2009.
T.M. Hagan, H.B. Demuth, M. Beale, Neural Network Design, PWS
Publishing Company, Boston 2-44, 1996.
B. Ciylan, Determination of Output Parameters of a Thermoelectric
Module using Artificial Neural Networks, Electronics and Electrical
Engineering. Kaunas: Technologija, no:10, 116, 2011
G.E.P Box., G. Jenkins, Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control,
Golden-Day, San Francisco, CA, 1970.
M. Islam, A. Sattar, F. Amin, X. Yao, and K. Murase, A New
Constructive Algorithm for Architectural and Functional Adaptation of
Artificial Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Systems , Man. And
Cybernetics Part B, Vol. 39, No 6, Dec. 2009.
B. Jena, D. Swain, and A. Tyagi, Application of Artificial Neural
Networks for Sea-Surface Wind-Speed Retrieval From IRS-P4,
(MSMR), Brightness Temperature IEEE Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Letters, Vol. 7, No. 3, 567. July 2010.
Khaled Shaban, Ayman El-Hag, Andrei Matveev, A Cascade of
Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Transformers Oil Parameters,
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation ,Vol. 16, No.
2; April 2009.
A. Kazemi, M. T. Hassanzadeh, A. Gholami, Artificial Neural Network
for Insulator Leakage Currents Prediction from Environmental Data,
2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08),
Johor Baharu, Malaysia, December 1-3, 2008
T.C. Akinci. Short Term Wind Speed Forecasting with ANN in
Batman, Turkey , Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol.107,
No.1, 2011.
BIOGRAPHY
September 2016
Vol.4 No.2
http://www.bajece.com
CONTENTS
R.Y. Kazakova, S.I. Nedelcheva, and R.K. Popov; Estimation of Wind Turbine
Generator Model Parameters using Artificial Intelligence Methods,...... . 51-57
D. Turkpence; Simulation of Entanglement Dynamics of Flying Qubits Through Photonic
Fields, .. 58-61
K.Dawood; Hybrid wind-solar reliable solution for Turkey to meet electric demand,
...........62-66
S. Singh and S. Bhullar; Hardware implementation of auto switching and light intensity
control of LED lamps, .................................................................................................. 67-71
D.K. Nedev, and K.D. Nedev; Aeronautical telecommunication simulator,
...72-74
S. Hansun; A New Approach of Browns Double Exponential Smoothing Method in Time
Series Analysis..... 75-78
C. Bakir; Automatic Speaker Gender Identification for the German Language,
...... 79-83
G. Kavuran, B. B. Alagoz, A. Ates, C. Yeroglu; Implementation of Model Reference
Adaptive Controller with Fractional Order Adjustment Rules for Coaxial Rotor Control
Test System, ..84-88
H.S. Nogay; Determination of Leakage Reactance in Monophase Transformers Using by
Cascaded Neural Network, ...........................................................................................89-96
BALKAN JOURNAL OF
ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
(An International Peer Reviewed, Indexed and Open Access Journal)
Contact
Istanbul Technical University
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Ayazaga Campus, Maslak, Istanbul-Turkey
Web: https://www.bajece.com
http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/bajece/
e-mail: editor@bajece.com
bajece.editor@gmail.co