Internal Combustion Engines & Emissions Revision Questions- Part 1

1. Diesel engines can be approximated by a dual cycle. In dual cycle, a fraction of the fuel is
burnt at constant volume and the remaining fuel is burnt at constant pressure. Use this
cycle approximation to analyze the following problem:
Inlet conditions:

P1 = 1 bar, T1=289K
Compression ratio:

15:1
Heat added during combustion: 43 MJ/kg of fuel
Fuel-to-air ratio:

0.045
= Cp/Cv


1.35
Half of the fuel is burnt at constant volume, then half at constant pressure. Draw a P-V
diagram and compute the thermal efficiency of the cycle

2. Isooctane is burned with air in an engine at an equivalence ratio of 0.8333. Assuming

complete combustion, write the balanced chemical reaction equation and calculate air-fuel
ratio. (4-5)

3. At high temperature, a small amount of diatomic nitrogen N2 in the air dissociates to
monatomic nitrogen N.
N2 -> 2 N
Estimate the percentage of diatomic nitrogen that dissociates to monatomic nitrogen in the
highest temperature of the diesel engine in Q1

4. C4H8 is burned in an engine with a fuel-rich air-fuel ratio. Dry analysis of the exhaust gives
the following volume percents: CO2 = 14.95, C4H8 = 0.75%, CO= 0%, H2= 0%, O2=0%, with the
rest being N2. Heating value of the fuel is 46.9MJ/kg, write the balanced chemical equation
for one mole of this fuel at these conditions. (4-1)
a) Air-fuel ratio
b) Equivalence ratio
c) Energy released when one KG of this fuel is burned in the engine with a combustion
efficiency
of
98%

5. A six cylinder, 4-stroke cycle SI engine operating on an Otto cycle. The fuel injectors are set
to deliver an AF such that the Isooctane (C8H18) would burn at stoichiometric condition.
Calculate: (4-10)
a) Equivalence ratio of air-gasoline mixture
b) Estimate what would happened to the performance of the car if the fuel is replaced
with 10% of ethanol (C2H5OH) with 90% of isooctane, without readjusting the AF
delivered by the fuel injectors

6. Compare the indicated thermal efficiency of the diesel engine operating at the condition as
stated in Q1 if the specific heat at constant volume of the fuel-air mixture is temperature
dependent with CV = (0.71 + 20x10-5T) kJ/kgK, where T is the temperature in K.

7. A four-cylinder 2.5 litre four-stroke cycle SI engine with a compression ratio of 9.6 operates
at 3200 rpm. Peak cycle temperature is 2227C and peak cycle pressure is 6800 kPa, and the
exhaust pressure is 101kPa. The engine operates at part throttle with inlet air at 60C and
75kPa. In addition, 12% of EGR at exhaust temperature and pressure is diverted back into
the intake manifold, where it mixes with the inlet air before the intake valve. Estimate: (8-8)

a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke (C)
b) Exhaust residual before EGR is added (%)
c) Cylinder temperature at the start of compression stroke (C)

8. Illustrate the main heat transfer paths of the single-pass, multi-feed turbine blade shown in
Figure Q8. Develop the equivalent heat transfer coefficient (heq) for the blade.

9. Describe how turbocharger can be used extract energy from the engine exhaust.