AC Power Analysis

Chapter 11

Rangkaian Listrik II

Analysis Daya AC

11.1

(AC Power Analysis)

11.2
11.3

Dosen Pengampu:
Muhammad Imran Hamid, ST, MT, Ph.D.
imrandgmasse@yahoo.com
082283466279
1

11.1 Instantaneous and

Average Power (2)

11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (1)

The instantaneously power, (daya sesaat): p(t)

Jika v(t) = VmCos(wt + Theta-v) dan

i(t) = Im Cos (wt + Theta-i), maka daya
sesaat) p(t) dituliskan dengan:

The average power (daya rata-rata), P, is the average of the

instantaneous power over one period.

p(t ) v(t ) i (t ) Vm I m cos (w t v ) cos (w t i )

1
1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vm I m cos (2w t v i )
2
2
Constant power

11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8

Instantaneous and Average Power

(nilai sesaat dan nilai rata-rata)
Maximum Average Power Transfer
(Nilai transder daya maksimum)
Effective or RMS Value
(nilai Efektif atau nilai RMS; root mean
square)
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Complex Power (Daya Kompleks)
Conservation of AC Power
Power Factor Correction
Power Measurement

1
T

T
0

p (t ) dt

1
Vm I m cos ( v i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When v = i , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When v i = 90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

Sinusoidal power at 2wt

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.3

11.1 Instantaneous and

Average Power (3)

11.1 Instantaneous and

Average Power (4)

Example 1

Example 2

Hitung nilai sesaat dan nilai rata-rata daya yang

diserap oleh sebuah rangkaian linear jika:

A current I 10 30 flows through an

impedance Z 20 22 . Find the average
power delivered to the impedance.

v(t ) 80 cos (10 t 20)

i(t ) 15 sin (10 t 60)

Answer: 385.7 600cos(20t 10)W, 387.5W

Answer: 927.2W
5

11.2 Maximum Average Power

Transfer (1)

11.2 Maximum Average Power

Transfer (2)
Example 3

ZTH R TH j XTH

For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance Z L that
absorbs the maximum average power.

ZL R L j X L

Calculate that maximum average power.

The maximum average power

can be transferred to the load if
XL = XTH and RL = RTH

Pmax

If the load is purely real, then R L

VTH

8 R TH

2
2
R TH
X TH
ZTH

11.3 Nilai Effective or RMS (1)

P

1
T

i 2 Rdt

The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(wt)

is given by:

R
2
i 2 dt I rms
R
T 0
T

Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff

1
T

I 2rms

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)

The total power dissipated by R is given by:

T

Answer: 3.415 j0.7317W, 1.429W

dt I rms

Im
2

The average power can be written in terms of

the rms values:

I eff

The rms value is a constant itself which

depending on the shape of the function i(t).

The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the

same average power to a resistor as the periodic current.

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)

1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vrms I rms cos ( v i )
2

Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.

10

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)

Hitung nilai RMS dari gelombang-gelombang berikut:

11

12

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)

11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)

Jika sebuah resistor 10 Ohm dihubungkan pada sumber

tegangan dengan gelombang sebagaimana tergambar.
1. Hitung nilai rata-rata
2. Hitung daya yang terdisipasi pada resistor tersebut.

13

11.4 Apparent Power and

Power Factor (1)

11.4 Apparent Power and

Power Factor (2)

Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of

voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) S cos ( v i )

Apparent Power, S

14

Purely resistive
load (R)

v i = 0, Pf = 1

P/S = 1, all power are

consumed

Purely reactive
load (L or C)

v i = 90o,
pf = 0
v i > 0
v i < 0

P = 0, no real power
consumption

Resistive and
reactive load
(R and L/C)

Power Factor, pf

Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between

the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.

Lagging - inductive
load
Leading - capacitive
load

15

11.5 Complex Power (1)

16

11.5 Complex Power (2)

Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the

complex conjugate of the current:

1
V I Vrms I rms v i
2

S Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )

V Vm v

I I m i

S =

1
V I Vrms I rms v i
2

17

+ j

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
18

11.5 Complex Power (3)

11.5 Complex Power (4)

S Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )

S Vrms I rmscos ( v i ) j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )

S =

+ j

S =

+ j

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2 Q2

Real power,

P = Re(S) = S cos(v i)

Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(v i)

Power factor,

pf = P/S = cos(v i)
19

11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)

The complex real, and reactive powers of the sources
equal the respective sums of the complex, real, and
reactive powers of the individual loads.

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle

Power Factor

20

11.7 Power Factor Correction (1)

Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load.

For parallel connection:

S

1
1
1
1
*
V I* V (I1 I*2 ) V I1* V I*2 S1 S2
2
2
2
2

The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 21

11.7 Power Factor Correction (2)

Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason.

22

11.8 Power Measurement (1)

The wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average
power.

Qc = Q 1 Q2
= P (tan 1 - tan 2)
= CV2rms

Q1 = S1 sin 1
= P tan 1
P = S1 cos 1

Q2 = P tan 2

Qc
P (tan 1 tan 2 )

2
2
Vrms
Vrms
23

The basic structure

If

Equivalent Circuit with load

v(t ) Vm cos(wt v ) and i(t ) I m cos(wt i )

P Vrms I rms cos ( v i )

1
2

Vm I m cos ( v i )

24