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1 Introduction
Indigo, a natural dye, has been in use for the
coloration of textiles since ages. The highest
consumption of indigo is in the denim industry where
reduced indigo is applied to cotton warp threads by
the multiple dips-cum- oxidation steps. In addition to
cotton, other fibres such as silk and wool are also
dyed with indigo in the past. Some of the work has
been published about the application of vat colorants
on synthetic fibres mainly PET (polyethylene
terephthalate)1-8. A recent work has been published
about the application of indigo on PET and nylon9,10.
There are various synthetic fibres available in the
market. These fibres include PET, nylon 6.6, nylon 6,
acrylic and spandex. PET is the most abundantly
manufactured synthetic fibres in the world. Its
production was 18 million tonnes per year in 2000
(ref. 11). The fibres are strong, lightweight, easily
dyeable and crease-resistant as well as have good
wash and wear properties. Polyesters are dyed with
disperse dyes. Nylons include mainly nylon 6.6 and
nylon 6 fibres. Nylons are very important fibres and
find applications in the apparel and hosiery industry.
These are mainly dyed with acid dyes. Acrylic fibres,
also known as artificial wool because of their
excellent bulk and warmth properties, have reduced
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a
E-mail: gabaig@bzu.edu.pk
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High temperature (HT) dyeing machine 752311992 was used to dye samples of synthetic fibres.
Dyebath pH was measured at the start and at the end
of dyeing using Henna Digital pH Meter PH-210.
Reflectance and colour strength of dyed samples were
measured on GretagMacbeth ColorEye 7000A
Spectrophotometer. Synthetic indigo dye (85%) in
granular form was procured from the DyStar Pakistan.
Sandopan DTC (non-ionic detergent) was obtained
from Clariant Pakistan. Sodium dithionite, sodium
hydroxide and sodium carbonate used were of
laboratory grade. The specifications of various fabrics
used are given in Table 1.
Dyeing
2.2 Methods
Pretreatment
Warp den
Weft den
Warp density
ends/inch
Weft density
ends/inch
Mass density
gsm
Weave
PET
Nylon 6.6
Acrylic
Lycra
88
210
88
177
94
177
124
160
124
40
(wales density)
78
80
78
24
(courses density)
109
37
109
3800
Plain
Plain
Plain
Single jersey
620 dtex
267
268
(1)
(2)
(3)
max, nm
Optimum pH
Average K/S
610
590
610
610
6
5.5 7.75
5.5 7.0
6 7.5
7.5
12
17.5
25
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270
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4 Conclusion
Synthetic fibres, viz. polyester, nylon, acrylic and
lycra, could be dyed with vat dyes. Dyebath pH is one
of the main potential factors during dyeing that must
be chosen and controlled properly. Leuco vat acid
dispersions are unstable at too low pH values while in
the alkaline region dyes molecules are ionized and
synthetic fibres developed negative potential. Water
solubility of the ionized dye molecules and the
negative potential attained by fibres at higher pH
values are the main reasons for little exhaustion of
dye molecules in the alkaline media. Appropriate pH
region for dyeing is observed as 5.5 6, though some
fibres absorbed dye upto pH 8 as well. At a sodium
dithionite concentration of 10 g/L, 0.6 0.8 g/L
concentration of sodium hydroxide is sufficient to
attain pH in the range of 5.5 - 6. Sodium dithionite is
a reducing agent that produces inorganic acidic
products on decomposition; therefore, higher
concentrations of sodium dithionite may require
higher amounts of sodium hydroxide to achieve the
required pH. So, there is a direct relationship between
concentration of sodium dithionate and sodium
hydroxide to achieve a specific pH. Indigo molecules
do not exist as aggregates within the fibre matrix that
leads to exhibiting different light reflection properties.
On the commercial scale, polyester-cotton blends are
dyed mostly with disperse-reactive dye systems. The
present work suggests that a single bath dyeing of
polyester-cotton blends could be carried out with vat
dyes that could save energy and processing time.
References
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