SS30903 ENVIRONMENTAL

TOXICOLOGY

TITLE:
STUDENTS NAME

MATRIC NO

JASMINE ANAK HELBOURN @ LEBON

BS14161016

LAILA BINTI UDIN

BS14110407

LOO FONG YEE

BS14110473

VIOLET SINGARAVEL

BS14161041

(Oxford
University
Press, 2016)

chemical substance or
a mixture of chemical
substances which
induce cancer or
increase its incidence.

a substance or agent
that causes cancer

substance or agent that

can cause cells to
become cancerous by
altering their genetic
structure so that they
multiply continuously
and become malignant

any substance that has

the potential to cause
cancer in living tissues

(Farlex, 2016)

(chemistry)
Any chemical agent that
can induce the
development of cancer in
living tissue

(biology)
Substances that increase
the risk of neoplasms in
humans or animals. Both
genotoxic chemicals which
affect the DNA directly
while, non genotoxic
chemicals induce
neoplasm by other
mechanism

Carcinogenesis

The process of
transforming normal cells
into cancer cells (NCI,
2016).

Induction, by chemical,
physical, or biological
agents, of malignant
neoplasms and thus
cancer (John et al,
2007).

The origin, production or

development of cancer
including carcinomas and
other malignant
neoplasms
(Dictionary.com, 2016).

(Dictionary.com, 2016).

Chemical
carcinogenesis
Numerous chemicals
have been identified
as carcinogenic.

Physical
carcinogenesis
That includes
ultraviolet radiation,
ionizing radiation
and asbestos.

Biological
carcinogenesis
Viruses and some
parasites are capable
of initiating
neoplasia.

Types of
carcinogens
Procarcinogens
Secondary chemical of
carcinogens which are
observe to exposed
individual due to the
resultant of product
metabolism in the
system. (Biotechnology
Forums, 2013)

Cocarcinogens
Promoters that
carcinogenic and act as
inducers stimulating
the carcinogenic
property of other
chemicals.
(Biotechnology Forums,
2013)

Anticarcinogens
Inhibit the formation of
cancers and also the
growth of tumors (NAP
OPEN BOOK, 1996).

Nongenotoxic carcinogens
Variety of cellular processes that might be involved
including the modulation of metabolizing enzymes,
stimulation of oxidative stress, alteration of
intercellular communication, the stimulation
regenerative cell growth & suppression of
apoptosis.
(Delft et al., 2004)

Genotoxicity
Mutagens that can cause
mutation and destructive
effect on a cells genetic
material that affecting its
integrity (Shaily, 2012).

Genotoxic carcinogens
The cells respond either directly or
after activation by metabolizing
enzymes that repair the damage
DNA, cell cycle arrested or
apoptosis induction (Delft et al.,
2004).

Non-melanoma skin cancers

Cancer
(NMSC)
Includes more than 100
Due to solar ultraviolet B
diseases in which cells grow
(UVB) radiation exposure. out of control; or a tumor
with cancer in it. It can start
Preventive methods are
any place in the body when
required to reduce UVthe cells grow out of control
caused photodamage &
and crowd out normal cells
NMSC incidence.
(ACS, 2016).

Silibinin treatment
A general term for a large
activates p53 and reduces group of diseases (more
photodamage and NMSC than 100), all characterized
in vitro & vivo (Cynthia et by uncontrolled growth,
al, 2016).
invasion and spread of
abnormal cells to other parts
of the body. (Anderson, 1986)

Oncogenesis
The introduction or
formation of tumor.
The process by which
a tumor develops.
(Dictionary.com, 2016)

Tumor
Most cancers form a lump
called a tumor or a growth. But
not all lumps are cancer.
Lumps that are not cancer are
called benign (be-NINE).
Lumps that are cancer are
called malignant (muh-LIGnunt) (Kim, 2016).

Oncongene
Mutation of gene that involved in normal
cell growth, it may cause cancer cells &
mutation of gene can be inherited or
caused by being exposed to substances in
the environment that will cause cancer.
(NCI Dictionary of Cancers Terms, 2016)

Carcinoid syndrome
A constellation of symptoms
associated with serotoninsecreting neoplasm known as
carcinoid tumor.
(Dictionary.com, 2016).

Toxic chemicals
Aflatoxins
Captafol
Toxaphene
Lindane
Phthalates
Ortho-toluidine
Dioxin
Asbestos
Acrylamide (C3H5NO)
Cumene

Aflatoxins
Captafol
Group of chemical that produced Chemical that are practically
by certain moulds of the genus
insoluble in water and slightly
Aspergillus which growing on a
soluble in organic solvents, irritates
number of raw food & cause
the respiratory tract, low toxicity to
acute and chronic toxicity
human and highly toxic to aquatic
(Richard Lawley, 2013).
organisms (Pubchem Open
Group of mycotoxins produced
chemistry database.2016).
mainly by Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus parasiticus & A.
nomius ( Bayman & Cotty, 1993).
These species are ubiquitous in
nature and as saprophytes
which grow on decaying plant &
animal debris.
Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic
metabolite among aflatoxins and
presents hepatotoxic,
teratogenic and mutagenic
properties (Class 1 human
carcinogen) (IARC, 2002).

Toxaphene
It is made by reacting chlorine gas
with a substance called camphene.
The resulting product (toxaphene)
It is a mixture of hundreds of
different chlorinated camphenes
and other, closely related
chlorinated terpenes.
It is usually found as a solid or
gas. In its original form, toxaphene
is a yellow to amber waxy solid that
has a piney odor. (Toxicological
Profile for Taxaphene, 2014)

Lindane
It contains not < than 99 % & not
> the equivalent of 100.5 % of r1,c-2,t-3,c-4,c-5,t-6hexachlorocyclohexane.
It is white or almost white,
crystalline powder, practically
insoluble in water, freely soluble in
acetone, soluble in ethanol.
(European Pharmacopoeia 5.0,
2005)

Phthalates
A family of man-made
compounds used in the
manufacture of plastics,

Ortho-toluidine
Synthetic chemical and it is used
to make rubber chemicals,
pesticides, dyes & some

Dioxin
It refers to PCDDs, PCDFs and
co-planar PCBs. Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans
(PCDFs) are collectively called
dioxins. Co-planar
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (coplanar PCBs or dioxin-like PCBs)
possess toxicity similar to that of
dioxins and are called dioxin-like
compounds. (Government of
Japan, 2012)

Asbestos
The generic commercial
designation for a group of
naturally occurring mineral silicate
fibres of the serpentine and
amphibole series. These include
the serpentine mineral chrysotile
(white asbestos), and the fie
amphibole minerals actinolite,
amosite (brown asbestos),
anthophyllite, crocidolite (blue
asbestos) and tremolite. (Hardy &
Aust, 1995)

Acrylamide (C3H5NO)
It is a processing contaminant that
is produced in the Maillard
reaction, a series of non-enzymic
reactions between reducing
sugars such as glucose and

Cumene
Flammable and volatile liquid
which are natural component of
tobacco smoke, coal tar &
petroleum. (Biotechnology
Forums, 2013)

Toxicity
Capacity to cause injury to a
living organism defined with
reference to the quantity of
substance administered or
absorbed, the way in which
the substance is administered
and distributed in time (single
or repeated doses), the type
and severity of injury, the
time needed to produce the
injury, the nature of the
organism(s) affected, and
other relevant conditions.
Measure of incompatibility of
a substance with life: This
quantity may be expressed as
the reciprocal of the absolute
value of median lethal dose
(1/LD50) or concentration
(1/LC50) (John et al, 2007).

Terms &
Definitions

Mutagen
Agent that can induce heritable
changes (mutations) of the genotype
in a cell as a consequence of
alterations in or loss of genetic
material. (John et al, 2007)

Neurotoxic
Cause adverse effect on :
1. Central nervous system effects
(including transient effects on
mood or performance and presenile dementia eg. Alzheimers
disease.
2. Peripheral nervous system
effects (such as the inhibitory
effects of organophosphorus
compounds on synaptic
transmission. (John et al, 2007)

Terms &
Definitions
Epigenetics
Referred to all molecular pathways
which modulating the expression of
a genotype into a particular
phenotype. (Catherine et al., 2009)

Fission proliferation
Describe the mode of peroxisome
generation, where increase in the
number of peroxisome usually occur
after external stimulation.
(Schrader et al., 2012)

Peroxisome proliferation
Signal transduction: Initiate by cell surface receptors by
transmitted molecular signals from cells exterior to its
interior which then the signals is received by cells must
be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure
appropriate response.
(Tocris Bioscience, 2016)

Metastasis
the spread of cancer cells to
distant parts of the body through
the lymph system or bloodstream
(Bond et al, 2016).

Diseases /
Abnormalities

Apoptosis
It is a genetically regulated where it describes the orchestrated
collapse of a cell in which characterised by membrane blebbing,
condensation of chromatin, cell shrinkage & fragmentation of
DNA (Andrew et al., 2001).
A natural process of self-destruction by degradative enzymes in
certain cells, such as epithelial cells and erythrocytes, that are
genetically programmed to have a limited lifespan or are
damaged, as by irradiation or toxic drugs. Also called
programmed cell death (The American Heritage, 2013).

Diseases /

Abnormalities

Anoxia
Strictly total absence of oxygen
but sometimes incorrectly used
instead of hypoxia to mean a
decreased oxygen supply in
tissues. (John et al, 2007)

Alopecia
Partial or complete loss of hair.
This may result from radiation
therapy to the head (hair
might not completely return
after therapy) or from certain
chemotherapeutic agents (hair
almost always returns).
(John et al, 2007)

Neoplasm
New and abnormal formation of
tissue as a tumor or growth by
cell proliferation that is faster
than normal and continues after
the initial stimulus that initiated
the proliferation has ceased.
(John et al, 2007)

Arseniasis
Chronic arsenical poisoning (John
et al, 2007)

Necrosis
The death of living tissues. (John et
al, 2007)

Dose-dependent
Refers to the effects of treatment
with a drug. If the effects change
when the dose of the drug is
changed, the effects are said to be
dose-dependent (NCI, 2016).

Chemotherapy
The use of drugs to treat disease.
The word most often refers to
drugs used to treat cancer.
Sometimes its just called chemo.
(Bond et al., 2016)

Antispasmodics
Relieving or preventing spasms,
especially of smooth muscle.
(The American Heritage, 2013)

Treatment / drugs

Citrus flavonoids
It belongs to the group of
aromatic secondary plant
metabolites which have been
acknowledged for their potent
antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. They are
also known to prevent
cardiovascular disorders, like
coronary heart diseases & show
anticancer and chemopreventive
properties to support treatment
of numerous chronic diseases
(Mendel et al, 2016).

LPIN1
A protein that exhibits dual
functions as a phosphatidic acid
phosphatase enzyme in
regulation of triglyceride,
glycerophospholipid metabolism
& transcriptional coregulator.
It functions in various human
cancer cell lines controls (Kim et
al, 2016).

Adenoma detection rate (ADR)

It is the number of screening
colonoscopies in which at least a
single adenoma was detected
and there is relationship
between higher ADR and lower
mortality risk from colorectal
cancer (CRC). (WedMD, 2016)

Treatment / drugs

Colonoscopy
It is a test to look at the inner lining of
your large intestine, rectum and colon
by colonoscope .
A colonoscopy helps find ulcers, colon
polyps, tumors, and areas of
inflammation or bleeding & check for
cancer or precancerous growths in the
colon or rectum (polyps).
During a colonoscopy, tissue samples
can be collected (biopsy) and
abnormal growths can be taken out
(WedMD. 2016).

R eference
An

introduction
on
Chemical
Carcinogens.
2013.
Biotechnology
Forums.
nd
www.biotechnologyforums.com/thread-2018.html. Access on 22 October 2016.

Available at:

Andrew, G.R., Catherine, B. & Christopher, S.P. 2001. What is apoptosis and why is it important. BMJ. 322 (7301):
1536-1538.
American Cancer Society, Inc. 2016. What is cancer? A guide for patients and families. Available at:
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer. Accessed on 22nd October 2016.
Bond, A. Toole, P. Fisher, Subramanian, S. Haslam, N. Probert, C. Cox, T. Sarkar, S. 2016. New-Generation HighDefinition Colonoscopes Increase Adenoma Detection when Screening a Moderate-Risk Population fo
r Colorectal Cancer. Clinical Colorectal Cancer. Elsevier, Inc. USA.
Catherine, D.,

Armant, D.R., & Carol, A.B. 2009. Epigenetics: Definition, Mechanism and Clinical Perspective.
HHS Author Manuscripts. 27(5): 351-357.

Cynthia M. R. Roy, S. Deep, G. Lagae, R. G. Jain, Deepanshi, D. David J. Orlicky, Agarwal, C. & Agarwal, R. 2016.
Role of p53 in silibinin-mediated inhibition of ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA damage, inflammation
and skin carcinogenesis. Oxford Journals Medicine
& Health & Science & Mathematics.
Oxford University Press. England.
Delft, J.H.M.V., Agen, E.V., Breda, S.G.J.V., Herwijnen, M.H., Staal, Y.C.M., & Kleinjans, J.C.S. 2004.
Discrimination of genotoxic from non-genotoxic carcinogens by gene expression profiling.
Carcinogenesis, 125 (7): 1265-1276.
Dictionary.com. 2016. Carcinogenic. Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carcinogenic.
Accessed on 27th October 2016.

Disabled

word
towards
tomorrow,
2015.
Carcinogen.
Available
nd
world.com/health/cancer/carcinogen-list.php. Access on 22 October 2016..

at: www.diabled

European Pharmacopoeia 5.0, 2005. Monograph. Available at: http://library.njucm.edu.cn/yaodian/

ep /EP501E/16_monographs/18_monographs_l-p/lindane/0772e.pdf. Accessed on 26th October 2016.
Farlex. 2016. Biological carcinogen. Available at: http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
chemical+carcinogen. Accessed on 27th October 2016.
Farlex.

2016.
Biological
carcinogen.
Available
at: http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
th
biological+carcinogen. Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Hardy, J.A & Aust, A.E. 1995. Iron in asbestos chemistry and carcinogenity. Chem Rev, 95: 97-118.
John, H.D., Monica, N. & Douglas M. 2007. Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology,
2nd Edition
(IUPAC Recommendations 2007). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 79:
11531344.
Kim, J. Y. Kim, G. Lim, S. C. Choi, H. S. 2016. LPIN1 promotes epithelial cell transformation and
mammary tumourigenesis via enhancing insulin receptor substrate 1 stability Oxford
Journals Medicine & Health & Science & Mathematics. Oxford University Press. England.
Mendel, M. Ch opecka, M. Dziekan, N. Karlik, W. 2016. Antispasmodic effect of selected Citrus flavonoids on rat
isolated jejunum specimen. European Journal of Pharmacology . 791: 640-646.
Muttucumaru, N . Stephen, J. Powers, J. Elmore, S. Dodson, A. Briddon, A. Mottram, D. Nigel, S. & Halford, G. 2016.
Acrylamide-forming potential of potatoes grown at different
locations, and the ratio of free
asparagine to reducing sugars at which free asparagine becomes a limiting factor for acrylamide formation.
Food Chemistry . 220: 7686.
NAP OPEN BOOK. 1996.Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring
and Synthetic Substances. Available at: https://www.nap.edu/read/5150/chapter/3.
Access on
nd
22 October 2016.

National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dictionary of Cancers Terms. 2016. Dose-dependent. Available at:
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?search=dose. Accessed on
22th October 2016.
National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dictionary of Cancers Terms. 2016. Carcinogenesis. Available at:
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=46487. Accessed on
22th October 2016.
NCI Dictionary of Cancers Terms. 2016. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health.
Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=46259.
Access on 22nd October 2016.
Oxford University Press. 2016. Carcinogen. Available at: http://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/carcinogen.
Accessed on 27th October 2016.
Pubchem Open chemistry database.2016. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/
Captafol#section=Top. Access on 22nd October 2016.
Richard

Lawley.
2013.
Food
Safety
Watch
The
science
of
safe
nd
www.foodsafetywatch.org/factsheets/aflatoxins/. Access on 22 October 2016.

food.

Available at:

Saladinoa, F. Bordinb, K. Manyesa, L. Lucianob, F. B. Maesa, J. Fernndez, F. Mecaa, G. 2016.

Reduction of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in Italian piadina by isothiocyanates. LWT Food Science and Technology. 70: 302308.
Schrader, M., Bonekamp, N.A. & Islinger, M. 2012. Fission and proliferation of peroxisomes.Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta, 1822: 1343-1357.
Shaily Umang Shah. 2012. Importance of Genotoxicity & S2A guidelines for genotoxicity testing
for pharmaceutucals. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Science, 2 (1): 43-54.

Smoller, B.R & Horn, T.D. 2001. Dermatopathology in systemic disease. Oxford University Press. England. 183-185.
The American Heritage. 2013. Tumorigenesis. Available at: http://www.yourdictionary.com/tumorigenesis.
Accessed on 22th October 2016.
The American Heritage. 2013. Antispasmodic. Available at: http://www.yourdictionary.com/ antispasmodic.
Accessed on 22th October 2016.
The American Heritage. 2013. Apoptosis. Available at: http://www.yourdictionary.com/ apoptosis.
Accessed on 22th October 2016.
Tocris Bioscience. 2016. Available at:
ps://www.tocris.com/pharmacologicalBrowser.phhttp?ItemId
=187888#.WApQOUV97IU. Accessed on 22nd October 2016.
Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene. 2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Public Health Service
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
United States. 3-4.
WedMD.

2016.

Colonoscopy.

Available at: http://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colonoscopy-16695#1.

Accessed in 22th October 2016.