Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview:
Protozoal diseases, such as
1. Amebiasis.
2. Malaria.
3. Leishmaniasis.
4. Trypanosomiasis.
5. Toxoplasmosis.
6. Giardiasis.
Amebiasis:
Amebiasis (also called amebic dysentery) is an infection of the intestinal
tract caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The disease showing varying
degrees of illness, from no symptoms to mild diarrhea to fulminating
dysentery.
Classification of amebicidal drugs:
Therapeutic agents are classified according to the site where the drug is
effective as:
a. Luminal amebicides (act on the parasite in the lumen of the bowel).
b. Systemic amebicides (effective against amebas in the intestinal wall
and liver).
c. Mixed (luminal and systemic) amebicides are effective against both
the luminal and systemic forms of the disease.
Luminal amebicides drugs:
1
Note:
Metronidazole also use in the treatment of infections caused by Giardia
lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, anaerobic cocci, and anaerobic gramnegative bacilli (for example, Bacteroides species).
Mechanism of action:
Metronidazole Inhibits DNA replication Affects synthesis or structure of
nucleic acids.
Adverse effects: The most common adverse effects are:
1. Gastrointestinal tract: including nausea, vomiting, epigastric
distress, and abdominal cramps.
2. An unpleasant, metallic taste.
3. Other effects include yeast infection of the mouth.
Chemotherapy for Malaria:
Malaria is an acute infectious disease caused by four species of the
protozoal genus Plasmodium.
The parasite is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles
mosquito.
Chloroquine: Chloroquine the mainstay of antimalarial therapy, and it
is the drug of choice in the treatment of erythrocytic P. falciparum
malaria.
Side effects:
Primaquine:
Primaquine eradicates primary exoerythrocytic forms of P. falciparum
and P. vivax and the secondary exoerythrocytic forms of malarias (P.
vivax and P. ovale).
Side effects:
1. Primaquine induced hemolytic anemia in patients with genetically
low levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
2. Other toxic manifestations observed after large doses of the drug
include abdominal discomfort, especially when administered in
combination with chloroquine. Primaquine is contraindicated
The parasite invades the CNS, causing an inflammation of the brain and
spinal cord that produces the characteristic lethargy and, eventually,
continuous sleep. Chagas' disease (American sleeping sickness) is
caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and occurs in South America.
Melarsoprol
Melarsoprol is a derivative of mersalyl oxide, a trivalent arsenical. Its
use is limited to the treatment of trypanosomal infections usually in the
late stage with CNS involvement and it is lethal to these parasites.
Adverse effects:
CNS toxicities are the most serious side effects of melarsoprol
treatment.
1. Encephalopathy
2. Hypersensitivity reactions and fever may follow injection.
3. Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as severe vomiting and
abdominal pain.
4. Hemolytic anemia has been seen in patients with glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Suramin:
Suramin is used primarily in the early treatment and, especially, the
prophylaxis of African Trypanosomiasis. It is inhibits many enzymes;
the drug must be injected intravenously. It binds to plasma proteins and
remains in the plasma for a long time, accumulating in the liver and in
the proximal tubular cells of the kidney.
Adverse
reactions
include
nausea,
vomiting,
shock,
loss
of
weight loss and anorexia. Vomiting and fever are less common, and
blood- or mucus-tinged feces are rare
Nitroimidazoles:
The nitroimidazoles class of agents used to treat G. lamblia infection
includes metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole.
Metronidazole utilizes the anaerobic metabolic pathways present in
Giardia. The drug enters the trophozoite then parasite is death.