Ex. No.

:
Date:
FAULT ANALYSIS OF AC POWER SYSTEM
AIM :
To perform fault analysis of ac system for finding short circuit currents and bus
voltages using MATLAB program.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY :
When a fault occurs in a power system network, the current flowing is
determined by the internal emf of the machines in the system, by their internal
impedances and by impedances in the network between the machines and the fault.
When the fault current is equal in all the phases, the fault is called symmetrical fault.
The fault current will be symmetrical only in 3 faults in which all the 3 are
shunted to ground. The symmetrical fault can be analyzed on per phase basis using
reactance diagram or by using per unit reactance diagram. The symmetrical fault
analysis as to be performed separately for subtransient, transient and steady state
condition of the fault, because the reactances and internal emfs of synchronous
machines will be different in each state.
In symmetrical fault analysis, the reactance diagram of the power system is
formed using the information in single line diagram. For estimation of subtrasient
fault current, the synchronous machine is represented by its subtransients internal emf
in series with subtransients reactance.
1. Symmetrical Fault:
Three phase fault:
From the thevenins equivalent circuit
Vth
Fault current If = Z th

Where Vth = Thevenins Voltage

Z th = Thevenins Impedance

2. Unsymmetrical Fault:
Single line to ground fault:
Fault current If = Ia = 3Ia1

Ea
Ia1 = Z1 Z 2 Z 0
Line to line fault:
Fault current If = Ia1(a2 a )

Ea
Ia1 = Z1
Double Line to ground fault:
Fault current If = 2 Ia0 +( Ia1+ Ia2) (a2 + a )

Ea
Ia1 = Z1 Z 0 Z 2
(- Ia1) * Z0
Ia2 = Z 0 Z 2
Fault MVA = 3 * If * Vpu
where, Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are positive, negative and zero phase sequence currents
Z1 ,Z2 and Zo are positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedances.
ALGORITHM :
1. From the bus admittance matrix for the network.
2. Assemble the bus admittance matrix (Ybus).
3. Find the inversion of Ybus to get bus impedance matrix (Zbus).
4. Compute the magnitude of the short circuit current in the fault.
5. From step 4obtain short circuits current at buses 1, 2, 3.
6. Find the bus voltage drop using the formula and also short circuit current.
PROGRAM:
clear all
clc
ln=[1 2 3 4]
sb=[1 1 2 1]
eb=[2 2 3 3]
y=[inv(0.0+j*0.05) inv(0.0+j*0.05) inv(0.0+j*0.06) inv(0.0+j*0.1)];
2

z=[0.0+j*0.05 0.0+j*0.05 0.0+j*0.06 0.0+j*0.1];

G=[0.0+j*0.25 0.0+j*0.02];
T=[0.0+j*0.1 0.0+j*0.08];
d=input('enter the double circuit starting bus');
e=input('enter the double circuit ending bus');
ybus=zeros(3,3);
for i=1:4
k1=sb(i);
k2=eb(i);
ybus(k1,k1)=ybus(k1,k1)+y(i);
ybus(k2,k2)=ybus(k2,k2)+y(i);
ybus(k1,k2)=-y(i);
ybus(k2,k1)=ybus(k1,k2);
end
alpha=[500;400;200]
ybus
ybus(1,1)=ybus(1,1)+1/(G(1)+T(1))
ybus(2,2)=ybus(2,2)+1/(G(2)+T(2))
ybus
ybus(d,e)=ybus(e,d)*2;
ybus(e,d)=ybus(d,e)*2;
ybus
zbus=inv(ybus(1:3,1:3))
zbus
I=zbus*ybus
I
vo=1.0+j*0.0;
zf=0
p=input('enter the fault bus matrix');
fi(p)=vo/zbus(p,p)+zf;
for i=1:3
v(i)=vo-fi(p)*zbus(i,p);
end
v
for i=1:4
3

k1=sb(i);
k2=eb(i)
lc(i)=(v(k1)-v(k2))/z(i);
end
lc
for i=1:2
gc(i)=(vo-v(i))/(G(i)+T(i))
end
PROBLEM:
1
T1

3
T2

1
3
2
4

Machine Data:
S.No

Generator Data
/Transformer data
G1
G2
T1
T2

1
2
3
4

Transient reactance
j0.25
j0.02
j0.1
j0.01

Line Data:
S.N
o
1
2
3
4

Line No

Starting Bus

Ending bus

Series Impedance

1
2
3
4

1
1
2
1

2
2
3
3

j0.05
j0.05
j0.06
j0.01

OUTPUT:
ln =

sb =

eb =

enter the double circuit starting bus1

4

enter the double circuit ending bus2

alpha = 500
400
200
ybus =
0.0000 -50.0000i 0.0000 +20.0000i 0.0000 +10.0000i
0.0000 +20.0000i 0.0000 -56.6667i 0.0000 +16.6667i
0.0000 +10.0000i 0.0000 +16.6667i 0.0000 -26.6667i
ybus =
0.0000 -52.8571i 0.0000 +20.0000i 0.0000 +10.0000i
0.0000 +20.0000i 0.0000 -56.6667i 0.0000 +16.6667i
0.0000 +10.0000i 0.0000 +16.6667i 0.0000 -26.6667i
zbus =
0.0000 - 0.0459i 0.0000 - 0.0377i 0.0000 - 0.0408i
0.0000 - 0.0703i 0.0000 - 0.0400i 0.0000 - 0.0514i
0.0000 - 0.0611i 0.0000 - 0.0392i 0.0000 - 0.0099i
I=
1.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
-0.0000

1.0000

-0.0000 -0.0000

0
1.0000

I=
1.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
-0.0000

1.0000

-0.0000 -0.0000
zf =

0
1.0000

enter the fault bus matrix2

v = 0.0582
k2 =

k2 =

0.0218

lc = 0.0000 - 1.1636i 0.0000 - 1.1636i 0.0000 + 0.3636i 0.0000 - 0.3636i

gc = 0.0000 - 2.6909i
gc = 0.0000 - 2.6909i 0.0000 -10.0000i

MANUAL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the short circuit current bus voltage of symmetrical circuits was found
using MATLAB.
6