1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INDIAN ENERGY SECTOR: AN OVERVIEW

Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic
growth and human development. There is a strong two-way relationship between economic
development and energy consumption. On one hand, growth of an economy, with its global
competitiveness, hinges on the availability of cost-effective and environmentally benign energy
sources, and on the other hand, the level of economic development has been observed to be
reliant on the energy demand. The energy intensity of India is over twice that of the matured
economies, which are represented by the OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and
Development) member countries. Indias energy intensity is also much higher than the emerging
economiesthe Asian countries, which include the ASEAN member countries as well as China.
However, since 1999, Indias energy intensity has been decreasing and is expected to
continue to decrease. The indicator of energyGDP (gross domestic product) elasticity, that is,
the ratio of growth rate of energy to the growth rate GDP, captures both the structure of the
economy as well as the efficiency. The energyGDP elasticity during 19532001 has been above
unity. However, the elasticity for primary commercial energy consumption for 19912000 was
less than unity (Planning Commission 2002). This could be attributed to several factors, some of
them being demographic shifts from rural to urban areas, structural economic changes towards
lesser energy industry, impressive growth of services, improvement in efficiency of energy use,
and inter-fuel substitution. The energy sector in India has been receiving high priority in the
planning process. The total outlay on energy in the Tenth Five-year Plan has been projected to be
4.03 trillion rupees at 2001/02 prices, which is 26.7% of the total outlay. An increase of 84.2% is
projected over the Ninth Five-year Plan in terms of the total plan outlay on energy sector. The
Government of India in the mid-term review of the Tenth Plan recognized the fact that underperformance of the energy sector can be a major constraint in delivering a growth rate of 8%
GDP during the plan period. It has, therefore, called for acceleration of the reforms process and
adoption of an integrated energy policy. In the recent years, the government has rightly
recognized the energy security concerns of the nation and more importance is being placed on

energy independence. On the eve of the 59th Independence Day (on 14 August 2005), the
President of India emphasized that energy independence has to be the nations first and highest
priority, and India must be determined to achieve this within the next 25 years.

1.2 DEMAND AND SUPPLY SCENARIO

In the recent years, Indias energy consumption has been increasing at one of the fastest
rates in the world due to population growth and economic development. Primary commercial
energy demand grew at the rate of six per cent between 1981 and 2001 (Planning Commission
2002). India ranks fifth in the world in terms of primary energy consumption, accounting for
about 3.5% of the world commercial energy demand in the year 2003. Despite the overall
increase in energy demand, per capita energy consumption in India is still very low compared to
other developing countries.
India is well-endowed with both exhaustible and renewable energy resources. Coal, oil,
and natural gas are the three primary commercial energy sources. Indias energy policy, till the
end of the 1980s, was mainly based on availability of indigenous resources. Coal was by far the
largest source of energy. However, Indias primary energy mix has been changing over a period
of time. Despite increasing dependency on commercial fuels, a sizeable quantum of energy
requirements (40% of total energy requirement), especially in the rural household sector, is met
by non-commercial energy sources, which include fuel, wood, crop residue, and animal waste,
including human and draught animal power.
However, other forms of commercial energy of a much higher quality and efficiency are
steadily replacing the traditional energy resources being consumed in the rural sector. Resource
augmentation and growth in energy supply has not kept pace with increasing demand and,
therefore, India continues to face serious energy shortages. This has led to increased reliance on
imports to meet the energy demand.

1.3 COAL STATISTICS

India now ranks third amongst the coal producing countries in the world. Being the most
abundant fossil fuel in India till date, it continues to be one of the most important sources for
meeting the domestic energy needs. It accounts for 55% of the countrys total energy

supplies. Through sustained increase in investment, production of coal increased from about 70
MT (million tonnes) (MoC 2005) in early 1970s to 382 MT in 2004/05. Most of the coal
production in India comes from open pit mines contributing to over 81% of the total production
while underground mining accounts for rest of the national output (MoC 2005). Despite this
increase in production, the existing demand exceeds the supply. India currently faces coal
shortage of 23.96 MT. This shortage is likely to be met through imports mainly by steel, power,
and cement sector (MoC 2005). India exports insignificant quantity of coal to the neighboring
countries. The traditional buyers of Indian coal are Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. The
development of core infrastructure sectors like power, steel, and cement are dependent on coal.
About 75% of the coal in the country is consumed in the power sector (MoC 2005).

1.4 POWER SCENARIO

Access to affordable and reliable electricity is critical to a countrys growth and
prosperity. The country has made significant progress towards the augmentation of its power
infrastructure. In absolute terms, the installed power capacity has increased from only 1713 MW
(megawatts) as on 31 December 1950 to 118 419 MW as on March 2005 (CEA 2005). The all
India gross electricity generation, excluding that from the captive generating plants, was 5107
GWh (gigawatt-hours) in 1950 and increased to 565 102 GWh in 2003/04 (CEA 2005).

Graph 1. Demand vs. supply

Energy requirement increased from 390 BkWh (billion kilowatt-hours) during 1995/96 to
591 BkWh (energy) by the year 2004/05, and peak demand increased from 61 GW (gigawatts) to

88 GW over the same time period. The country experienced energy shortage of 7.3% and peak
shortage of 11.7% during 2003/04. Though, the growth in electricity consumption over the past
decade has been slower than the GDPs growth, this increase could be due to high growth of the
service sector and efficient use of electricity. Per capita electricity consumption rose from merely
15.6 kWh (kilowatt-hours) in 1950 to 592 kWh in 2003/04 (CEA 2005). However, it is a matter
of concern that per capita consumption of electricity is among the lowest in the world. Moreover,
poor quality of power supply and frequent power cuts and shortages impose a heavy burden on
Indias fast-growing trade and industry.

1.5 FUTURE SCENARIO

Increasing pressure of population and increasing use of energy in different sectors of the
economy is an area of concern for India. With a targeted GDP growth rate of 8% during the
Tenth Five-year Plan, the energy demand is expected to grow at 5.2%. Driven by the rising
population, expanding economy, and a quest for improved quality of life, the total primary
energy consumption is expected to about 412 MTOE (million tonnes oil equivalent) and 554
MTOE in the terminal years of the Tenth and Eleventh Plans, respectively (Planning
Commission 1999). The International Energy Outlook 2005 (EIA 2005b) projects Indias gas
consumption to grow at an average annual rate of 5.1%, thereby reaching 2.8 trillion cubic feet
by 2025 with the share of electric power sector being of 71% by that time. Coal consumption is
expected to increase to 315 MT over the forecast period. In India, slightly less than 60% of the
projected growth in coal consumption is attributed to the increased demand of coal in the
electricity sector while the industrial sector accounts for most of the remaining increase. The use
of coal for electricity generation in India is expected to increase by 2.2% per annum during
200225, thus requiring an additional 59 000 MW of coal-fired capacity. Oil demand in India is
expected to increase by 3.5% per annum during the same time. It is quite apparent that coal will
continue to be the predominant form of energy in future. However, imports of petroleum and gas
would continue to increase substantially in absolute terms, involving a large energy import bill.
There is, therefore, an urgent need to conserve energy and reduce energy requirements by
demand-side management and by adopting more efficient technologies in all sectors. Due to
shortage in power sector it is very crucial to adopt efficient technologies and methods to ensure
maximum utilization of fuel.

2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PF BOILERS

2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY -OVERVIEW

Much of the energy content of the available energy sources is wasted by inefficiencies the
energy conversion and distribution processes. Considering domestic electric lighting as a typical
example, less than 1% of the energy consumed to provide the electricity is ultimately converted
into light energy. The other 99% is wasted in the supply chain. Using conventional fossil fuelled
generating plant, losses accumulate as follows:

10% of the energy content of the fuel is lost in combustion and only 90% of the calorific
content is transferred to the steam.

The steam turbine efficiency in converting the energy content of the steam into
mechanical energy is limited to about 40%. (Carnot's Efficiency Law)

The rotary electrical generator is very efficient by comparison. The conversion efficiency
of a large machine can be as high as 98% or 99%.

Transmission of the electrical energy over the distribution grid between the power station
and the consumer results in a distribution loss of 10% mainly due to the resistance of the
electrical cables.

Further energy is lost due to the energy conversion efficiency of the end user's appliance.
Incandescent lighting is particularly inefficient converting only 2% of the electrical
energy into light.

2.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PF BOILERS

Pulverised coal power plants account for about 97% of the world's coal-fired capacity. The
conventional types of this technology have an efficiency of around 35%. For a higher efficiency
of the technology supercritical and ultra-supercritical coal-fired technologies have been
developed. These technologies can combust pulverised coal and produce steam at higher
temperatures and under a higher pressure, so that an efficiency level of 45% can be reached
(ultra-supercritical plants). Supercritical power plants have become the system of choice in most
industrialised countries, while ultra-supercritical plant technology is still in the process of
demonstration. Supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants are more expensive (because of the

higher requirements to the steel needed to stand the higher pressure and temperature) but the
higher efficiency results in cost savings during the technical lifetime of the plants. The emissions
of CO2 per MWh delivered to the grid could reduce from 830 kg to 730 kg.

2.3 CAUSES FOR EFFICIENCY LOSS IN PF BOILERS

2.3.1 Sensible heat loss:
Sensible heat losses can be thought of as heat you can sense directly with a thermometer.
For example, combustion air enters your power plant at ambient conditions, and flue gas is
exhausted from the cold end of the boiler air heater at some elevated temperature. The closer the
exhaust gas is to ambient temperature, the less sensible heat is lost to the environment. Other
sensible heat losses include the heat contained in bottom and fly ash removed from the boiler and
pyrites and rock that are rejected from coal mills. The quantity of excess air used for combustion
has a significant effect on this loss, as every pound of excess air that travels through the boiler
carries with it potentially usable energy.

2.3.2 Latent heat loss:

Latent heat losses are not easily detectable by a thermometer and are energy losses
associated with a phase change of water. When a fuel is burned in a boiler, not only does all
moisture contained within the fuel vaporize into steam, but all hydrogen contained within the
fuel combusts to form water, which also is vaporized into steam. Unless the temperature of the
exhaust gas leaving the boiler air heater is below the boiling point of the water contained within
the gas, all of that latent heat of vaporization will exit the boiler and be lost to the environment.

2.3.3 Unburned combustible loss:

Unburned combustible losses are efficiency losses from incomplete combustion of fuel in
the boiler. This is primarily measured in the form of carbon residue in the ash, but it also
includes carbon monoxide (CO) production. These losses are generally influenced by both fuel
properties (fuel volatility) and operations practices (excess air level, fuel fineness, and the like).
It is important to note that unburned combustible loss is not the same as loss-on-ignition (LOI),
as unburned combustible loss is an energy loss, whereas LOI is calculated on a mass basis in the
ash. Due to incomplete combustion flue gas consists of high amount of carbon monoxide ans
other major pollutants.

2.3.4 Radiation And Convection loss:

Utility boilers are enormous equipment systems, with numerous penetrations for tubes
and instruments, and a very large surface area exposed to the environment. As a result, no matter
how well-designed the insulation is and how diligent plant personnel are in fixing air leaks,
energy will still be lost via radiation and convection.

2.3.5 Margin And Unknown Losses:

Due to the large size and complexity of the boiler, it is often not practical to measure
every single possible source of energy loss from the power plant. As a result, a margin or
unknown loss value is typically used to estimate these losses. Typical values range from 0.5%
to 2.0%. When all of these efficiency losses are taken into account, a typical utility boiler can
utilize fuel energy with an efficiency ranging from 83% to 91%.

2.4 NEED FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PF BOILERS

A more efficient power plant uses less coal, has lower emissions, and experiences lower
variable costs. Great River Energys Coal Creek Station has demonstrated that by recycling
low-grade waste heat with Dry Fining, it can reduce emissions, including CO2, and improve
plant performance when burning wet coal.
Making efficiency improvements at existing power plants is an effective and economic way
of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
For a typical pulverized coalfired plant, a 1% increase in net unit efficiency results in a
2.7% reduction in CO2 emissions, at constant power output.
To put this efficiency increase into perspective, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
in one of its options for meeting statewide power sector greenhouse gas emission reduction
goals in the proposed Clean Power Plan, targets an average 6% improvement in net unit heat
rate of coal-fired generating units, which is approximately a 2.7% improvement in net unit
efficiency for a coal fleet with an average heat rate of 10,000 Btu/kWh.
As the power demand increases the best possible way to fill gap between demand and
supply is that adopting efficient technologies to increase the efficiency of the current plants
so that demand is faced and large amount of coal consumption is reduced.

2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENCY IN PF BOILERS

The following are the key factors to control efficiency
1. Flue gas temperature (Stack temperature)
2. Fuel specification
3. Excess air
4. Ambient air temperature
5. Radiation and convection losses
6. Age

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

In article [1], M. Manickam and his team modelled a waste heat recovery boiler utilizing
typical plant off-gas consisting of both gaseous and particulate combustibles. The model allows
the calculation of temperatures of gas and particles within the boiler and hence the likelihood of
deposition onto the boiler walls. The model was applied to a typical waste heat boiler geometry,
and a typical off-gas composition including a mixture of combustibles (char) and noncombustible particulates. Mixing in the burner region, char burnout and char particle temperature
were analyzed using the model. Combustion stability was also studied using a simple Eddy
break-up model which accounts for combustion kinetics and the results compared with a Mixedis-burnt model.
In journal [2] Iterative technique and finite element simulation for supplemental condition
monitoring of water-tube boiler. In this paper a new supplemental method for condition
monitoring of water-tube boiler (superheater and reheater) through iterative technique and finite
element simulation is proposed. The method is utilizing the empirical formula for estimating
scale thickness developed on the inner surface of the tube over period of time. An iterative
procedure is carried out to determine the average temperature in the tube as scale thickness on
the inner surface increases. Different heat transfer parameters governing the problem are used
and evaluated. The results obtained by using the proposed method are verified with the actual
data of the available reports. Examples on failure analysis of the boiler tube utilizing the
proposed technique are presented. The method may provide better estimation, provided that all
the heat transfer parameters are well specified by the HRSG operators.
[3] P. J. Edge and his team of scholars created a semi-detailed 1D process model for steam
generation in a natural circulation boiler(thermosyphon loop) and is linked to a detailed 3D
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the coal-fired furnace. The CFD model has been
validated against typical data from a 500 MWe subcritical power plant. The heat flux distribution
data from the CFD model are regressed into a function of height and used to drive the process
model. The complex physics occurring in the furnace are coupled with the thermosyphon steam
loop, resulting in circulation flows of around 4 times the feed flow. The steam side heat transfer
coefficients are predicted in the process model and so the overall heat transfer coefficient for use

in the CFD simulation can be re-evaluated as a function of height. The recalculated heat flux
distribution is almost identical to the original, because the dominant resistance to heat flow is on
the furnace side.
Brundaban Patro studied the combination tube boilers, as applicable to commercial use,
along with the significant features, limitations, and applicability in his [4] article Efficiency
studies of combination tube boilers. A heat balance sheet is prepared to know the various heat
losses in two different two-pass combination tube boilers, using low grade coal and rice husk as
a fuel. Also, the efficiency of the combination tube boilers is studied by the direct and heat loss
methods. It is observed that the dry flue gas loss is a major loss in the combination tube boilers.
The loss due to the unburnt in the fly ash is very less in the combination tube boilers, due to the
surrounded membrane wall. It is also observed that the loss due to the unburnt in the bottom ash
has a considerable amount for the heat loss, and cannot be ignored.
[5] Hasan Huseyin Erdem and his team of scholars comparatively studied the
performance of nine thermal power plants under control governmental bodies in Turkey, from
energetic and exergetic viewpoint. The considered power plants are mostly conventional reheat
steam power plant fed by low quality coal. Firstly, thermodynamic models of the plants are
developed based on first and second law of thermodynamics. Secondly, some energetic
simulation results of the developed models are compared with the design values of the power
plants in order to demonstrate the reliability. Thirdly, design point performance analyses based
on energetic and exergetic performance criteria such as thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency,
exergy loss, exergetic performance coefficient are performed for all considered plants in order to
make comprehensive evaluations. Finally, by means of these analyses, the main sources of
thermodynamic inefficiencies as well as reasonable comparison of each plant to others are
identified and discussed. As a result, the outcomes of this study can provide a basis used for
plant performance improvement for the considered coal-fired thermal power plants.
In the study[6], the energy and exergy analysis of Al-Hussein power plant in Jordan is
presented. The primary objectives of this paper are to analyze the system components separately
and to identify and quantify the sites having largest energy and exergy losses. In addition, the
effect of varying the reference environment state on this analysis will also be presented. The
performance of the plant was estimated by a component wise modeling and a detailed break-up
of energy and exergy losses for the considered plant has been presented. Energy losses mainly

occurred in the condenser where 134MW is lost to the environment while only 13 MW was lost
from the boiler system. The percentage ratio of the exergy destruction to the total exergy
destruction was found to be maximum in the boiler system (77%) followed by the turbine (13%),
and then the forced draft fan condenser (9%). In addition, the calculated thermal efficiency based
on the lower heating value of fuel was 26% while the exergy efficiency of the power cycle was
25%. For a moderate change in the reference environment state temperature, no drastic change
was noticed in the performance of major components and the main conclusion remained the
same; the boiler is the major source of irreversibilities in the power plant. Chemical reaction is
the most significant source of exergy destruction in a boiler system which can be reduced by
preheating the combustion air and reducing the airfuel ratio.
In a article Thermodynamic analysis of an existing coal-fired power plant for district
heating/cooling application[7], a conventional coal-fired power plant, which is only designed
for electricity generation, 2/3 of fuel energy is wasted through stack gases and cooling water of
condensers. This waste energy could be recovered by trigeneration; modifying the plants in order
to meet district heating/cooling demand of their locations. In this paper, thermodynamical
analysis of trigeneration conversion of a public coal-fired power plant, which is designed only
for electricity generation, has been carried out. Waste heat potentials and other heat extraction
capabilities have been evaluated. Best effective steam extraction point for district heating/cooling
system; have been identified by conducting energetic and exergetic performance analyses.
Analyses results revealed that the low-pressure turbine inlet stage is the most convenient point or
steam extraction for the plant analyzed.
S. Srikanth and his team studied [8], The failures of boiler tubes due to fireside corrosion
in a waste heat recovery boiler utilizing the exhaust gas of a gas turbine fired with high-speed
diesel has been analyzed in the journal Analysis of failure in boiler tubes due to fireside
corrosion in a waste heat recovery boiler. Deposits from the various zones of the boiler were
collected and characterized by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray
diffraction. Thermodynamic modeling studies were carried out to study the interaction of the flue
gas with the various components of the boiler. The high corrosion propensity and consequent
failures in the low temperature sections of the boiler were found to be directly related to the
formation of hydrated ferric sulfate in these regions.

In the journal [9]Analysis of superheater boiler tubes failed through Non-linear heating
Rajat K. and his team analyzed, The failure of two superheater tubes (T1&T2) is analyzed in the
present investigation. The tubes are fractured perpendicular to tube length and bowed down
towards the fire side without any brittleness, as examined through naked eye as well as tensile
testing. There is no material loss from inside of tubes. Outer surface wall is thinned down by
erosion and corrosion mechanism through fly ash deposits. Subsequently, the non-linear heating
leads the catastrophic failure after short service period.
[10]Pawel Madejski and his team of scholars have studied the temperature and stress
distribution of superheaters tubes after attemperation or soot blower activation and found results
as below Superheaters are characterized by high metal temperatures due to higher steam
temperature and low heat transfer coefficients on the tube inner surfaces. Superheaters have
especially difficult operating conditions, particularly during attemperator and sootblower
activations, when temperature and steam flow rate as well as tube wall temperature change with
time. A detailed thermo-mechanical analysis of the superheater tubes makes it possible to
identify the cause of premature high-temperature failures and aids greatly in the changes in
tubing arrangement and improving start-up technology. This paper presents a thermal and
strength analysis of a tube double omega, used in the steam superheaters in CFB boilers.
In a research paper[11] A research of simplified method in boiler efficiency test by Tai
Lv, the ultimate analysis of the coal have been done in order to test the boiler efficiency by
traditional method. However, it is so costly and so long that it is impossible to test boiler
efficiency frequently. However, it is much easier to make proximate analysis of coal, and most
enterprise may operate. In this paper, a mathematics model has been established based on
proximate analysis so as to replace ultimate analysis of coal in boiler efficiency testing.
Theoretical air requirement, heat loss due to exhaust gas, and heat loss due to unburned gases
were compared by this new model. Errors are no more than 5%, and it shows that the method is
feasible and valid.
Sowjanya Vijipurapu and his team applied CFD method for the coal/air balancing in the
thermal power plant[12] and found that Unbalanced coal/air flow in the pipe systems of coalfired power plants will lead to non-uniform combustion in the furnace, and hence a overall lower
efficiency of the boiler. A common solution to this problem is to put orifices in the pipe systems
to balance the flow. It is well known that if the orifices are sized to balance clean air flow to

individual burners connected to a pulverizer, the coal/air flow would still be unbalanced and vice
versa. However, the current power industry practice throughout the world is to size orifices for
balancing the clean air flow and accept the resulting imbalance in coal/air flow. Field tests are
mostly conducted to verify a balanced clean air flow. It is now proposed to size the orifices for
balancing the coal/air flow and then calculate the unbalanced clean air flow distribution to be
known as the tailored clean air flow. Commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) code CFX was used to simulate the complex flows in the piping systems in a power plant.
The two-phase modelling technique was employed to estimate the pressure drop coefficients.
with both clean air and coal/air flows in order to size the orifices. The results indicate that the
pressure drop is strongly dependent on the piping system geometry. With this proposed method,
field tests can be conducted to correspond with the tailored clean air flow, and the coal/air flow
balancing would be achieved.

4.ENERGY AUDIT

4.1 EFFICIENCY TEST

4.1.1 Efficiency test will be done as per (BS EN12952-15:2003 Heat loss method)
i. No Heat credit will be considered.
ii. Loss due to un-burnt carbon - The un-burnt carbon loss for the steam generator
efficiency to be taken as at least 1.5% or actual, which ever is higher.
iii. Excess air-20%(minimum) at TMCR load.
iv. Flue gas temperature(corrected) at AH outlet at 100% TMCR 125 oC.
4.1.2 Efficiency test will be done at 100 % TMCR (500MW).
4.1.3 Test will be done as per the heat loss method based on gross calorific value.
4.1.4 Following heat losses are to be considered
i.

Un-burnt carbon loss

ii.

Heat loss due to hydrogen in fuel

iii.

Heat loss due to moisture in fuel

iv.

Heat loss due to moisture In air

v.

Heat loss due to carbon monoxide

vi.

Heat loss due to radiation

vii.

Heat loss to sensible heat of ash and radiation through furnace bottom hopper.

4.1.5 Heat loss due to radiation will be measured based on BS EN 12952 15:2003 Code.
The calculation of heat loss due to radiation based on design heat duty and guaranteed
boiler efficiency. This value is taken for the calculation of boiler efficiency.
4.1.6 Efficiency test will consist of basically one run of 4 hours duration. Test will be conducted
after optimization of the boiler. Prior to the stabilization period, unit operation will be adjusted to
required parameters.
4.1.7 Four hours prior to actual commencement of test, all wall blowers and soot blowers will be
operated to keep the surface clean. Test shall commence after allowing 4 hours of stabilization
period after soot blowing operation.
4.1.8 For maintaining 20% excess air, O2 will be maintained at 3.5 % at economizer outlet based
on multi-grid local measurement. Gas dampers at air heater will be modulated to equalize gas
temperature.

4.2 DESIGN PARAMETER (PF Boilers)

4.2.1 Fuel Analysis

S.

CONTENTS

S. No.

ADB

CONTENTS

Total
Value(%)

NO.
1.

Fixed Carbon

27%

2.

Volatile Matter

23%

1.

Carbon

36.7

2.

Hydrogen

3.3

3.

Sulphur

.3

4.

Nitrogen

.8

3.

Moisture

14%

4.

Ash

36%

5.

Oxygen

8.52

5.

GCV

3700

6.

Carbonates

.3

kcal/kg

7.

Phosphorus

.05

25mm

8.

Moisture

14

9.

Ash

36

6.

Size
Proximate analysis

Ultimate Analysis

4.2.2 Flue Gas Analysis

S. No.

Contents

Total
value(%)

1.

O2

5.80

2.

CO2

13.6

CO

3.

S. No.

1.

Ambient
Relative
Temperature Humidity(RH)
(Ta)
27oc
Ambient Condition

4.

N2

80.6

Flue Gas Analysis Report

76oc

4.3 TEST PARAMETER (PF Boilers)

4.3.1 Fuel Analysis

S.
NO.

CONTENTS

ADB

S.
No.

CONTENTS

Total
Value(%)

1.

Fixed Carbon

28.60%

1.

Carbon

36.33

2.

Volatile Matter

25.23%

2.

Hydrogen

4.25

3.

Moisture

7%

3.

Sulphur

.36

4.

Ash

38.34%

4.

Nitrogen

.65

5.

Oxygen

7.32

5.

GCV

3700
kcal/kg

6.

Carbonates

.32

25mm

7.

Phosphorus

.09

8.

Moisture

12.75

9.

Ash

38.34

6.

Size
Proximate analysis

4.3.2 Flue Gas Analysis

S. No.

Contents Total
value(%)

1.

O2

5.80

2.

CO2

13.6

3.

CO

4.

N2

80.6

Flue Gas Analysis Report

Ultimate Analysis

S. No.

Ambient
Temperature
(Ta)

Relative
Humidity(RH)

1.

27oc

76oc

Ambient Condition