Introduction to CMIS 565 Module 0

Course Objectives In this course you learn to:

Identify various components of the Oracle architecture.

Start up and shut down an Oracle database .

Create an operational database.

Manage Oracle control files, redo log files, datafiles, tablespaces, segments, extents, and
blocks.

Manage users, privileges, and resources.

Perform basic backup and recovery operations.

Implement network connectivity.

This lesson introduces you to Oracle 11g Edition and the tasks of a Database Administrator.

The Oracle11g Enterprise Edition

The Oracle11g Enterprise Edition is an Object-Relational Database Management System
designed for Grid Computing.

A Grid architecture is composed of pools of servers, storage, and networks

Goal: a flexible architecture to meet on-demand computing needs.

Example: Different applications can run on a grid of linked database servers when
demand increases, a DBA can provision more servers to an application that demands
more resources.

Grid computing focuses on high performance and scalability.

Oracle Database software enables grid computing with the following characteristics:

Performance and scalability: Implemented through low cost hardware clusters, like
Itanium and Linux.

Reliability: Continuous availability of data and applications through Oracle Data Guard.

Security and privacy: security features to share enterprise grid resources while
maintaining privacy and security.

Self-management:
o Oracle infrastructure automates many functions.
o A single DBA can manage hundreds of servers through Oracle Enterprise
Manager (OEM) Cloud Control.

Distributed computing: Oracle has advanced integration features that allow applications
and data to run anywhere in the network.

How does Grid Differ from Cluster?

Cluster a technology used to create a grid infrastructure.

Clusters have static resources for specific applications for specific owners.

Grids can consist of multiple clusters.

Grids have dynamic resource pools shareable among applications and users.

Grid does not require all severs in a grid to run the same set of applications.

Oracle Software Components used to build a Grid include:

Oracle Real Application Clusters

o RAC is a cluster database with shared cache architecture that runs on multiple
servers.
o Servers are attached through a cluster interconnect and shared storage subsystem.
o A RAC database appears like a single database to system users.
o All standard backup and recovery tools work transparently with RAC.
o All SQL operations are identical for RAC versus a standard Oracle database.

Automatic Storage Management

o Simplifies management of Oracle database files.
o ASM requires the management of disk groups as opposed to individual files.

Oracle Scheduler enables scheduling business and IT tasks (jobs).

Oracle Streams
o Enables streaming data between databases, nodes, or blade farms in a grid so it can
be shared easily.
o Can keep two or more copies of data in sync as updates are applied.

Oracle Transportable Tablespaces

o Allows Oracle datafiles to be unplugged from a database, moved/copied to a new
location and plugged into another database.
o Supports simultaneous mounting of read-only tablespaces by two or more
databases.

Oracle Data Guard

o Allows a primary database to automatically failover to a standby database.
o Allows multiple standby databases.
o Failover can be to servers running different operating systems, e.g., LINUX and
Windows.

Types of Database Users

Database Administrators:
o Installing and upgrading the Oracle Database server and application tools
Database Upgrade Assistant (DBUA)
Download/install software patches (patch releases) from Oracle Support
o Allocating system storage and planning future storage requirements for the
database system
o Creating primary database storage structures (tablespaces) after application
developers have designed an application
o Creating primary objects (tables, views, indexes) once application developers have
designed an application
o Modifying the database structure, as necessary, from information given by
application developers
o Enrolling users and maintaining system security
o Ensuring compliance with Oracle license agreements
o Controlling and monitoring user access to the database
o Monitoring and optimizing the performance of the database (Tuning)
o Planning for backup and recovery of database information
o Maintaining archived data on tape (or disk)
o Backing up and restoring the database
Backup using Recovery Manager (RMAN) software
Recover with RMAN
o Contacting Oracle for technical support

Network Administrators: administers Oracle networking products, such as Oracle

Net Services.

Application Developers:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Designing and developing the database application

Designing the database structure for an application
Estimating storage requirements for an application
Specifying modifications of the database structure for an application
Relaying this information to a database administrator
Tuning the application during development
Establishing security measures for an application during development

Database Users:
o Database users interact with the database through applications or utilities

o Entering, modifying, and deleting data, where permitted

o Generating reports from the data

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Primary means of communicating with the database is SQL.

Direct communication - command-line use of SQL statements.

Indirect communication - through Oracle Enterprise Manager web interface.

Direct communication - through SQL Developer software.

SQL*Plus Used To:

Start up and shut down the database

Set database initialization parameters

Create and manage users

Create and alter database objects (such as tables and indexes)

Insert and update data

Run SQL queries, and more.

Identifying an Oracle Database Software Release Version

The release numbering scheme is explained in this figure.

Major Database Release Number a general version identifier.

Database Maintenance Release Number some new features may be included in this
release.

Fusion Middleware Release Number reflects the release level of the Oracle Application
Server (OracleAS).

Component-Specific Release Number different components can have different numbers

in this position depending upon things such as component patch sets or interim releases.

Platform-Specific Release Number usually this is a patch set so when different

platforms require equivalent software patch sets, this digit will be the same across the
platforms.

This query of the data dictionary view PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION will display

release information for the current installation of the DBORCL database note that this is an
Oracle Version 10g database.

COL PRODUCT FORMAT A40

COL VERSION FORMAT A10
COL STATUS FORMAT A16
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION;

PRODUCT
STATUS
------------------------------------------------------NLSRTL
Production
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition
64bit Production
PL/SQL
Production
TNS for Linux:
Production

VERSION
---------11.2.0.3.0
11.2.0.3.0
11.2.0.3.0
11.2.0.3.0

Database Administrator Account

Each DBA in a LINUX or UNIX or Windows environment needs a privileged account.

In LINUX this can be accomplished by assigning you to the DBA group for security privilege
purposes.

Two special accounts are created as part of every Oracle database SYS and SYSTEM.

SYS the SYS account is automatically granted a role named DBA.

DBA Role a role that contains most database system privileges.

SYS owns all base tables and views of the database data dictionary.

As an individual DBA, you should never directly modify any tables/views owned by
SYS.

Only DBAs should be able to connect to an Oracle database using the SYS account.

SYSTEM this account is used to create additional tables/views used for database
administration.

DBA Role:

A predefined DBA role is automatically created with every Oracle Database installation.

This role contains most database system privileges.

Only allocate this role to a DBA.

SYSDBA and SYSOPER System Privileges: Special administrative privileges.

Allow creating databases

Allow startup/shutdown an oracle database instance

The DBA role does not include these privileges.

These accounts, roles, and privileges will be covered in more detail in later note sets.

Course Focus
This course focuses on basic database administrator tasks and teaches the Oracle architecture in
detail. Database backup, recovery, network administration, and database tuning are only briefly
covered. These topics are covered in detail in courses offered through Oracle Corporation as
follows:

Backup and recovery in Oracle11g Database Administration Fundamentals II

Network administration in Oracle11g Database Administration Fundamentals II

Database tuning in Oracle11g Database Performance Tuning

Oracle Certification
The certification links change constantly. The current certification link is the Oracle University
Certification Program:
http://education.oracle.com/pls/web_prod-plq-dad/db_pages.getpage?
page_id=39&p_org_id=1001

END OF NOTES