NASA

Contractor

Report

A Generalized
Method

for

Subsonic

Supersonic

Luis

R.

and

William

Vortex

Flow

Miranda,

Robert

M.

2865

Lattice
and

Applications

D.

Elliott,

Baker
,8
J

CONTRACT

NAS

DECEMBER

1977

N/ /X

1-12972

NASA

Contractor

Report

A Generalized
Method

for

Supersonic

Luis

R.

and

William

Prepared

Subsonic
Flow

Miranda,
M.

Lockheed-California
Burbank,

Vortex

Robert

for

National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
Scientific end Technical
Information Office
1977

D.

Company

Langley
Research
Center
under Contract
NAS1-12972

Lattice
and

Applications

Baker

California

2865

Elliott,

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST

OF

SUMMARY

ILLUSTRATIONS

iv

.........................

...............................

INTRODUCTION
THEOP_TICAL

DISCUSSION

The

.............................

Basic

........................

Equations

.......................

Extension
to Supersonic
Flow
The Skewed-Horseshoe
Vortex

.................
.................

Modeling
of Lifting
Surfaces
with Thickness
..........
Modeling
of Fusiform
Bodies ...................
Computation
of Sideslip
Effects .................
THE

GENERALIZED

VORTEX

LATTICE

METHOD

.................

18

18

Description
of Computational
Method ...............
Numeric 8.1 Considerations
....................
COMPARISON

WITH

CONCLUDING

REMARKS

APPENDIX

THE

VORLAX

INPUT

CARD

PROGRAM

USER'S
FOR

IMAGE

OUTPUT

HARDWARE
PROGRAM-

AND

EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

........

MANUAL
SUBSONIC

FOR A GENERALIZED
VORTEX
LATTICE
AND SUPERSONIC
FLOW APPLICATIONS

PROGRAM

METHOD
......

....................

INSTRUCTIONS

.....................

4o

DESCRIPTION

.....................

46

FOR

SYSTEMS

UNIFIED

37
39

61

THE

EFFICIENT

USE

OF THE

VORLAX

PROGRAM

....

COMPLETE
PROGRAM
COMPILATION
AND EXECUTION
FOR A
GENERALIZED
VORTEX
LATTICE
METHOD
FOR SUBSONIC
AND
SUPERSONIC
FLOW APPLICATIONS
..............

AND

21
22

............................

RECOMMENDATIONS
ApPENDIX

THEORIES

2O

.........................

COM.VJTER

PRACTICAL
INPUT

OTHER

3
5
9
14
15
17

LATTICE

METHOD

97
99

.......................

VORTEX

sUPERSONIC
FLOW

93

FOR

SUBSONIC

AND

.....................
iii

i01

Page
APPENDIX
C WAVEDRAGTO VORLAX
INPUTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(WDTVOR).. .

249

SUMMARY
...............................

251

INTRODUCTION
............................

251

NOMENCLATURE
............................

253

PROCEDURE
.............................

253

PROGRAM
- WAVEDRAGTOVORLAZ
INPUTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(WDTVOR)
....

279

APPENDIX
D VORLAX
TO WAVE
DRAGINFCTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(VORTWD).. .

327

SUMMARY
..............................

329

INTRODUCTION
............................

329

NOMENCLATURE
...........................

33O

PROCEDURE
..............................

331

PROGRAM
- VORLAX
TOWAVEDRAGINPUTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(VORTWD)
....

341

REFERENCES
...........................

371

_.v

LIST

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure
I

Page
Definition
of
of principal

integration
regions
for
part .....................

Sweptback

Modeling

Vortex

Modeling

Conventional

Lattice

Generalized
vortex
lattice
model of
configuration
.......................

10

horseshoe
of

thick

lattice
of

vortex
wing

with

geometry

for

23
24

horseshoe

vortices

with

for

horseshoe

analysis

analysis

26

vortices

of wing

of wing

in

in

sideslip

and
31

drsg-due-to-lift
32
loading

for

delta

12

Theoretical
comparison
of chordwise
loading
rectangular
wing
.....................

for

sweptback

Theoretical

of chordwise

of pressure

ellipsoids
at zero angle of
flow .......................
A-I

Control

A-2

Modeling

A-3

Vortex

A-4

Modeling

A-5

VORLAX

surface

nomenclature

of thick
lattice
of
case

wing

fusiform
data

deck

body

in

on

incompressible

vortices

horseshoe

.......

vortices

setup .................

36
4l
42
44

.................
with

33

35

' ....

horseshoe

on

...............

with

collocation

distribution

attack

wing

34

with experimental
pressure
distribution
model
at Math = 0.5 ...............
comparison

29

3O

Theoretical

14

28

wing-body

Theoretical
comparison
of arrow-wing
factor
..........................

Comparison
wing-body

. .

......

Ii

13

27

......
sideslip

Theoretical
comparison
of arrow-wing
lift slope
aerodynamic
center
location ................

comparison

25

.....

.................

body

approaches

computation

.................

collocation

fusiform

the

......

45
47

Figure
A-6

A7

Page
Generalized
vortex
lattice
model of wing
configuration
.......................

body

49

Vortex
lattice
panel representation
for
engine
fighter
......................

C-I

Typical

WAVE

C-2

Graphic

representation

C-3

Listing

of

C-4

Result
of
dataset

C-5

Plot

C-6

Result
back

of

DRAG

format

output

of WAVE

dataset

C-4

of converting
to WAVE DRAG

C-8

Converted

dataset

before

C-9

Converted

dataset

after

C-II

Portion

figure

of

C-6

dataset
of

D-I

VORLAX

D-2

WAVE

D-3

Planform

D-4

Isometric

dataset

.........

259

format

.........

26O

plot
plot

from

with

format

.................

dataset

edited

output

dataset
DRAG

DRAG

257

flat fuselage
dataset
format
.................

Plot

Plot

..............

in VORLAX

dataset

C-7

C-IO

95

converting
circular
fuselage
VORLAX
back to WAVE DRAG format
.............

figure

of

dataset

twin

from
from

for

editing
for

for

smarts

figure

VORLAY
VORL_[

submittal

submittal

figure

26_3

................
editing

dataset

16o

to VORLAX
included

resulting

from

D-2

vi

run

to VO_qL_Y

cards

D-2

run

dataset
dataset

......

269

....

27?-

.......

276

.........

277

..........
conversion

..........
...........

33_
.....

336
338
339

A GENERALIZED
VORTEX
LATTICE
AND SUPERSONIC
FLOW
Luis

METHOD
FOR
APPLICATIONS

SUBSONIC

R. Miranda,
Robert
D. Elliott,
and William
Lockheed-California
Company

M.

Baker

SUMMARY

A vortex
is described.

lattice
method
applicable
It is shown that if the

to both
discrete

subsonic
and supersonic
flow
vortex
lattice
is considered

as an approximation
to the surface-distributed
vorticity,
then the concept
of
the generalized
principal
part of an integral
yields
a residual
term to the
vorticity-induced
velocity
field.
The proper
incorporation
of this term to
the velocity
field generated
by the discrete
vortex
lines renders
the present
vortex
lattice
method
valid
for supersonic
flow.
Special
techniques
for
simulating
nonzero
thickness
lifting
surfaces
and fusiform
bodies
with vortex
lattice
elements
are included.
Thickness
effects
of wing-like
components
are
simulated
by a double
(biplanar)
vortex
lattice
layer,
and fusiform
bodies
are represented
by a vortex
grid arranged
on a series
of concentrical
cylindrical
surfaces.
The analysis
of sideslip
effects
by the subject
method
is
described.
Numerical
considerations
peculiar
to the application
of these
techniques
are also discussed.
A summary
comparison
of the results
obtained
by the method
of this report
with other theoretical
and experimental
results
is presented.
This method
has been implemented
in a digital
computer
code
identified
as VORLAX.
A users manual
for the VORLAX
program
is contained
in
Appendix
A.
A complete
Fortran
compilation
and executed
case are contained
in
Appendix
B.
Appendices
C and D describe
input conversion
programs
useful
for
transforming
input between
the VORLAX
and NASA Wave Drag programs.

INTRODUCTION

The
presently
tools
for
urations.

several

versions

or

variations

of

the

vortex

lattice

method

that

are

available
have proven
to be very practical
and versatile
theoretical
the aerodynamic
analysis
and design
of planar
and nonplanar
configThe success
of the method
is due in great part to the relative

simplicity
of the numerical
techniques
involved,
and to the high accuracy,
within
the limitations
of the basic theory,
of the results
obtained.
But
most of the work on vortex
lattice
methods
appears
to have concentrated
on
subsonic
flow application.
The applicability
of the basic
techniques
of
vortex
lattice
theory
to supersonic
flow has been largely
ignored.
The method
presented
herein
allows
the direct
extension
of vortex
lattice
techniques
to
supersonic
Mach numbers.
The equations
allowing
this extended
application
are
derived
in the next section
starting
from the first order vector
equations
governing
inviscid
compressible
flow.
case of a skewed-horseshoe
vortex
with
sonic horseshoe.

They are then applied

to the particular
special
attention
given to the super-

In the following theoretical discussion, the basic arguments involved in

the simulation of thickness and volume effects by vortex lattice elements are
presented. This particular modeling of the above effects represents an alternative, with somewhatreduced computational requirements, to the method of
quadrilateral vortex rings (refs. 1 and 2). The simulation of thickness and
volume effects makespossible the computation of the surface pressure distribution on wing-body configurations.
The fact that this can be done without
having to resort to additional types of singularities,
such as sources,
results in a simpler digital computer code.

THEORETICAL
DISCUSSION
The Basic Equations

Ward has shown, (ref. 3), that the small-perturbation,

linearized flow
of an inviscid compressible fluid is governed by the three first order vector
equations:

v = %

V.

-.-Q,

(l)

on the assumption
that the vorticity
_and
the source
intensity
Q are known
functions
of the point whose position
vector
is R.
The vector_
is the
perturbation
velocity
with orthogonal
Cartesian
components
u, v, and w, and
is a constant
symmetrical
tensor
that for orthogonal
Cartesian
coordinates
with the x-axis
aligned
with the freestream
direction
has the form

[2 j
i - M

q'

where

M_

is the

__

freestreamMach

number.

If

82

= I-M2,

has the components_

= 82 u T + v _+
w-k.
This
by Robinson
(ref. 4), who called
it the "reduced
denotes
the total velocity
vector,
i.e., _ = (u_
the fluid density,
then it can be shown that for
flow
p _

= p_ u--_+ p_

+ higher

(2)

order

then

the

vector_

vector
was first introduced
current
velocity".
If_
+u)
T + v _ + w_,
and p
irrotational
and homentropic

terms

(3)

where
the subscript
_ indicates
the value of the quantity
at upstream
e.g., u_ = u_ i.
Therefore,
to a linear
approximation,
the vector_
directly
related
to the perturbation
mass flux as follows:

infinity,
is

(4)
The second
source-free

equation
of (1), i.e., the continuity
condition,
flows (Q = 0), w is a conserved
quantity.

shows

that

for

Ward has integrated

the three first order vector
equations
directly
without
having
to resort
to an auxiliary
potential
_anctlon.
He obtained
two different
solutions
for V (R), depending
on whether
82 is positive
(subsonic
flow),
or negative
(supersonic
flow).
These two solutions
can be combined
formally
into a single
expression
if the following
convention
is used:
K = 2

for

_2

> 0

for

B2

< 0

R,

= 1

= Real

part

of {(X-Xl)2

1/2
+ _2_y-yl)2

+ (Z-Sl)2]}
3

= Finite part of integral

and 6).
The resulting
whose

position

solution

vector

is

) =

R1

as defined by Hadamard(refs.

for the perturbation

= x1

+ Yl

- 2--_

+ Zl

"

k,

velocity

_ at the point

is

by

RB

given

dS

dS

R - RI
R3

2_K
S

<
+ 2--_

dV

2wK

dV

(5)

R3

This formula
determines
the value of V within
the region
V bounded
by
the surface
S.
The vector _ is the unit outward
(from the region
V) normal
to the surface
S.
Furthermore,
it is understood
that for supersonic
flow
only those parts of V and S lying within
the domain
of dependence
(Mach
forecone)
For

of the

point

source-free

R I are
(Q_O)_

to be

included

irrotational

i_n the
(_0)

integration.

flow,

equation

(5)

reduces

to

n w

2_K

dS +

82

]J

s
This
on S,

is a relation

but-these

two

R-RI
R-f- dS (6)

s
between

quantities

inside

cannot

S and

the

be specified

values

of n.w

independently

and _

<-v

on S.

To determine
the source-free,
irrotational
flow about an arbitrary
body
B by means
of equation
(6), assume
that the surface
S coincides
with the
wetted
surface
of the body, with any trailing
wake that it may have, and with
a sphere
of infinite
radius
enclosing
the body and the whole
flow field about
it,

body,
the

namely,

S = SB

+S W

+ S

This surface
S divides
the space
and Vi internal
to it.
Applying
integrals

over

S_

converge

to

zero,

into two
equation
the

regions,
V e external
to the
(6) to both V e and Vi, since

following

expression

is obtained:

= 2wKl

A _

SB

where
N = Hi=
positive
from

(R)

V 1
R_

-he
the

dS

L
- 2wK

{Nx

AV(R)}

SB

+ SW

or wake as the
body,
A _ --We

A q = Ve - vi.
Here the subscripts
designate
the values
the corresponding
face of S.
The first surface
integral
as representing
the contribution
of a source
distribution
A _, while the second
surface
integral
gives
city distribution
of surface
density
N A V.

the

If the boundary
condition
of zero mass flux
is applied
to both external
and internal
flows

through

N.
then the
uniquely

=_

(P_o

+ P_)

. A w
by

= 0 exists

= N

In order to
supersonic
flow,

generated
process,

A V

surface

over

is the

SB

+ SW,

and

the

flow

SB

field

+ SW

surface

filament,
as
(9) instead

a vortex
filament
result
being

is

(9)

x R-RI

vorticity

to

Supersonic

density.

Flow

extend
the application
of the vortex
lattice
method
it is essential
to consider
the fundamental
element

the vortex
expression
by
the

the

of a vorti-

+ Sw

Extension

method,
integral

contribution

(8)

SB
_ (R)

of the quantities
on
can be considered
of surface
density

= 0

--

where

case may be,

- w--i,and

:N.

condition
determined

(7)

dS

R3j

+ SW

is the unit normal

to the body,
interior
to the exterior
of the

0 _e

a numerical
approximation
of a real physical
entity.
can

be

obtained

by a

to
of

scheme
to the
The velocity

straightforward

the
field

limiting

(lo)
c

where

['=

lim

V.

7-_oo
6-8 is a dimension
classical
vortex

normal
to V, and d_ is the
lattice
method,
applicable

d_stance
only to

element
subsonic

along
flow,

Y.
the

In the
vorti-

city distribution
over the body and the wake,
i.e., over
is replaced
by a suitable
arrangement
of vortex
filaments
fields are everywhere
determined
by equation
(lO).
This

the surface
S B + SW,
whose velocity
procedure
is no

longer
appropriate
for
to go back to equation
done in the following.

case, it is necessary
to it.
This is

supersonic
flow.
(9) and to derive

For this latter

an approximation

If the surface
S B + SW, which defines
the body and its wake,
as being
composed
of a large number
of discrete
flat area elements
which
the surface
vorticity
density
V can be assumed
approximately
then equation
(9) can be approximated
by the following
equation:

is considered
T over
constant,

f_
/

9(RI ) = - 2nK

J=l
where
whose
crete

N is the
position
area can

R-R1
R3
Tj

total number
of discrete
area elements
T . When the point
vector
is R1 is not part of Tj, the integral
over this disbe approximated
by the mean value theorem
as follows:

R3_

Cj

where
Cj is a line in Tj parallel
to the average
direction
of V in
rj, 80"
is a distance
normal
to Cj, and d_ is the arc length
element
along Cj.
Thi@
means
that the velocity
field
induced
by a discrete
vorticity
patch
rj can
be approximated
for points
outside
of T j by some mean discrete
vortex
line
whose
strength
per unit length
is yj _T.
But if the point R1 is part of the
discrete
area
T, the integral
in equatlon
(_i) has an inherent
singularity
of the Cauchy
hype due to the fact that R = R 1 at some point within
_.
In
order to evaluate
the integral
expression
for this case, consider
a point
close to R1 but located
Just above
T by a distance
_. As indicated
in figure
l, the

area

of

integration

in

is divided

into

two

regions,

A r_

and

Ae.

Obviously,
the integral
over A __e has no Cauchy-type
singularity,
Hadamard's
finite
part concept
being sufficient
to perform
the indicated
integration.
Thus,

_x--

dS=

lim

R3_

lim
_--,.O

e-..o
A e

= lira

I(_)

+ V

d_

R_RI
R3_

_ _<

_-.._O

T-_

(13)

The last integral

in equation
(13) represents
the conventional
discrete
vortex
line contribution
whose evaluation
presents
no difficulty.
In order
to determine
the integration
denoted
by I(e) assume
that, for simplicity,
the coordinate
determined
by

system
is centered
at the point RI, and
the discrete
area T.
Then,
if y denotes

that the x-y plane

the modulus
of y,

is

(14)
,

sinA
- x cosA
-)2
Y!X2 _ B 2 (2
+ e2_

dx

dy

where
A is the angle between
the y-axis
and the direction
in , and B 2 = -8_ > 0 (supersonic
flow).
The components

of the
of the

vorticity
vector

cross
product
_ (R-RI)
= _ x R
which are not normal
to the plane of _ have
been left out of equation
(14) because,
when the limit operation
--o is
carried
out, they will vanish.
The area A is bounded
by a line parallel
to
the vorticity
direction
going through
x -(I+B)e and by the intersection
of the
Mach forecone
from the point
the integration
with respect

(o, o, s) with the

z-plane,
to x is performed
first,

,t F

ty

where

t = tan

section
=

of

the

, and
line

e2(l+RB)_2(l+B)_ty

integration

l(e)

kl,

x=ty

- x

dx

ix2_B2(y2 + 2)}3/2
-(I+B)

_2 are
-(l+B)

_(B2_t 2)

the

(_)

dy

values

of y

correspondim_

the hyperbola
then

the

finite

to

-- -B_y 2

part

of

ty (ty-(1+B)_)
B2(y2+
)Jf

z
47-

_ dy

the

+ e2"

the

yields

= 'Y cosA+

if

with
y2,

consequently,

x-

interLet

7 cosA

B2

B2_-(I+B)

_y-(B2-t2)y
y2

dy

(16)

Since
is a very sm_ll quantity,
the variation
of y in the interval
(kl, 42)
is going
to be equally
small,
and, therefore,
the quantity
within
brackets
in
the last integrand
of equation
(16) can be replaced
by a mean value and taken
outside
of the integral
sign.
The same is not true of the term 1/_-_
since
it will vary from co for y = 41, go through
finite
values
in the integration
interval,
and then again
increase
to eo for y = _.
With this in mind, and if
denotes
a mean value of y, I() can be written
as

I()

But
the

41, _2 are
polynomial

_=

--o,

Y CosA
B2

B2_-(l+B)

gt_ - (B2-t 2) _2
,,,2
2
y
+

the roots of ty-c = -B_y

denoted
by _.
Thus

2(l_2B)_2(l+B)_ty

-(B2_t

2)

y2

, i.e.,

= B__t

Introducing
this expression
for ^/--_ into (17),
the following
value for I() is obtained:

___

dy

they

are

the

" _(_l_y)(y__

and

(17)

_-

taking

roots

the

of

(18)

limit

_2
I(o)

= lira I()
-.-o

= - Y cos A
B2

dy
(19)
B2-t 2

_(41-Y)

(Y- _ )

41

plex

The integral
appearing
in equation
(19) can
variable
methods;
its value
is found to be

dy
_i 41-Y) (Y- _ )
41

be

easily

evaluated

by

com-

(20)

The contribution
within
T, induced
by
therefore
given by

of the inherent
singularity
the vorticity
patch
T, and

_2
2w

This contribution
is
physical
meaning
when
B2
of the Mach lines.
It is
(ll) and (12), that makes

lim
_

I(_)
o

to the
dented

_cosA
2

_B 2

velocity
field,
herein
byw*,
is

t2

(21)

perpendicular
to the plane of
T, and it has only
>
t 2, i.e., when the vortex
lines are swept in front
expression
(21), taken in conjunction
with equations
the vortex
lattice
method
applicable
to supersonic
flow.

The

Skewed-Horseshoe

Vortex

Velocity
fields
due to complex
vortex
curves
can be generated
by the linear
superposition
of fields
induced
by simple
vortex
geometries.
For instance,
the
velocity
field
due to a horseshoe
line vortex
can be obtained
by the addition
of
the corresponding
fields
induced
by three rectilinear
segments:
a transverse
skewed
segment,
and two trailing
leg_ figure
2.
Therefore,
the determination
of
the velocity
field due to a line vortex
segment
of constant,
but arbitrary,
sweep
is the fundamental
building
block in the formulation
of aerodynamic
influence
coefficients
of complex
three-dimensional
vortex
lattices.
Choosing
a coordinate
system

such

that

the

vortex

line

lies

vortex
contribution
to the velocity
Ls given,
in Cartesian
components,

2.-"-'_

in

the

plane

z = O,

the

conventional

at a point whose coordinates

by the following
expressions

(X_Xo)2

+ _2(

(y_yo)2

are

+ Zo2)

(Xo,

discrete
Yo'

Zo)

3/2
(22)

,v = - rZ 22 K
I

(x-x)2
(X-Xo)

2wK
F

,82

+ _2(
dy

(y_yo)2
(y-yo)

+ Zo2)

} 3/2

dx

_C
I

(x-x)2

_2(

(y_yo)2

+ Zo2)

3/2

where
rrepresents
the circulation
per
length,
and the integrations
are to be
satisfies
the conditions

Xo )2 +

(x-

_2

unit length
carried
out

((Y-

of discrete
along that

vortex
part of

line
C which

Yo )2 + Zo2). >0

and

x-x

<0

if

>i.

For the transverse

leg of the horseshoe
vortex,
the coordinate
x appearing
in equations
(22) can be expressed
as a function
of y, i.e.,
x = ty, and the
indicated
integrations
carried
out between
the limits
y = -s
and
y = +s,
figure
2.
By defining
the following
auxiliary
variables

XI

XO

+ ts

x2

x0

- ts

Yl

Yo

+ s

Y2

Yo

X*

x - ty

The resulting
formulas
transverse
rectilinear

+ 2_K
r___&z
. x *2 +

giving
vortex

1
(t2+_)

the velocity
filament
can

Zo 2

components
be written

induced
by
as follows:

I ,_,/X tXl
+ 132y1
_2
(
2+z 2 )
i2 +
Yl
o

_/X2

the

2 + _2

skewed

(Y2

+Zo

tx 2 + _2y 2
V

rz

2_K -2 + (t%_2) z2

"I

tXl

+ _2yl

.txl

+ _2yl

_/xl2 + _2 (yl%Zo2)

_/x22 _2 (y2%Zo
2)

F
r

x*

x
2_K

+
*2

(t2+_2)

Zo
2

[ _/

x 2 +
_2
1

(yl2+Zo 2

_2y2""
]
llfX2 tx2
2 + #+
,,2,2
tY 2 +Z o 2, )

In the above expressions,

the coordinates
(Xo, Yo, Zo) of the receiving
field point
are measured
with respect
to the midpoint
of the rectilinear
vortex
segment,
the x-y plane of the coordinate
system
coinciding
with the plane defined by the x-axis
and the vortex
itself.

lO
F

(23)

The case of a rectilinear

vortex
segment
of special
importance
since the trailing
legs
erally
assumed
to be parallel
to the x-axis.
become
u

parallel
to the x-axis
(t = _ ) is
of a horseshoe
vortex
are genSince
dy = 0, equations
(22)

FZo

'_2

v -

dx

{(X-Xo12+

((Y-Yo)2 + Zo21Y21

(2 I

If _he
yields

tion

vortex

,82

segment

{ (X-Xo)2

extends

from

dx
+ fl2@((y-yo)2

x = xi

to

+ Zo2 }3 /2

x = xf,

the

above

integra-

F(Y-Y2trK)

--

2wK
_ZO

LIj

(Xo-Xl)_ X+

XO

_2-

xf

X,

(2_)

((yo-y) + zo )

(Xo_Xf)2 + f12((yo_y) + Zo )

((yo_y)2

(Xo-Xf)

Cyo-y)

Zo 2

Yo
(yo-y)

stream
the

_2

Z 2)

{,
2 x
+ I_2

For a conventional
horseshoe
vortex
whose
infinity,
equations
(25) would
give the

following

xf
((yo-y)

Zo2)

trailing
legs stretch
to
contribution
of the port

downleg with

substitutions
x.

if

xO

M_<I

XI

xf

----

4-_ 2

((Yo+S) 2 +

zO 2)

i,f

M.

>I

ts

--S

ii

Likewise, the contribution from the starboard trailing

by introducing the following values into equations (25)
x.1

+ts

xf

xf

x _ __132 ((Yo-S)2 + z2)

4"8

if

leg can be computed

M_<I

if

M >l

Combining
these results
with equations
(23), the formulas
defining
the
flow field
induced
by a discrete
vortex
consisting
of a skewed
segment
and two
trailing
legs parallel
to the x-axis
(the skewed-horseshoe
vortex)
are obtained.
Keeping
in mind Hadamard's
finite part concept,
and after introducing
the following
notation
2
+ _ Yl

txl
F1

=
_/Xl

2 + _2

2)

2
+ _ Y2

tx2
F2

(yl2+Zo

__
_x2

2 +

_2

(y2 2 + zo 2 )

(26)
x1
G1

=
_/- Xl 2 + _2

+ C

(M<'I:

C = i; M.

>I:

C =

O)

+ C

(M_ <i:

C = i; M.

>i:

C =

0)

(Yl 2 + Zo 2)

x2
G2

=
I

then,

12

the

x2

_2

horseshoe

(Y2

+ Zo

vortex

2)

induced

field

formulas

can

be

expressed

as follows:

u (xo, yo, Zo)

r
Zo
= + 2_--_x*2 + (t 2 + _2) z 2
o

v (xo, Yo' Zo)

F2) t

(FI
+

F
(Xo,

Yo'

Zo)

part

concept

The

finite

the

definition
A notable

of

2_K

G 1 and

[ - x *2 + (t2+

(FI

I
x

_2 ) z 2

Yl

- F2)

the

2
+ Zo

value

of

the

I
2 _ (27

Y2

Yl

*2"-- t 2
2 +
2
+ (
+ 132) z o
Yl
+

determines

Q2

G1

2w---K
Z

(Fz - F 2)

+ Zo

Y2
zo

2 GI

constant

Y2

zo

C appearing

2 G2

in

G 2.

simplification

of

equations

when the receiving

point
(Xo, Yo'
zo = 0.
First,
the values
of the
identically;
secondly,
the upwash

(27)

occurs

for

supersonic

flow

zo ) is in the plane
of the horseshoe,
namely
axialwash
and sidewash,
u and v, vanish
expression
becomes

(28

w (xo, Yo' 0)

IFI-F

G1

G2)

Equation
(28) is applicable
to both subsonic
and supersonic
flow in its present
format.
But for the supersonic
flow case, the fact that the constant
C of the
G functions
becomes
null due to the finite
part concept
allows
further
simplification
of the upwash
equation.
Introducing
the corresponding
values
of the
F and G functions,
the er)anded
version
of equation
(28) is

Yl

w (xo, Yo' O)

2wK

_g

tx I ++ 2

tx2

xl/Y 1

Yl

x2/Y 2

+
._Xl

2 + _2

Yl 2

,_x2

2 + _12 y22

+ _2y2

,.
22

Y22 ]

(29

13

Since
in factors
x
= of
Xo i (x
tYo
I _ = _yl)
Xlfinally

(x

reduces

, yo

O)

the

upwash

%/x12
tYl = +x2_2 ylty2 ],-I theandrea[rrangement
(x 2 _ tY2)
formula

F
i
- 2_----K" --_xl

Jx22
of equation
+ _2

Y22
(2i)-i

to

_Xl

Yl
Yl
2+_2

_x22

+ _
Y22
Y2 2

When the field point

(Xo, Yo' O) is within
which
is approximated
by the discrete
horseshoe
associated
with the horseshoe,
the upwash
given

(30 )

the distributed
vorticity
patch
vortex,
e.g., the control
point
by equation
(30) has to be

complemented
by the distribution
due to the generalized
principal
part of the
upwash
integral,
as given by equation
(21).
If _x is the distance,
measured
in the x-direction,
occupied
by the distributed
vorticity
which
has been
lumped
into the discrete
transverse
vortex
leg of circulation
_ the relationship between
the F of equation
(21) and the Fof
equations
(27) and (30) is
F

Modeling

of

Lifting

_cos

6x

Surfaces

(31)

with

Thickness

The method
of quadrilateral
vortex
rings placed
on the actual
body surface (ref. l) provides
a way of computing
the surface
pressure
distribution
of arbitrary
bodies
using discrete
vortex
lines only.
Numerical
difficulties
may occur when the above method
is applied
to the analysis
of airfoils
with
sharp
trailing
edges due to the close proximity
of two vortex
surfaces
of
nearly
parallel
direction.
An alternative
approach,
requiring
somewhat
less
computer
storage
and easier
to handle
numerically,
consists
in using a double,
or biplanar,
sheet of swept horseshoe
vortices
to model a lifting
surface
with thickness,
as shown schematically
in figure
3.
This constitutes
an
approximation
to the true location
of the singularities,
similar
in nature
to
the classical
lifting
surface
theory
approximation
of a cambered
sheet.
All the swept horseshoe
vortices,
and their boundary
points,
corresponding
to a given surface,
upper or lower,

condition
control
are located
in a

same plane.
The upper and lower surface
lattice
planes
are separated
by a
gap which
represents
the chordwise
average
of the airfoil
thickness
distribution.
The results
are not too sensitive
to the magnitude
of this gap; any
value
between
one half to the full maximum
chordwise
thickness
of the airfoil
has been found to
maximum
thickness.

be adequate,
Furthermore,

the x-axis
to allow for
chordwise
distribution,
shoe

vortices

have

the preferred
the gap can

spanwise
thickness
or spacing,
of the

a significant

influence

value being
vary in the

taper.
On
transverse
on

the

two thirds
of the
direction
normal
to

the other hand,

elements
of the

accuracy

of the

the
horse-

computed

surface pressure distribution.

For greater accuracy, for a given chordwise
number of horseshoe vortices, the transverse legs have to be longitudinally
spaced according to the cosine distribution
law
xjv

- x =c 2

1 - cos

(2J
ll)

(32)

n-_

where
x_ - x o
represents
the distance
from the leading
edge to the midpoint
of the Swept leg of the Jth horseshoe
vortex,
c is the length
of the local
chord running
through
the midpoints
of a given chordwise
strip,
and N is the
number
of horseshoe
vortices
per strip.
The chordwise
control
point
location
corresponding

C
xj

to

x =

this

distribution

1 - cos

of

vortex

elements

is given

by

The control
points
are located
along the centerline,
or midpoint
line, of the
chordwise
strip (fig. 4).
Lan has shown (ref. 7) that the chordwise
'cosine'
collocation
of the lattice
elements,
defined
by equations
(32) and (33),
greatly
improve
the accuracy
of the computation
of the effects
due to lift.
His results
are directly
extendable
to the computation
of surface
pressure
distributions
of wings with thickness
by the biplanar
lattice
scheme
presented
herein.
The

small

perturbation

boundary

condition

(34)
is applied
at the control
points.
In equation
(34), n : _
+m_
+n_,
and
_' =m_
+nk,
where _, m, and n are the direction
cosines
of the normal
to
the actual
airfoil
surface.
Equation
(34) implies
that J_ul
<<I my + nw_ .
The use of the small perturbation
boundary
condition
is consistent
with the
present

biplanar

approach

to the

Modeling

simulation

of

Fusiform

of thick

wings.

Bodies

The modeling
of fusiform
bodies
with horseshoe
vortices
requires
a
special
concentrical
vortex
lattice
if the simulation
of the volume
displacement effects,
and the computation
of the surface
pressure
distribution,
are
to be carried
out.
To define
this lattice,
it is necessary
to consider
first
an auxiliary
body, identical
in cross-sectional
shape and longitudinal
area
distribution
to the actual
body, with a straight
baricentric
line, i.e.,
without
camber.
The cross-sectional
shape of this auxiliary
body is then
approximated
by a polygon
whose
sides determine
the transverse
legs of the
horseshoe
vortices.
The vertices
of the polygon
and the axis of the auxiliary
body (which
by definition
is rectilinear
(zero camber)
and internal
to all
possible
cross sections
of the body) define
a set of radial
planes
in which

15

the bound
trailing
legs of the horseshoe
vortices
lie parallel
to the axis
(fig. 5).
As the body cross section
changes
shape along its length,
the
corresponding
polygon
is allowed
to change
accordingly,
but with the constraint
that the polygonal
vertices
must always
lie in the sa_rle set of radial
planes.
The axial
spacing
of the cross-sectional
planes
that determine
the transverse
vortex
elements,
or polygonal
rings,
follows
the
cosine
law of equation
(B2).
The boundary
condition
control
points
are located
on the auxiliary
body surface, and in the bisector
radial
planes,
with their longitudinal
spacing
given
by equation
(33).

zero

The boundar_ _ condition

mass flux equation.

where
are

all
to

be

the

components

retained.

to be

of the

Thus,

satisfied

scalar

equatio_

at these

product

(35)

. K

is a higher

control

= _2_
order

points

+ my

condition

is the

+ nw
than

equation
(34).
The use of this higher
order boundary
condition,
within
the
framework
of a linearized
theory,
is not mathematically
consistent.
Therefore,
it can only be justified
by its results
rather
than by a strict
mathematical
derivation.
!n the present
treatment
of fusiform
bodies,
it has been
found that the use of higher
order,
or
exact
boundary
conditions
is a requisite
for the accurate
determination
of the surface
pressure
distribution.
The fact that the vector
_: instead
of V, appears
in the left hand member
of equation
(_5)j. requires
some elaboration.
First,
it should
be pointed
out
that for small perturbations
w . n_
V
n'.
Furthermore,
for incompressible
flow (8 = I), the vector
_ is _dentical
to the perturbation
velocity
_.
Consequently,
the boundary
condition
eqL_tion
(3_) is consistent
with the continuity
equation,
_. w = O_ to a first order for compressible
flow, and to any
higher
order
for incompressible
flow.
But when a higher
order boundary
condition
is applied
in compressible
flow to a iinearized
solution,
it should
be
remembered
that this solution
satisfies
the conservation
of _, not of V, i.e.,
. _
reduced
(35),

= O.
Thus, the higher
order boundary
condition
should
involve
the
current
velocity,
or perturbation
mass flux, vector w, as in equation
rather

than

the

perturbation

velocity

vector

_.

The body camber,

which was eliminated
in the definition
of the auxiliary
body,
is taken into acco_mt
in the computation
of the direction
cosines
_,m,
and n, which are implicit
in equation
(35).
Therefore,
the effect
of camber
is represented
in the boundary
condition
but ignored
in the spatial
placement
of the horseshoe
elements.
This scheme will give a fair approximation
to
cambered
fusiform
bodies
provided
that the amount
of body camber
is not too
large.

16

Computation

of

Sideslip

Effects

The aerodynamics
of an isolated
wing in sideslip
can be analyzed
by two
different
approaches
depending
on the coordinate
system
chosen.
In one approach,
the coordinate
system
consists
of wind axes, the longitudinal
axis being
aligned
with the free-stream
velocity
vector,
figure
6.
This formulation
of the problem
is known
as the skewed-wing
approach,
and a first order solution
obtained
within
this framework
will give the dominant
effects
of sideslip,
even for the case of
zero dihedral.
The other approach,
also shown schematically
in figure
6 and
known
as the skewed
free-stream
approach,
is based on a body-axis
formulation
of the problem
and the corresponding
first order solution,
though
it may be
adequate
for large dihedral,
will fail to produce
the significant
effects
of
sideslip
for low or zero dihedral.
To compute
the sideslip
effects
correctly
within
the framework
of a skewed
free-stream
formulation,
it is necessary
to
solve partial
differential
equations
containing
second
order terms of the perturbation
velocities.
This implies
a much more involved
computational
procedure
than that required
for the solution
of the first order perturbation
equations
(i)
On the other
hand, the application
of the skewed-wing
approach
to anything
more
complex
than
configuration
complicated.

tioned

an isolated
with wing,

wing in sideslip,
such
fuselage,
and nacelles,

as might
becomes

The approach
adopted
herein
is a combination
of the
above,
formulated
with the objective
of obtaining

be the case
geometrically

with a
very

two approaches
menreasonably
accurate

sideslip
effects
using
only a first order perturbation
solution
but without
all
of the geometrical
complications
inherent
in the skewed-wing
approach.
Basically
it is assumed
that the vortex
lattice
representing
the configuration
and its
vortex
wake consists
of both bound and free elements
or legs; the vortex
filaments
that model
rigid surfaces
are considered
bound,
and those that constitute
the wake are the so-called
free elements,
figure
7.
The bound portion
of the
lattice,
containing
both transverse
and trailing,
or chordwise,
segments,
is
invariant
in a body axis system,
the chordwise
legs being parallel
to the x-axis.
The free legs of the lattice
are not actually
force free, rather
they are assumed to extend
to downstream
infinity
parallel
to a predetermined
direction
which
is proportional
to the angles
of attack
and sideslip.
If the proportionality
factors
are unity,
then the free portion
of the lattice
would be
invariant
in wind axes.
After
for under
tribution

the

circulation

strengths

the appropriate
boundary
is computed
in accordance

of the

above

lattice

geometry

are

conditions,
the pressure
coefficient
with the higher
order expression

solved
dis-

IU_ u + v_ v)

(36)

2
q_

where

U_

and

V_

are

the

components

along

the

x and

y body

stream
velocity
vector
of modulus
q_ ; the corresponding
components
are denoted
by u and v, as usual.
The use of
of the linear
approximation

axes

of the

free-

perturbation
velocity
equation
(36) instead

17

2
Cp

U_ u

(37)

q_

is required
for the correct
computation,
within
the present
framework,
of
rolling
moment
due to sideslip
of a planar
wing.
This is due to the fact

the
that

the bound
trailing
legs, being
defined
in body axes, are not lined up with the
free-stream
flow and therefore,
according
to the theorem
of Kutta,
they contribute
to the normal
force.
This contribution
is represented
by the second
order term in equation
(36), namely,
V_ v.
Even though
this contribution
is
of second
order,
it must be included
in the computation
of the differential
rolling
moment
due to sideslip,
since this quantity
itself
is of the second
order
for a planar,
or nearly
planar,
wing.

THE

GENERALIZED

Description

VORTEX
of

LATTICE

Computational

METHOD
Method

The four items discussed

in the preceding
section,
i.e., the inclusion
of
the vorticity-induced
residual
term w* for supersonic
flow, the biplanar
scheme
for representing
thickness
effects,
the use of a vortex
grid of concentrical
polygonal
cylinders
for the simulation
of fusiform
bodies,
and the special
lattice
geometry
consisting
of both bound and free elements
for the analysis
of sideslip
effects,
have been implemented
in a computational
procedure
herein
known
as the generalized
vortex
lattice
(GVL) method.
This method,
outlined
in what follows,
has been codified
in a Fortran
IV computer
program
(VORLAX).
The basic element
of the method
is the swept horseshoe
vortex whose
trailing legs has both bound
and free segments.
The latter
segments
may trail to
downstream
infinity
in any arbitrary,
but predetermined,
direction
whereas
the
bound
trailing
legs are laid out on the proper
cylindrical
control
surfaces
in
a direction
which
is parallel
matically
the representation
of the present
method.
the lattice
follows
the

to the x body
of a wing-body

In this illustration,
cosine
distribution

axis.
Figure
configuration

8 illustrates
schewithin
the context

the streamwise
arrangement
law, equation
(32), but both

of
chord-

wise and spanwise

distributions
of vortex
lines can be independently
specified
to be either
of the cosine
or of the equal spacing.
To each horseshoe
vortex
there
corresponds
a control
point which
is placed
midway
between
the bound
trailing
legs of the horseshoe;
the longitudinal
location
of the control
point
is determined
by equation
(33) if the cosine
chordwise
distribution
has been
chosen,
required
The

otherwise
it is located
halfway
by quarter-chordthree-quarter-chord
direction

of

floatation

of

the

between

wake

the
rule.

vortex

transverse

filaments

legs,

is

as

defined

by

the two angles _v and 6_ shown in figure

8, the former being proportional
to
the angle
of attack,
and the latter being proportional
to the sideslip
angle.
The proportionality
constants
are part of the program
input,
the recommended
values
being
0 for the sideslip
constant,
and 0 or 0.5 for the angle of attack
constant.

18

The
equations

velocity
field induced
by
(27) when above constants

the elementary
horseshoe
vortex
are both zero, and by somewhat

cated expressions
which take into account
either
one or both of the wake
floatation
presented
here,
these expressions
can be
of equations
(23).

is given by
more compli-

the kinks in the trailing

legs when
parameters
are nonzero.
Though
not
easily
derived
through
the application

When the influence

induced
by a horseshoe
vortex
upon its own control
point
is being
evaluated,
the contribution
from the generalized
principal
part,
as given by equation
(21), is included
in the normalwash
if the free-stream
is
supersonic
Furthermore,
formula,
equation
(30),
plane

of

the

inducing

for the supersonic

is used whenever
the

case, the
receiving

simplified
downwash
point is in the same

horseshoe.

The horseshoe
vortex
velocity
field is used to generate
the coefficients
of a system
of linear
equations
relating
the unknown
vortex
strengths
to the
appropriate
boundary
condition
at the control
points.
This linear
system
is
solved
by either
a Gauss-Seidel
iterative
procedure,
known as controlled
successive
over-relaxation
(ref. 8), or by a vector
orthogonalization
technique,
i.e.,
Purcell's
Vector
method
(ref. 9).
If the inverse
process
is
desired,
i.e., synthesis
or design
instead
of analysis,
the linear
system
of
equations
is used to compute
the slope distribution
(surface
warp) required
to achieve
a specified
surface
loading;
this involves
a straightforward
matrix
multiplication
process.
Mixed cases,
i.e., design
and analysis,
are easily
handled
by proper
grouping
of the boundary
condition
equations.
The pressure
coefficients
are computed
velocity
components,
the computation
being
one of three
possible
ways, as follows:
If the surface
on both sides

la

under consideration
is assumed
(zero thickness
panel)
and the

slip angle is zero, then

based
on the local value
ACp = 2y cosA;
1

of

higher

order

is computed
namely,

angle is not zero, the net loading

surface
is calculated
through
the

expression

(36);

and

When surface
pressure
coefficients
are computed,
i.e., the panel
under
consideration
is assumed
wetted
by the flow on one side
only, the isentropic
flow relationship
giving
the pressure
coefficient
in terms of free-stream
Mach number
and local-to-freestream

The

the

wetted
by the flow
configuration
side-

a net loading
coefficient
of the spanwise
vorticity,

When the configuration

sideslip
coefficient
of a zero-thickness
use

in terms of the perturbation

carried
out according
to either

force

velocity
and

moment

ratio

is

resorted

coefficients

are

to.
calculated

of the pressure
coefficient
distribution
with due
edge forces.
If cosine
chordwise
lattice
spacing
program
user, the computation
of the leading
edge

by

numerical

integration

account
being
given to the
is specified
by the VORLAX
suction
of zero thickness

19

panels
is carried
out according
to Lan's procedure
(ref. 7), whose application
to supersonic
flow is made possible
by the generalized
vortex-induced
velocity
field
formulas
presented
in this report.
If equal chordwise
lattice
spacing
is specified,
the contribution
of the leading
edge suction
singularity
to the
forces
and moments
is calculated
by the technique
indicated
by Hancock
in
reference
i0; this approach
is not nearly
as accurate
as Lan's,
the magnitude
of the leading
edge suction
being significantly
underestimated.
The VORLAX
computer
program
has the capability
of analyzing
symmetrical
and asymmetrical
cases as well as configurations
in steady
state angular
rotation about any or all of three axes, parallel
to the coordinate
axes, going
through
the input moment
reference
center.
Steady
state angular
rotation
cases
are treated
by the subterfuge
of assuming
a nonuniform
onset flow, this onset
flow being
defined
by the values
of the angular
rates and distance
of the field
point
to the rotation
center.
Ground
proximity
effects
are analyzed
by the method
of images,
i.e., the
configuration
is mirrored
about the ground
plane;
the flow around
the airplane
and its image then contains
a stream
surface
which
coincides
with the ground
plane
due to the symmetry
of the arrangement.
In this modeling
of a configuration
in ground proximity,
it is assumed
that the trailing
vorticity
wake
floats
to downstream
infinity
parallel
to the plane of the ground.

Numerical

Considerations

At supersonic
Mach numbers,
the velocity
induced
by a discrete
horseshoe
vortex
becomes
very large in the very close proximity
of the envelope
of Mach
cones
generated
by the transverse
leg of the horseshoe.
At the characteristic
envelope
surface
itself,
the induced
velocity
correctly
vanishes,
due to the
finite part concept.
This singular
behavior
of the velocity
field occurs
only
for field points
off the plane of the horseshoe.
For the planar
case, the
velocity
field is well behaved
in the vicinity
of the characteristic
surface..
A simple
procedure
to treat this numerical
singularity
consists
of defining
the characteristic
surfaces
by the equation

(X-Xl)2

C B_

(Y-Yl

(Z-Zl

(38)

where
C is a numerical
constant
whose
value is greater
than, but close to, i.
It has been found that this procedure
yields
satisfactory
results,
and that
these
results
are quite insensitive
to reasonable
variations
of the parameter C.
Another
numerical
problem,
peculiar
to the supersonic
horseshoe
vortex,
exists
in the planar
case (field point in the plane of the horseshoe)
when the
field point
is close to a transverse
vortex
leg swept exactly
parallel
to the
Mach lines
(sonic vortex),
while the vortex
lines immediately
in front of and

2O

behind this sonic vortex are subsonic and supersonic, respectively.

Thi_:
problem can be handled by replacing the boundary condition ecumti_:_nfor such
sonic vortex with the averaging equation
-YI*-I

(39)

+ 2 Yi* - YI*+I : 0

where YI* is the circulation strength of the critical

horseshoe vortex, _ud
I*-i and YI*+I are the respective circulation values for the fore-mud-aft
adjacent subsonic and supersonic vortices.
The axialwash induced velocity component(u) is meededfor the com!_utation
of the surface pressure distribution,
and for the formulation of the bcundary
condition for fusiform bodies. Whenthe field point is not too close to the
generating vorticity
element, the axialwash is adequately described by the
conventional
discrete
horseshoe
vortex
representation.
But if this point
is
in the close vicinity
of the generating
element,
as may occur in the biplanar
and in the concentrical
cylindrical
lattices
of the present
method,
the error
in the computation
of the axialwash
due to the discretization
of the vorticity
becomes
unacceptable.
This problem
is solved
by resorting
to a vortex-splitting
technique,
similar
to the one presented
in reference
]I.
Briefly,
this technique
consists
of computing
the axialwash
induced
by the transverse
leg of a
horseshoe
as the summation
of several
transverse
legs longitudinally
redistributed,
according
to an interdigitation
scheme,
over the region
that contains
the vorticity
represented
by the sing3e
discrete
vortex.
'?his is _]one only if
the point
at which the axialwash
value is required
lies withim
a given near
field region
surrounding
the original
discrete
vortex.

COMPARISON

WITH

OTHER

THEORIES

AND

EXPERImeNTAL

RESULTS

Conical
flow theory
provides
a body of
exact
results,
within
the context
of linearized
supersonic
flow, for some simple
three-dimensional
configurations.
These
exact results
can be used as bench mark cases to evaluate
the accuracy
of
numerical
techniques.
This has been done rather
extensively
for the CVI, method,
and very good agreement
between
it and conical
flow theory
has been observed
in
the computed
aerodynamic
load distribution
and all force and moment
coefficients.
Only some typical
comparisons
are presented
in this report,
figures
9 through
12.

method

Finally,
the capability
of computing
surface
of this paper is illustrated
in figures
13

pressure
and 14.

distributions

by

the

CONCLUDING
REMARKS
The present vortex lattice method, in the form of a computer program,
has the capability to calculate the aerodynamic load distribution
at subsonic
and supersonic Machnumbers for arbitrary nonplanar configurations.
It has
been found to be a very useful preliminary design tool, particularly
when
aircraft configurations whose mission requirements involve both subsonic and
supersonic flight are considered. It is also capable of the inverse process,
namely, the computation of the surface warp required to achieve a given load
distribution.
Correlation with experimental data and with results from other
theories showsa good agreement not only in the overall force and moment
coefficients due to lift,
but also in the distribution
of the load coefficients.
The schemesshown for the simulation of thickness and volume effects,
which allow the computation of surface pressure distribution by using only
vortex lattice singularities,
appear adequate for most practical purposes,
though experience in this respect is somewhat limited.
The treatment
of sideslip
cases by the present
method
does not require
higher
order solutions,
as is necessary
for the skewed
free-stream
approach,
and it is not as geometrically
complicated
as the skewed-wing
formulation.
Yet the analysis
of complex
configurations
in sideslip
still requires
care
and caution
due to the numerical
anomalies
that may result
from the interaction
among aircraft
components,
such as
the "free"
trailing
legs of the horseshoe

a horizontal
vortices.

Additional
capabilities
that can be added
and that would
enhance
the value of the method
include
the following:
Incorporation
multipliers
for minimum

to
as

tail

or

a body,

the present
computer
a preliminary
design

and

code,
tool

of an optimization
algorithm
based either
on Lagrange
or on a gradient
method,
to design
the surface
warp
drag under specified
constraints.

Application
of the technique
of reference
adequate
technique,
for the simulation
of
with particular
attention
to its extension

ii,
jet
to

or of some other
exhaust
effects,
supersonic
flow.

Introduction
of a design
procedure
for the calculation
of the
geometry
required
to achieve
a given surface
pressure
distribution,
i.e., synthesis
of both camber
and thickness.
The biplanar
vortex
lattice
simulation
of a thick lifting
surface
is well suited
for
the development
of such a design
procedure
when combined
with an
iterative
scheme.

22

Uoo

UOO

_-A

tan

1_
B

/
,/
/
/

--

"-_-

---T

Figure

i.-

Definition
computation

of
of

integration
principal

regions

for

the

part.

23

ll

0
oi
u_
0

+_

CO
I
C_

24

0
|

4-

0
(.)
'

i'c

_'-IN
II
0
.H

o
i_II

@
o

tO

o.

N)

-rt

\\
.r'l

o
hi)
_

r-I
@

>.
nO
Z

!
@
N)

25

II

o
.H
o
o
r-_
O
O

O
._-I

r,H
N

O
I

_0

zl_z_l
26

0
*r4

+
i..-_

..ID
0
:>

E
+

|,-_)

II

I-i
o

i _-

I,-

<

I.-Z

t3

I/

ff

_\

o
>
w

o"1-

!k

V-.

oI

O um

_D

\
o_

i
v

x_'"

I,-

.H

I.LI

_
-J
X

"'
I-n"

Q,.

H
%
o

n"
Z

.r'l
m

o
>

0
,.,4

IJ.

U.

I-D
rn

I-D
hn

n,I-

rr
I-

--I

--I

<
X
<

<
X
<

r4

o
I

N?
_

_
2?

,<
ILl
I-X
m,.
v

W
I.l.I
n,I.L
I.l.I

o,-t

0,-I

0,-t

I.I.,I
v
-T-I

0
o_

0
0

>-

0
.r.I

X
Z
a
I.l.I

0
C_
I

1.1.1
b_

28

H
,--t
Ul
IlJ
'rJ
r.t

or-t

4-

4-

il

II

0
.M

Cd

+_
O
@

4_

._

z_-F-

29

0
oel

t:_

0
0

%
%

%%

O
,la
!
N)
.H

&l
O

.,-t
4-_

,-4
N
4._
%
O

@
t-.1
-H
,-t
,%
I1)
@
L3
I
CO
I1)
%
b.0

30

o
._
o
o

-p

o
.H

o
%

II

X
cl

o
r-+
m
4._

"_
_

"1"

L_

_:

.H
H

.H

'<

o
,t.t
%

o
o
._
%

o
,-t
o
.H
<1)
O
tl)

o
I

i.

)
NI
.H

3Z

0
0

I
0
I

I
_D

0_-I

0
_D

0
0

(:5

(5

U
.,-I
,o

N
0

I
0

bD
_

<]

32

X
._I
o

e.H
o
o
t/l
.r-t

0
e..l

.r--t
ilJ
%
o

!
r--I

hi?
._

33

h
c_

o
H

.r-I
h
o
o

>

o
o

o
o

u
4-_
i]1
o

I
o,1

,%

B4

AR
AC/4
I
I

= 0.124

= 6.95

T/C = 12.4%

= 35

I
I

T/C = 10.2%

= 0.334

T/ =0.55&1.0

T/C=9.0%

048

15

---b/2--_

-0.8
A_

-0.6

-_

7 = 0.15

-0.4
-0.2

Cp

. ,_,,..

0.2
0.4
0.6

"

GVL
U.S...---..
,

L.S.J

,=,l

G,--2

-- -....._.. o,..o.
_._
EXP
z_
L

o
I

-t

-1.0
= 0,90

-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
A

Cp

-0.2
0

_. o

0.2
U.S.
L.S.

0.4

_ -o,,4,.
_
GVL
EXP
--'-, -,',,
o

0.6
0.2

x/c

Figure

13.-

Comparison
with experimental
on wing-body
model at Mach

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

x/c

pressure
= 0.5.

distribution

35

-0.6
LID

-0.4

0
L/D

Cp

= 8

o.2

_-o

EXACT
FI..OW
[] GVL

0.2

POTENTIAL

METHOD

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

X/L

Figure

14.-

Theoretical
ellipsoids
flow.

36

comparison
at

zero

angle

of

pressure
of

attack

distribution
in

incompressible

on

APPENDIX

USER 'S MANUAL

FOR
FOR

A GENERALIZED
VORTEX
LATTICE
SUBSONIC
AND SUPERSONIC
FLOW

METHOD
APPLICATIONS

37

THEVORLAX
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
A computer program has been developed for the aerodynamic analysis and
design of arbitrary aircraft configurations in subsonic and supersonic flow.
This computer program, herein identified as VORLAX,has been codified in
FORTRAN
IV for use on the CDC6600, the IBM 360, and the IBM 370 digital
computer systems. A complete compilation and executed case in CDCFORTRAN
IV
is contained in Appendix B. Two auxiliary interface programs, treated in
Appendices C and D, provide for input data transformation from NASAWaveDrag
format (Reference 12) to VORLAXformat (Appendix C) and for transformation
from VORLAX
to NASAWaveDrag format (Appendix D).
The VORLAX
program is based on a generalized vortex lattice (GVL) method
which extends the applicability
of vortex lattice _echniques to a broader
range of problems than has heretofore been considered. In this program, the
configuration is represented by a three-dimensional, generally nonplanar,
vortex lattice;
the basic element of the lattice is the skewedhorseshoe
vortex whose induced velocity formulas have been generalized for subsonic
and supersonic flow. Thickness effects can be simulated by a double (biplanar
or sandwich) lattice arrangement. Fusiform bodies can be modelled by a concentric cylindrical
lattice of polygonal cross sections. The computational
capabilities of the program include the following:
Surface pressure or net load coefficient distribution.
Aerodynamic force and momentcoefficients.
@ Surface warp (camber and twist) design in order to achieve
input pressure distribution.
Longitudinal/lateral
stability
derivatives.
Ground and wall (wind tunnel interference) effects.

Flow field survey.

Symmetrical/as_etrical

configurations

and/or flight

conditions.

The limitations
of the VORLAX
program are characteristic
of methods
based on inviscid linearized potential flow theory, as follows:

Attached flow.

Small perturbation flow.

Flow entirely subsonic or supersonic (no mixed transonic flow).
Straight Machlines.
Rigid vortex wake.

39

PRACTICAL

INPUT

INSTRUCTIONS

In defining
a configuration
for the program
input,
a master
frame of
reference
X- Y- Z- is assumed.
The X-Z plane is the centerline
plane,
the
Z axis directed
upward,
and the X-axis
pointing
in the downstream
direction;
the Y axis points
to starboard.
The origin
of the system
can be any convenient
point in the X-Z plane.
In general,
the configuration
can be made
up of symmetrical
and asymmetrical
components,
and in defining
the symmetrical
components
only the starboard
elements
need be specified.

up

to

The configuration
to be
20 of these panels
can

input is divided
into
be input,
symmetrical

a set of major panels;

components
being
counted

only once.
For instance,
a wing with straight
leading
and trailing
edges,
and with linear
lofting
between
the root and tip, constitutes
a major panel.
Complex
planforms,
and nonlinear
changes
in twist and airfoil
sections
are
described
by defining
more than one panel
for a given wing.
The computer
program
will then subdivide
each major panel into a number
of smaller
elementary
panels
spaced
chordwise
and spanwise,
i.e., a finer mesh lattice
is generated
internally.
The chordwise
and spanwise
spacing
is specified
by the user,
two options
being available:
(i) the semicircle
or cosine
distribution
so well known in airfoil
and wing theory,
and (2) the equally
spaced
distribution.
Up to 2000 elementary
panels
can be used in the definition
of a given
configuration.
Any consistent
system
of length
and area dimensions
can be
used in the specification
of the configuration
length,
but it is recommended
that the system
of units used be such that the largest
length
dimension
does
not require
more than three digits
to the left of the decimal
point.
Otherwise,
significant
digits
may be lost in the output
printout.
Wing thickness
effects
can be taken into account
within
the context
of
control
surface
theory.
By control
surface
theory
one means that the exact
linearized
theory
is used to evaluate
induced
velocities
along a given mean
surface,
known as the control
surface,
and these values
enter into the computation
of the bounda_
conditions
which are satisfied
at this control
surfac,
rather
than at the actual
boundary
surface.
The control
surface
equivalent
of a typical
two-dimensional
airfoil
is illustrated
in figure
A-I.
The
assumption
inherent
in control
surface
theory
is that the induced
velocities
vary very little
in the vicinity
of the surface.
Experience
has shown that
for the majority
of practical
configurations
the loss in accuracy
is negligible,
and is more than compensated
for by the increase
in computational
efficiency.
Any wing-like
component
with thickness
is then represented
by
a double
set of panels,
one for the upper surface
and one for the lower
surface
as sho_ _" schematically
in figure
A-2.
All the swept horseshoe
vortices,
and their boundary
condition
control
points,
corresponding
to a given surface,
upper or lower,
are located
in a
same plane.
The upper and lower surface
lattice
planes
are separated
by
a gap which
represents
the chordwise
average
of the airfoil
thickness

4O

0
Z
0
uJ

Z
J

X
uJ

iv
0
>

Z
uJ
,--t
l.U
_I
l.IJ

@
o
@
0

r_

i.-4
0
f,-i
0
r.D

,-4
I

t:_
.r4

b,1

\
+

C2
_
4._
0

0
,el

4._
,r'J

_1
,.el
4.)
0

or'4

e---4

d
!

<
%
t_
_

42

distribution.
The results
are not too sensitive
to the magnitude
of this
gap; any value between
one half to the full maximum
chordwise
thickness
of
the airfoil
has been found to be adequate,
the preferred
value being
two
thirds
of the maximum
thickness.
Furthermore,
the gap can vary in the
direction
normal
to the x-axis
to allow
for spanwise
thickness
taper.
On
the other
hand,
the chordwise
distribution,
or spacing,
of the transverse
elements
of the horseshoe
vortices
have a significant
influence
on the accuracy
of the computed
surface
pressure
distribution.
For greater
accuracy,
for a given chordwise
number
of horseshoe
vortices,
the transver_e
legs
have to be longitudinally
spaced
according
to the cosine
distributicn
law

Xj

- x 0 =-_"

- COS

where
xj - x o represents
the distance
from the leading
edge to the midpoint
of the swept leg of the Jth horseshoe
vortex,
c is the length
of the local
chord
running
through
the h/dpoints
of a given chordwise
strip,
and N is the
number
of horseshoe
vortices
per strip.
The chordwise
control
point
location
corresponding
to this distribution
of vortex
elements
is given by

xj-

The
the

x =_

control
points
are located
along
chordwise
strip
(figure
A-3).

- cos _

the

centerline,

or midpoint

line,

of

The modeling
of fusiform
bodies
with horseshoe
vortices
requires
a
special
concentric
vortex
lattice
if the simulation
of the volume
displacement effects,
and the computation
of the surface
pressure
distribution,
are
to be carried
out.
To define
this lattice,
it is necessary
to consider
first an auxiliary
body,
identical
in cross-sectional
shape and longitudinal
area distribution
to the actual
body, with a straight
baricentric
line,
i.e.,
without
camber.
The cross-sectional
shape of this auxiliary
bod_: is then
approximated
by a polygon
whose
sides determine
the transverse
legs of the
horseshoe
vortices.
The vertices
of the polygon
and the axis of the auxiliary
body, which by definition
is rectilinear
(zero camber)
and internal
to all possible
cross sections
of the body, define
a set of radial
planes
in which
the bound trailing
legs of the horseshoe
vortices
lie parallel
to
the axis (figure
A-h).
A_ the body cross section
changes
shape along its
length,
the corresponding
polygon
is allowed
to change
accordingly,
but with
the constraint
that the polygonal
vertices
must always
lie in the same set
of radial
planes.
As in the case of the biplanar
representation
of thickness
effects,
cosine
axial spacing
should
be used for the analysis
of fusiform
bodies.
The effect
of body camber
is taken into account
by independently
specifying
the camber
of the baricentric
axis of the body.

_3

o
+_
o
o
rH
r_
0
0
0
or-t

-i-)
c_
,-H

.p
o
I

!
i1)
%
or"l

r_

41,

iii

C_
.,--I

_I

I>

II

I1)
f_
0

AZ

.r-I

Z
I

0
0

X
w

Z
0

,r-I

0
Z

0
Z

,r-t
m

I1)
%

rt

45

INPUT

The
following

CARD

IMAGE

DESCRIPTION

cards that constitute

the input data deck are described
in the
paragraphs.
All format
specifications
are given in FORTRAN
IV.

While
some 19 cards are described,
this does not mean that input for a
case consists
of 19 cards.
Rather,
these should
be thought
of as card types.
Furthermore,
not all card types will be included
in a given case, those to
be included
or deleted
being a function
of some of the input values
as shown
in

figure

A-5.

CARD

(I):

TITLE

In columns
i through
numeric
identification

80 write
any
heading.

alpha-

CARD

(2):

IS_LV

Method
to be used for solving
the system
of linear
equations
relating
the boundary
conditions
to the vorticity
strength,
in
integer
format,
in column
2. IS@LV = O:
Gauss-Seidel
relaxation
with accelerated
convergence
(underor over-relaxation);
IS@LV = i:
Purcell's
vector
orthogonalization method.

LAX

Chordwise,
or streamwise,
spacing
of vortices,
integer
quantity
punched
in column
LAX = O:
vortices
are collocated
at the
percent
chord (X/C) values
determined
the cosine
law X/C - 0.5 (l-cos((2K-l)

12,

by

z/2N)),
where K varies
between
i and N, N
being the number
of chordwise
vortices;
LAX = i:
vortices
are collocated
according
to the equally-spaced
quarter-chord
law
X/C = (4K-3)/(4N).
The cosine
law is
reco_r_aended for greater
number
of vortices.
LAY

Spanwise,

or

lateral,

accuracy

spacing

for

a given

of vortices,

integer
quantity
punched
in column
22.
LAY = O:
vortices
are spaced
at intervals
(elementary
vortex
span) given by the cosine
distribution
law
_b = bp(COS((J-l)_/M)-cos
(JTr/M))/2,
where Ab is the vortex
element
span, bp is the panel
span, and J varies
between
i and M, M being the spanwise
number
of vortices
in a given panel;
LAY = i:
vortices

are

equally

span, i.e., Ab
is recommended

46

spaced

= bp/M.
The
for enhanced

along

the

panel

cosine
spacing
accuracy,
but

Figure

A-5.

- VOBLAX

case

data

deck

setup

for

most

between
spanwise

REXPAR

cases

the

difference

cosine
spanwise
spacing
spacing
is negligible.

in the
and

results
even

Over-relaxation
parameter,
in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
31.
This parameter
is
intended
to accelerate
the Gauss-Seidel
relaxation
process,
and/or
make it convergen
when it might otherwise
diverge.
Blank,
or zero, input,
implies
that the program
will compute
internally
the optlmum
overrelaxation
value.
If a positive
quantity
between
0.01 and 0.99 is input,
this becomes
the value of the over-relaxation
parameter
that the program
will use, the optimum
value
being
overridden.
If IS_LV = I, this
parameter
is not used, and therefore,
not a
required
input quantity.

HAG

FLCATX

Height
above ground
of the moment
reference
center,
in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
41.
If it is punched
equal to zero, or
left blank,
the height
above the ground
is
infinity,
i.e., no ground
effect.
If a
quantity
different
than zero is input,
then
the ground
effect
will be computed
by the
method
of images,
the height
being
given by
the input value,
in consistent
units.
Longitudinal
vortex
wake flotation
factor,
in FI0.0 format,
starting
in column
51.
If
zero, or blank,
then the trailing
vortex
legs being shed from the corresponding
trailing
edges,
extend to infinity
parallel
to the X-Y plane.
If a value
different
fro_
zero is input,
then the trailing
vortex
legs
shed from the trailing
edges form an angle
_v=FL@ATX.ALPHA
with the X-Y plane,
where
ALPHA is the freestream
angle of attack.
(See figure A-6)

FL_ATY

48

Lateral
vortex
wake flotation
factor,
in
FI0.0 format,
starting
in column
61.
If
zero or blank,
then the trailing
vortex
legs being
shed from the corresponding
trailing
edges extend
to infinity
parallel
to the X-Z plane.
If a value different
from zero is input,
then the vortex
legs
shed from the trailing
edges form an angle

0
.H

.r4

0
0

#
0
,0
t_2
%

0.-I

0
%

+_
_q
X

r_

I
I1)

.H

t_9

_v = FLCATY'BETA
with
BETA is the freestream
(see figure
A-6).
ITRNAX

Maximum

number

of

the X-Z plan, where

angle of slideslip

iterations

allowed

for

the Gauss-Seidel
relaxation
method,
in 13
format
right-adjusted
to column
80.
If no
value is input,
the code will make ITRMAX
= 99 by default.
If IS_LV = i, i.e., the
vector
orthogonalization
solution
is resorted
to, then ITRMAX
is not a required
input.
CARD

CARD

(3):

(4):

CARD(5) :

NNACH

Number
of Mach numbers
to be analyzed,
in
12 format;
i.e., integer
value of NMACH in
column
2.
NMACH_
7.

NACH

Mach numbers
column
II.

NALPHA

Number
of angles
of
i.e., integer
value
NALPHA
s 7.

FI0.0

format

starting

attack
in I2
of NALPHA
in

in

format;
column

2.

ALPHA

Angles
of attack
in degrees
starting
in column
ii.

LATRAL

Asymmetric
flight
or configuration
flag.
0 in column
2 = symmetric
flight
and symmetric
configuration
about the X-Z plane.
I in column
2 = asymmetric
flight
and/or
asymmetric
configuration.

PSI

Sideslip
angle in degrees
in FI0.O format
starting
in column
II. + = wind coming
from
left side of nose.
Input O. or blank when
LATRAL

is

O.

derivatives
PITCHQ

RCLLQ

Used
such

to

as

in FI0.0

obtain

static

Cn_ , Cy_,

etc.

format,

stability

Pitch rate in degrees/second

in FIO.0 format
starting
in column
21. + = nose up pitch.
Used to obtain
dynamic
stability
derivatives
such
when

as Cm_, CLq , etc.

PITCH_
is nonzero.

LATRAL

may

be

Roll rate in degrees/second

in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
31. + = left roll.
Input 0. or blank when LATRAL
is 0.
Used
to

obtain

such

5O

in

as

dynamic
C_p,

stability

Cnp , etc.

derivatives

YAWQ

Yaw rate in degrees/second

in FI0.0
format
starting
in column
41.
+ = left yaw or airstream
component
washing
from left to right
across
nose of airplane.
Input O. or blank
when LATRAL
is O.
Used to obtain
dynamic
stability

VINF

derivatives

such

as

Cnr'

CY r'

etc.

Reference
free stream
velocity
in FI0.0
format
starting
in column
51.
If no value
is input,
VINF is automatically
set equal
to i.0 by the program.
This parameter
is
only used when any of the angular
rates is
different
from zero.
It enters
in the
computation
of the equivalent
flow angle.
For instance,
if VINF = WSPAN/2
(wing semispan) and ROLLQ = 5.73, then pb/2V
and the rolling
moment
coefficient
out by the program
will be exactly

= 0.i,
printed
one-tenth

the value
of the stability
derivative
C_
Likewise,
if VINF = CBAR/2
(half the mea_
aerodynamic
chord)
and PITCHQ
= 5.73, then
the difference
between
the output
pitching
moment
coefficient
and the pitching
moment
coefficient
for the case PITCHQ
= 0. will
be

CARD (6)-

NPAN

SREF

equal

to

derivative.
q
Number
of major panels
that will define
the
configuration,
in 12 format;
i.e., integer
value of NPAN in columns
i-2 right adjusted
to 2.
NPAN
$20.
Reference
cients,
ii.

one-tenth

area
in

for

FI0.0

of the

force

format

and

Cm

moment

starting

in

coefficolumn

CBAR

Pitching
moment
coefficient
reference
length,
in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
21.
Usually
mean aerodynamic
chord length.

XBAR

Abscissa

of moment

F10.0 format
X-coordinate
ZBAR

reference

starting
in master

point,

in column
frame of

in

31.
reference.

Ordinate
of moment
reference
point,
in
FI0.0
format
starting
in column
hl.
Z-coordinate
in master
frame of reference.

51

CARD (7):

WSPAN

Total wing span in units consistent

with
SREF and CBAR, in FI0.0
format
starting
in
column
51.
If left blank,
a value of 2.0
will be assuaged by the program.

XI

X or longitudinal
coordinate
of the leading
edge of one side of a major panel.
Usually
taken as the most inboard
side in the case
of wings.
in column

c_D

(8):

Input
i.

in

FI0.0

format

starting

YI

Y or lateral
coordinate
of leading
edge
first side of a major panel.
Input in
FI0.0
format
starting
in column
Ii.

ZI

Z or vertical
coordinate
of leading
first side of a major panel.
Input
format
starting
in column
21.

CCRD1

Chord length
of first side of major panel
measured
from XI, YI, ZI above in the
positive
direction
of, and parallel
to, the
X axis.

X2

X or longitudinal
coordinate
of the leading
edge of the second
side of the major panel
described
on card (7).
Usually
taken as the

of

edge of
in FI0.0

most outboard
side in the case of wings.
In
the case of a closed
curved
panel,
e.g._ a
cylindrical
segment
representative
of a
nacelle,
X2 would be identical
to XI.
Input
in FI0.0
format
starting
in column
I.
Y2

Y or lateral
coordinate
of leading
edge of
second
side of the major panel described
on
Card (7).
Input in FI0.0
format
starting
ir column
ii.

Z2

Z or vertical
coordinate
of leading
edge of
second
side of the major panel
described
on
Card (7).
Input in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
21.

CCRD2

Chord length
of second
side of major panel
measured
from X2, Y2, Z2 above in the positive direction
X axis.

Note:

Columns
useful

52

41-80
for

of

cards

identification

(7)

and

(8) are

purposes

may

of,

not
be

and

read.
written

parallel

Thus,
there.

to,

any

the

informatior

Note that the side edges i and 2 of a major panel, which have just been
described by the input in cards (7) and (8), define the direction of the positive normal for that panel. This is determined by the feet-to-head direction
for an observer standing on the panel looking upstream (dc_m the negative
X-axis) and with panel edge i to his left, and panel edge 2 to his right.
In
this analogy it is assumedthat gravity is not a factor in that am _bserver
could be standing on the bottom of a wing, for example, equally as easily as
he might stand on top. In the case of curved panels, such as a nacelle component, the direction of the positive normal loses its meaning for the panel
as a whole, but it is still
applicable to each one of the longitudinal,
or
chordwise, strips that make up the major panel.
CARD(9)

NV_R

Numberof spanwise elements or vortices that

will be used to represent the p_nel, in FI0.0
format starting in column i. NV_R_i00.0.

RNCV

Numberof chordwise vortices that will be

used to represent the panel, in FI0.0 format
starting in column ]I.
R_CV_50. The
program, using NV_Rand RI_CV, will subdivide
the panel under consideration
into a gr_d of
NV@R x RNCV swept horseshoe
vortices
collocated in accordance
with the values
of the
LAX and LAY parameters.
Note that chordwise
and lateral
distributions
are ingependent,
e.g., a cosine
chordwise
spacing
(LA_<=O) is
compatible
with equal spanwise
distribution
(LAY = I), and vice versa.
The corresponding
control
points
at which
tions are satisfied
are

the boundary
condicollocated
according

to the law (X/C)contro I = 0.5 (J-cos

(K_/N)),
K varying
between
I and N, where N is the
number
of chordwise
vortices,
if LAX = 0.
If
LAX

= I,

then

the

control

points

are

placed

at (X/C)contro
I = (LK-I)/(hN),
n_mely,
according to the equally
spaced
three-quarter
chord distribution.
The spanwise
location
of the control
points
is always
at the centerline of the elementary
swept horseshoe
vortices.
To determine
ment control
line element
tudinal,
panel.

the surface
slope at each elepoint,
the program
uses straighz
lofting
between
the two longi-

or butt

line,

edges

of

the

major

53

In addition

to

the

above

limitations

to

the

values
of NV@R and RNCV,
if more than one
major panel is used in the description
of
the configuration,
the following
should be
observed:
NPAN
If

LATRAL=O,

NV_R

x RNCV

NV#R

x RNCV

_<2000

1
NPM_
If

LATRAL=I,

IQUANT

_<2000

I
IQUANT
SPC

being

defined

further

down.

Leading
edge suction
multiplier,
in FI0.0
format
starting
in column
21.
0. = no
suction,
i. = i00 percent
leading
edge
suction.
Nonzero
values
are recommended
for
all panels
whose
leading
edges are wetted
by
the airstream.
The program
has the capability
of computing
the effects
of free leading
edge
vorticity
(leading
edge vortex
flows) by a
localized
application
of the Polhamus
analogy.
This computation
is triggered
by inputting
the SPC parameter
as a negative
quantity.
When this is done, the sectional
leading
edge
suction
vector
will be rotated
normal
to the
camber
surface
at the leading
edge, instead
of the corresponding
attached-flow
tangential
orientation,
and the forces
and moments
will
be computed
using the rotated
suction
vector.

CARD

54

(i0):

PDL

Planar/curved
panel
flag, in FI0.0
format
starting
in column
31.
0. = planar
major
panel is to be described
(including
warped
planar.)
PDL = 999. (or >360.)
= a curved
major panel
is to be described.

PHI

Polar coordinate
angle of radius
vector
when
defining
the subpaneling
of a curved
major
panel.
Omit this card when PDL = 0.
PHI is
the angle measured
from the horizontal
in a
plane parallel
to the Y-Z plane.
PHI = 0
coincides
with a line parallel
to and in the
positive
direction
of the Y-axis.
Positive
values
of PHI are measured
counterclockwise
when viewed
from the rear of the aircraft.

PHI is input in FIO.0

format
starting
in
column
i.
This and the subsequent
input RO
constitute
a polar
coordinate
pair.
The
number
of pairs to be input = NV_R + i.
Four
pairs per card may be input in FI0.O format
starting
in co]_nn
i.
As many cards as
necessary
are used.
While the location
of
the origin
from which the polar angle,
PHI,
is arbitrary
the first PHI, R_ polar coordinate pair must coincide
with the YI, ZI rectangular
coordinates
input on Card (7).
Likewise,
the last input polar pair must
coincide
with the Y2, Z2 of Card (8).

CARD

(il):

Re

Radius
vector
from arbitrary
origin
when
defining
the subpaneling
of a curved
major
panel.
Input in FIO.0 format.
Each R_ is
part of a PHI, R_ polar coordinate
pair.

AINCI

Tangent
of the angle subtended
by major panel
root chord]_ne,
or first edge (described
in
Card (7)), and the positive
X-axis,
in FIO.0
format
starting
in column
i.
Sign convention
is determined
by observing
the edge i chordline and the X-axis
from edge 2.
The edge i
chord is then rotated
counterclockwise
until
it is parallel
to the X-axis.
If the angle
rotated
through
is less than 90 degrees
then
the angle,
and consequently
its tangent,
are
considered
positive.
If it is greater
than
90 degrees,
then AINCI is negative.

AINC2

Tangent
of the angle subtended
by major
panel
tip chordline,
or second
edge (described
in
Card (8)), in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
ii.
Sign convention
is determined
by
observing
edge 2 and the X-axis,
looking
in
the direction
from edge 2 towsrd
edge I.
The
edge 2 chord is then rotated
counterclockwise
until it is parallel
to the )[-axis.
If the
angle rotated
through
is less than 90 degrees,
then the sign is positive;
otherwise
it is
negative.

ITS

Surface
flag input as a two place integer
in
columns
21 and 22, right-adjusted
to column
22.
ITS = 0 or blank indicates
that the
panel
is considered
as a lifting
surface
zero thickness,
i.e., both its upper and

of

55

lower

surface

are

wetted

ITS = 01 means that only

surface
is wetted
by the

by

the

external

flow.

the panel upper

real external
flow.

ITS = -i indicates
that only the panel lower
surface
is wetted
by the real external
flow.
A double
panel
setup can then be used to
represent
thickness,

a wing-like
component
with
as previously
illustrated

non-zero
in

Figure
2.
Notice
that the XI, YI, ZI, X2,
Y2, and Z2 values
to be input correspond
to
the control
surface
plane,
and not to the
actual
chordal
plane.
The results
are not
critically
the upper

sensitive
to the separation
surface
panel
(ITS = 01) and

lower surface
of two thirds
foil
NAP

being

Number
of
the chord

between
the

panel
(ITS = -i), a separation
the thickness
ratio of the air-

a good
percent
(CCRDI

average

value

chords
or
and C_RD2)

to

use.

stations
at which

along
the

camber,
or surface,
ordinates
are to be
input.
Input as a two-place
integer
in
columns
31 and 32, right-adjusted
to
column
32.
Maximum
value of NAP is 50.
A
NAP = 0, i, or 2 will be interpreted
as a
flat wing and no subsequent
camber
cards will
be expected.
If ISYNT,
on this same card, is
to be input as i, i.e., a design
case, then
NAP should be 0 or blank.
IQUANT

Symmetry
flag
as an integer

with respect
to X-Z plane input
in column
L2.
IQUANT
= 0 or 2

indicates
there
is a mirror
image of the
panel on the opposite
side of the X-Z plane.
IQUANT
= i indicates
the panel
is unique
to
the side for which it is being
input.
ISYNT

Design/analysis
flag input as an integer
column
52.
ISYNT = 0 or blank indicates

in
that

the panel has been defined

geometrically
and
only analysis
is to take place.
ISYNT = I
indicates
that the panel camber
is to be
designed
by the program
to support
a specified pressure
distribution.
If NAP on this
same card was input
>2, then ISYNT should
be zero or blank.

56

NPP

Nonplanar
parameter,
input as
column
62.
NPP = 0 indicates

on integer
in
that all the

vortex
filaments
representing
a given surface
lie in the cylindrical
surface
whose directrix
is the leading
edge of the panel,
and whose
generatrices
are all parallel
to the X-axis.
NPP = i denotes
that the transverse
vortex.
filaments
surface,
allel to
the
and

CARD (12)

CI

are located
on the actual
body
but the bound trailing
legs are parthe x-axis.
This parameter
affects

definition
18.

of

ZC I and

ZC 2 on

cards

16

Pressure
coefficients
along the first,
or
root, edge of major panel defined
on Card

(7).

If ISYNT = 0, then this card is omitted.

Units are dimensionless,
_p/q.
Format
is
8FI0.O
starting
in column
i with as many
cards as necessary
to input RNCV values
of
The
are

desired
defined

values
at the

of the aerodynamic
chordwise
location

CI.

loading
of the

vortex
lines.
Thus,
if LAX = 0, the corresponding
X/C points
follow
the cosine
distribution
(1-cos
((2K-I)w/2N))/2;
if
LAX = I, then the definition
located
by the law (4K-3)/hN.
expressions
being equal
vortices.
CARD

(13):

C2

Pressure
tip edge

K ranges
to RNCV,

points
are
In the above

between
1 and
the chordwise

coefficients
along the
of major panel defined

N, N
number

second,
on card

of

or
(8).

If ISYNT = 0_ then this card is omitted.

Format
is 8 FI0.O starting
in column
I with
as many cards as required
to input RNCV
values
of CI.
Linear
interpolation
between
corresponding
values
of CI and C2 is used to
obtain
_C
at intermediate
spanwise
values
for the su_panels.
XAF

Chord percent
values
at which
camber,
or surface ordinates
will be supplied
for the major
panel,
in 8FI0.0
format
starting
in column
i
using as many cards as necessary
to define
NAP values
of XAF.
If NAP is 0_ I_ or 2_
then a flat uncambered
surface
is implied
and
this card is omitted.
These chord percents

5Y

need not be equally

spaced,
but the same set
applies
to both the root and tip chords,
or
edges of the panel.
Second
order Lagrange
or
sliding
parabola
interpolation
is used to
interpolate
between
input XAF points
to
obtain
the surface
slope value at the control
point of each subpanel.
For a panel representing
the surface
of a
non-zero
thickness
airfoil
or body, ITS W 0,
the Lagrange
interpolation
is modified
to a
fractional
power
(1/2) Lagrange
method
in the
neighborhood
of the leading
edge.
This allows
the precise
definition
of the surface
slopes
at the control
points
for a blunt leading
edge.

CARD (15 ) :

RLEI

Leading
edge radius,
in percent
chord,
of
airfoil
section
at the first,
or root, edge
of panel,
in F10.0 format
between
columns
1
and 10.
This card exists
only if ITS @ 0,
PDL <360.0
and NAP >2, i.e., an airfoil
with
non-zero
thickness
is being
simulated.
Otherwise,
it must be omitted.

CARD

(16):

ZCl

Camber

ordinates

or

surface

ordinates

of

root

chord of the major panel described

on Cara (7)
in units of percent
chord,
in 8F10.0
format,
using as many cards as necessary
to input NAP
values,
each corresponding
to an XAF of the
Card (14) series.
Omit this card if NAP is
0_ 11 or 2.
If a lifting
surface,
such as a
wing, is being simulated
by a zero thickness
panel then the ordinates
of the wing camber
line should
be input here.
If the wing thickness is being
simulated
by the sandwich
or
biplanar,
method,
i.e., a separate
panel
for
upper and lower
surfaces,
then the surface
ordinates
for upper or lower should
be input
here.
If a curved
panel is being
simulated
(i.e., PDL >360.)
and NPP = 0 then ordinates
of the panel
streamwise
edge should
These might represent
the mean line

be
of

input.
a

shaped
cowl for a flow through
nacelle,
for
example.
In this simulation
all shed vortices will lie in the same cylindrical
surface determined
by the leading
edge of the
curved
panel and the X direction.
If NPP = 1

58

and PDL > 360.0,

the ZCI
camber
of the bod_ axis.
CARD

(17)

CARD

(18):

array

represents

the

RLE2

Leading
edge radius,
in percent
chord,
of
airfoil
section
at the second,
or tip, edge
of panel,
in FIO.O
format
between
columns
i
and i0.
This card exists
only if ITS _ O,
PDL < 360.0 and NAP > 2, otherwise
it must be
omitted.

ZC2

Camber
ordinates,
or surface
ordinates
of the
second,
or tip chord
of the major panel,
or
area ratios
of the major panel in 8FIO.O
format,
using
as many cards as necessary
to
input NAP values,
each corresponding
to ar
XAF of the Card
(14) series.
Omit this card
if NAP is O, i, or 2.
Linear
spanwise
polation
is used to obtain
intermediate
If a curved
panel is
(PDL > 360.)
and NPP

intervalues.

being
simulated
= i then area ratios

in

percent
are expected
here.
These should
represent
the ratio of the cross sectional
area of the closed
polygonal
surface
being
simulated
at the XAF station
under consideration divided
by the area
polygon
times
I00.
Note
in percent
where a value
section
exactly
the size

of the reference
that ZC2 is entered
of i00 represents
a
of the reference

polygon.
Values
greater
or less than i00
are permitted
down to and including
O.
The
reference
polygon
is that input via the PHI-RO
pairs
on Card I0.
In this simulation
it is
presumed
that all stations
along the panel
have the same shape as the reference
polygon,
and the transverse
vortices
are located
on
the

If

actual

This concludes
the input for the
there
is more than one panel,
then

to this

point.

After
CARD

(19):

the

Panels
last
NXS

may

panel

be
is

input

first
start

in any

described_
Number

body

of

the

major panel
of the
over with Card (7)

curved

panel.

configuration.
and work down

sequence.

continue
of

surface

with

X-stations

Card

(19).

that

will

spatial
flow field survey
means no survey
desired.

define

grid.
Maximum

NXS is 20.
Input as a two-digit
columns
1 and 2, right-adjusted

the

NXS = 00
value of
integer
in
to column
2.

59

NYS

Number

of Y-stations

that

butt line values

of the
for no survey.
NYS and
be any positive
integer
NZS
_2000.
Input as
and 12.

a two

digit

will

define

the

survey
grid.
NYS = 00
NZS (following)
may
subject
to NXS x NYS x

integer

in

columns

Ii

NZS

Number
of Z-stations
that will define
the
water line values
of the survey
grid.
NZS = O0 for no survey.
Input as a two digit
integer
in columns
21 and 22.

CARD (20):

XS

X station
values
for the spatial
flow field
grid.
Omit this card if NXS=0.
Input i_n
8FI0.0
format
starting
in column
i, using as
many cards as necessary
to define
NXS values.

CARn (21):

YNCT

Beginning
of grid in the butt
Input in FI0.0 format
starting
Omit this card if NXS = 0.

DELTAY

Y-spacing
of the grid.
There will be NYS
butt line planes
equally
spaced
a distance
DELTAY
apart.
Input in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
i!.

ZNCT

Beginning
of grid in the water
Input in FI0.0 format
starting

DELTAZ

Z-spacing

of

the

grid.

There

line direction.
in column
i.

line direction.
in column
21.
will

be

NZS

water line planes

equally
spaced
a distance
DELTAZ
apart.
Input in FI0.0 format
starting
in column
31.
This

ends

the

Consecutive

input

description

data

sets

program
will always
identify
title
card (Card (i)).

6O

or

for
cases
the

a single
can

presence

be

case.
submitted

of

a new

at the
set

by

same

th_

time.

The

corresponding

PROGRAM
OUTPUT
The program output is processed by a standard 132 characters-per-line
printer.
The output from each configuration is preceded by a printout of the
input data cards. This printout is not an exact image of the input deck;
rather, it is the version of the deck as the code sees it, namely, the default
value of an input parameter is printed if there is a corresponding blank in
the input card. Also, data within a format field are lined up for clarity in
identification,
even though in the input deck such data may be arbitrarily
located within its field.
The input deck data is followed by a list of the
major geometric parameters used by the program and generated from the input
data deck. Next, the componentand total force and momentcoefficients are
printed out for a given flow condition (Mach number, angle of attack, angle
of sideslip, and rotational velocities).
These are followed by a tabulation
of the location of all the vortex elements, the pressure coefficients,
the
circulation strengths, and other ancillary information.
If a flow field
survey about the configuration has been requested, then the flow parameters
(velocity components, flow angles, Math number, and pressure ratios) at a
series of field grid points will be listed.
If other flow conditions have
been analyzed, the sametype of output will follow for each one of them,
starting with the listing of the componentand total force and momentcoefficients.
If other configurations have been input, then the output will continue
with the listing of the corresponding input data deck, and so on. Rather than
describing the output format in detail, a glossary of the output terms,
arranged in sequential order of appearance, and a sample computer output,
Table A-I, are presented.
Numbering index for major panel identification.
For cases where
LATRAL= i, the 1-number preceded by a double asterisk in the
PANELGEOMETRY
list denotes that the panel is the mirror image
(about the X-Z axis) of the panel with the same1-number but
without asterisks.
XAPEX

=XI (see input terminology).

YAPEX

=YI (see input terminology).

ZAPEX

=ZI (see input terminology).

PDC

=PDC(see input terminology).

LESWP

Sweepof the panel leading edge, in degrees.

sweepback,negative for sweep forward.

CSTART

=C@RDI(see input terminology).

TAPER

Panel taper ratio,

Positive

for

C_RD2/C@RDI.

61

PSPAN

Panel

span.

NVCR

=NVCR

(see

input

terminology).

RNCV

=RNCV

(see

input

terminology).

SPC

=SPC

SURF

Panel

surface

CN

Panel
area.

normal

CL

Panel lift coefficient,

surface
area.

CY

Panel lateral
force
own surface
area.

CD

Panel drag coefficient,

surface
area.

CT

Panel leading
surface
area.

edge

thrust

CS

Panel leading
surface
area.

edge

suction

CM

Panel pitching
by (freestream

CRM

Panel rolling
moment
about moment
reference
(freestream
dynamic
pressure
X SURF),
wind

center
axes.

CYM

Panel yawing
(freestream

center
axes.

SREF

=SREF

WSPAN

=WSPAN

CBAR

=CBAR

CLTCT

Total
(summation
to SREF.

CDT_T

Total

pressure

CYTCT

Total

lateral

62

(see

input

(see

area.
force

coefficient,

wind

referenced

axes,

coefficient,

wind

referenced

wind

axes,

to

axes,

its

to

own

its

referenced

to

input
input
input

surface

own

referenced

to

its

own

its

coefficient,

referenced

to

its

own

coefficient

referenced

to

its

own

moment
about moment
reference
center
dynamic
pressure
X SURF),
wind axes.

moment
dynamic

(see
(see

terminology).

about moment
reference
pressure
X SURF),
wind

divided

divided

divided

by

by

terminology).
terminology).
terminology).
over

all

panels)

lift

coefficient

referenced

drag

coefficient,

referenced

to

force

coefficient,

wind

referenced

axes,

SREF.
to

SREF.

CMTCT

Total pitching
moment
wind axes, referenced

CRTCT

Total rolling
moment
wind axes, referenced

CNTCT

Total yawing
moment
coefficient
about moment
wind axes, referenced
to SREF and WSPAN.

Oswald's

Perimetral,

Chordwise,
or streamwise,
index of vortex
element,
1 denotes
leading
edge element,
and C value equal to RNCV corresponds
the last, or trailing
edge element.

x/c
X,

Y,

Percent
Z

chord

about
CBAR.

moment

reference

coefficient
about moment
to SREF and WSPAN.

efficiency
or

coefficient
to SREF and

center,

reference

reference

center,

center,

factor.

spanwise,

location

index

of

Coordinates
of horseshoe
of bound vortex
line).

of

vortex

bound, vortex
vortex

element.

to

line.

element

centroid

(center

point

CH@RD

Local

SLCPE

Surface

ITS

Flag which indicates

type of panel
surface
(see input terminology),
A zero value means that the panel is considered
as a zero
thickness
lifting
surface.
A positive
unit value
(1) denotes
that the panel is the upper
surface
of an airfoil-like
element.
A negative
unit value
(-i) corresponds
to the lower
surface.
In the case of body-like
components,
1 denotes
the external,
or
wetted,
surface.
For a flow-through
nacelle
arrangement,
1
stands
for the external
surface,
and -I for the internal
surface.

DCP

Local
If

ITS

chord

length.

slope

loading
#

at boundary

coefficient

0, then

DCP

control

point.

(_C

is the

= C
- C , ) if panel
ITS = O.
P
P_
p_
local pressure
coefficient
(Cp).

CNC

Sectional

normal

force

coefficient

CN

Sectional

normal

force

coefficient.

DL

Local

CMT

Sectional

GAMMA

Vortex

zc/c

If the design
option
is being invoked,
the resulting
surface
printed
out instead
of GAMMA.
This surface
warp is expressed
fraction
of the local chord,
and it includes
both camber
and

CTC

Sectional

dihedral,

in

pitching

element

thrust

times

local

chord.

degrees.
moment

circulation

coefficient

coefficient

about

local

strength,

divided

by

times

local

quarter

freestream

chord.
velocity.
warp is
in
twist.

chord.
63

CDC

Sectional

ITRMAX

Maximum

pressure

allowable

solution

is

EPS

Tolerance,

ITER

Actual

BIG

Actual
stop
If

(NXS

> 0

eters

will

X,

Y,

flow
in

be

BIG

X,

DELTAY,
U

as

be

the
input

part

the

of

X,

ZNOT,

Y,

along

the

Gauss-Seidel

process.

process.

Relaxation

then

been

requested

the

following

grid

points

(not

the

vortex

centroids

the

to

configuration
are

values

be

master

determined
(see

confused

(freestream

velocity

X-direction

(body

coordinate

by

input

the

XS,

at

infinity

assumed

axes).

along

the

Y-direction

(body

axes).

Dimensionless

velocity

along

the

Z-direction

(body

axes).

EPSL@N

Upwash

angle

to

X-axis

SIGMA

Sidewash
to

the

angle
X-axis

degrees,

in
in

CP

Local

field

ML0C

Local

Mach

P/PT_T

Local

static-to-total

P/PINF

Local

to-freestream

64

this

plane
degrees.

pressure

plane

angle

parallel

is

to

This

to

coefficient

(CP

measured

the

angle

parallel

YNOT,

terminology).

velocity

in

with

previously

Dimensionless

in

param-

survey:

the

will

ITRMAX.
has

input

velocity

unity)

if

relaxation

description),

coordinates

DELTAZ

for

configuration

of
to

ITER

this

survey

referenced
The

change

relaxation

when

coordinates

Dimensionless
to

see

cycles

chord.

cycles.

for

or

local

terminology).

iteration

about

of

Y,

described),
frame.

EPS,

times

relaxation

relaxation

deck,

output

of

input

change
5

survey

Coordinates
the

of

iteration

input

also

(see

minimum,

number

field

coefficient

number

used
or

when

the

drag

X-Z
is

the

with

measured
X-Y

respect

plane.
with

respect

plane.

(Pstatic-Pinf)/qinf).

number.

pressure
static

ratio

pressure

for
ratio

isentropic
for

flow.

isentropic

flow.

TABLE

J_mSmlC

CRUISE
o

VEHICLE
1

O.SO0

A-I.

SAMPLE

(6L1607-32/-14

OUTPUT

WING)
0.10

N|TH
0.0

O/U

NACELLES.
0.0

(1/10
0.0

SCJLE;.
11

2.550

S.O00
0.0
9676.80

11

0.0
0.0
3.0000
90.00
0.0
0.0
_rY.2411
60.1989
87.4007
-1.0785
-0.76|6
-1.9552
-1.8927
0.0
100.0000
100.0000
$9.2900

_.4100
L_.2SO0
4.0_0
0o0
0.0
0.0
-3.1954
0.0
-1.6545

Z **********
0.0
0.0
48.0000
7.1815
0.0
3.4052
30.64?0
63.5641
90.8059
-0.8726
-0,9293
-2.0687
-1.7281
16.0000
100,0000
100.0000
45.0000

6.5740
22.3940
10.0000
0.0
1.0000
70.0000
-0.0129
-3.4439
0.0529
-2.1469

146 2500
126.8800
3.0000
0.0
0.0
60.0000
0.0
-1.6545
0.0
-0.3554

22.39&0
31.2410
10.00oo
0.0
1.0000
70.0000
0.052V
-2 1469
0.0138
-0.6585

I'M.SeO0
190.S400
2.0000
0,0
0.0
&O.O000
0,0
-0.35S4
0.0
-.O.2227

4 **********
31.7410
36.8040
IO.O000
0.0
1.0000
?O.O00C
0.0138
-0.6585
0.0151
-0._511

0.0

0.0

107.2280

191.0400

4.'_762
-q. 7868
0.0
35.00

10.2157
37.45?4
70.3?46
97.6163
-0.5?50
--1.1501
-2.1737
-I.2571
45.0000
IO0.O000
100.0000
16.0000

-5.4060
-5.44?0
I.oooo

144.8o40
92._70
o.0
lO.O00C
o0.0000
-0.4899
-3.9008
0.3078
-3.0692

-5.4470
-6.9000
1.0000

_2.5_7C
65.0[q0
O.C
IO.OCAO
o0.0000
0._078
-3.0692
U.349_
-1.3231

-_.900_,
-?.?lbQ
1.0000

65.0010
'_2.eBTG
0.0

20.0000
100.OG00
0.1145
-3.4807
0.4138
-I.6o77

13
5.00_0
80.0000
0.1708
-0.9846
0.0224
-0.7002

20.000C
lO0.O000
-1.258o
-4.1644
0. I14_
-3.4807

13
5.0000
eO.O000
0.2700
-2.6232
0.1708
-0.9846

13.6209
40.862?
75.6044
100. 0000
-0.4597
-1.278_
-2.1793
-I.0409
59.2900
I00.0000
I00.0000
o.0

13
5.0000
80.0000
-0.1367
-3.666_
0.2700
-2.6232

-23.74
2

6.8104
34.0522
66. 9693
94.2111
-0.6739
-1.0423
-2 1283
-I. 5125
30.2500
tO0.O000
I00.0000
30.2500

-5.4500

352.3OqO
_52.39Q9
999.b000
7.1815
29

0.0

10.0(_0
qO.OCO0
0.34q2
-1.32_I
0.2623
-0.9_06

20.0000
lO0.OOOO
0.4138
-!.6677
0.3095
-1.2_62

1.000
129.0000

FUSELJGF
(FUSIFORN
P,NELl
FUSELAGE
(FUS|FORM
PANFL)
NVOR,RNCV,SPC,POL
7.1815
7.1815
-90.00
0
1
17.02hl
20.&313
73.P365
54.4825
44.7670
47.6731
83.9955
77.18_0
80.5007
-0.4512
-I._015
-7.17_7
72.2500
I00.0000
I00.0000

--0._881
-I._7_3
-?.1254
S%.O000
IO0.O00C
_.O000

wINC, PANFL
NP.
1
w|NG
PANEL
Nn.
1
NVOR,RNCV,SPCtPnL
0
0
30.0000
4n.r_00

-0.5931
-1.7472
-2.C733
I00.0000
lO0.O00C
72.2_00

50.r000

-1.o_7_

-_._770

-?.88h_

-0.?_30

-0.6_2_

-I.I_OO

wING PJNFL
N _.
Z
Wing
PiPEt
Nn.
?
NVDR,RNCV,SPCePDL
O
0
30.0000
_O.CCCO
-0.?_30
0._277

o._7_
0.I_8

WING P&NFL
NO.
3
WING PANFL
Nn.
NVOR,RNCVtSPC,PPL
0
0
30.0000
_0.0000

-C.C78_

50.0000

0.3?77

0.IS38

-O.O78E

0.2567

0.137_

-0.022_

65

TABLE

Continued

190.5400

36.8040

-7.7160

52._E70

WING

PANEL

N_.

48.6830

-q.9740

31.1720

WING

PANEL

NO.

lO.OOCO

0.0
0.0

l.O00C

0.0
0.0
0.263I

O.0

13
5._00(,

20.0000
100.0000

_0.00_0

0.01_1

0.0774

-0.4511

-0.7002

-0._6C6

-0.0257

-0.1123

-0.11_5

0._919

NVOR,RNCV,SPC+POL
0
0

2
I0.0000

RO.O000

70.00_0

-O.2227

222

1.0000

0.0

bO.0000

0.2623

0.3117

0.327?

30.0000

0.30_5

40.0000

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,_

RECOMMENDATIONS

The
suffice

definitions
for

program.
bilities

the

But

of

in

any

to
the

running

flow

condition

input

deck.

sonic

Mach

extend

generalized

new

this

due

to

numbers

fact

number

of

vortices

solution

involves

tical

to

from

prevent

pressure

possible
In

specifying
a

whole,

and

RNCV,

and

dense.

ratio

illustrate

if

medium

for

the

chordwise

and

spanwise

like

The

type

of

for

the

and

when

shed

is

A
was

the

a given
by

given

Stability

and

control

the

and

moment

load
too

allows

the

to
is

type

of

type

obvious

distribution
critical):

is

achieve

required

data

(accuracy

is

good
not

may

be

dense,
the

an

aspect
and

said
grid

in

both

mixed-type

also

possible.

a powerful
lowest

follows:

is

essential

definition

the

tool
computa-

only

of
drag

to
would

above

as

required,

medium,

that

the

data,

sparse

NV@R=!0

uniform

are

coefficients,

of

if

In
be

NV_R

panel

or

specified,
to

which
with

sparse,

panel

RNCV=20.

considered

him

panel
in

quantities

latticed

latticed,

It

fore

same

iden-

configuration

the

starboard

then

and

the
be

panel,

considered:

sparsely

NV_R=30

in

oscillations

of

be

finely

trans-

coefficients.

panel,

RNCV=IO,

data

regions.

the

aft

vector
vector

should

by

the

is

total

the

the

core

elements

of

density

case,

the

the

in

spurious

may

of

addition,

and

aerodynamic

correctly

It

(i)

not

will

time

approximately

legs

major

the

cost

aerodynamic

the

super-

This

whereas

lying

show

degrees

tional

force

and

power

dense-spanwise-sparse-chordwise

for

one

out

configuration

increase

points

directions.

user.

only

possible.

In

vortex

vortex

lattice

density

lattice,

program

accuracy

of

on

values

grid

capathe

computational

storage

and

may

grid.

the

lattices

power.

control

NV_R=I6

examples,

given

second

magnitude

wing

density

the

check

subsonic

whenever

the

computer

a particular

To

both

run

to

configuration,

tandem,

vortex

of

different

obtained

the
third

of

the

three

say;
a

in

straight-tapered

RNCV=5,
have

up
the

effects

the

VORLAX

of

method,

time,

procedure
to

distributions

or

lattice

first

the

(IS@LV=O)

trailing

consequent

as

be

the

use

NALPHA=I,

for
of

distribution

through

the
and

relaxation

the

are

accurate

should

the

to:

repeated

order

spanwise

running

case,

as

an

panels

the

vortex

analysis

making

between

above

regimes.

the

varies

operations

major

nonplanar

proportionately

time

PROGRAM

through

and

for

solution
that

solution

plane,

the

VORLAX

presented

efficient

NMACH=I

be

flow

relaxation

somewhat

When

if

both

varies

fer

should

data

adhered

i.e.,

THE

configuration

configuration

point,
This

the

be

OF

output

an

should

through

Use

and

USE

arbitrary

achieve

recommendations

When

EFFICIENT

input

of

order
by

THE

the

running

provided

following

FOR

in

the

coefficient

lattice.

93

(2)

Load distribution
and drag type data (good definition
of the
aerodynamic
load distribution,
both spanwise
and chordwise_
is required,
accurate
drag coefficient
values
are needed):
medium

(3)

Surface

density

lattice.

pressure

distribution

type

data

(good

definition

In addition
to the
vortex
distribution

lattice,
(cosine

or vortex
and equal

grid, density,
the
spacing)
is highly

!,h_

of

surface
pressure
distribution
-- control
surface
theory
-essential,
such as for wing design):
lattice
with maximmn
chordwise
density
and with medium
spanwise
density.

i_

type of
sig_ifie_

in determining
the accuracy
of the results.
It has been found thst
chordwise
cosine
spacing
(LAX=0)
is superior
in accuracy
to th,_
chordwise
equal spacing
(LAX=I).
In terms of spanwise
spaein6_
no
significant
differences
have been observed
between
cosine
(LAY=0)
and equal spacing
(LAY=]),
the cosine
spaein_
appearing
to l_e
slightly
more accurate.
is no difference
in the
spacing
lattices.
When

the

fusiform

body

For the same

computational

representation

number
of vortices,
cost between
cosine

is being

used

there:
and equ_

(PDL=360

and

NPP=I),
the number
of sides of the polygon
defining
the body cros_
section
should
be kept as low as possible,
e.g., the cross seetio_
of a body of resolution
can be adequately
represented
by a hexago_.
Also, when a very slender
body with pointed
nose is being
eonsidere_i_
the nose (and afterbody
if it is also pointed)
should be arbitraril;v
blunted
in the input definition
in order to minimize
the numericaJ
difficulties
caused
by the crowding
of the vortical
singularities
in
the body nose region.
Figure

A-7

illustrates

a typical

vortex

lattice

modelof

an

advanced

t_di_-

engine
tactical
fighter.
This particular
lattice
model,
with even chordw:i_r
and spanwise
spacing
(LAX=I,
LAY=I),
is considered
sparse,
and quite adequate
for stability
and control
work, both longitudinal
and lateral.
In this model,
both the fuselage
and nacelles
are represented,
or simulated,
by flat plate
elements,
i.e., NPP=0.
Obviously,
this body simulation
does not allow the
computation
of surface
pressures,
but it is adequate,
and the most computationally
efficient,
for stability
and control
work as well as for load di_tribution
and drag data.

94

t_O

U.I
1.1.1

o
I.U

Q,.

a
o

I--

,--[

O_

.,-I
+._
,---I
N
-o

o
!

1.1.1

t_O
.el

Z
0

95

APPENDIX
COMPLETE

FOR

PROGRAM

COMPILATION
FOR

AND

A GENERALIZED
VORTEX
LATTICE
SUBSONIC
AND SUPERSONIC
FLOW

EXECUTION

METHOD
APPLICATIONS

97

HARDWARE
ANDSYSTEMS
The VORLAX
program has been run on several different IBM computer
systems at Lockheed. All classified work conducted by the AdvancedDevelopment Projects Division, "Skunk Works", has been run on a 360/65 and no
information can be presented about operation on this system. All non"Skunk Works" areas such as commercial and military engineering perform
aerodynamic and loads analysis using VORLAX
on the IBM 360/91. Furthermore,
a 370/168
system
if

has been used to assure

scientific
applications

that VORLAX
are removed

can be efficiently
run on
from the 360/91
system.

this

The program
has been used for a wide range of aircraft
configurations
and a good idea of the best operational
procedures
has been established.
The program
has been run at sizes ranging
from 65K words
(260K bytes)
to
85K words
(340K bytes).
An initial
attempt
was made to use a central
memory
region
of 65K.
This proved
extremely
inefficient
because
the number
of
accesses
for I/O to peripheral
storage
soared
with the imposed
limitation
of small buffers
for each logical
unit used.
The program
became
I/O bound
and larger
buffers
were called
for.
By going to large buffers,
approximately
3000 words
are accessed
with a single
read or write.
With the smaller
buffers,
the number
of words per access
might be 600 - a factor
of five
smaller.
When large cases are run on VORLAX,
5 to lO million
words may have
to be accessed;
it is readily
apparent
that the number
of reads and writes
can become
overwhelming
if the buffering
is not adequate.
Almost
all cases run on VORLAX
use less than 20 minutes
of central
processor
time on the 360/91.
Lockheed
has demonstrated
that a 25 minute
case
will run in about 15 minutes
on a Control
Data Cyber 175.
It is, however,
incumbent
on the user to ensure
that the system
control
language
is properly
adjusted
to optimize
operation
of the program
and the computer
on which
it
is running.
Since
small central
core size is usually
an objective,
it is worth noting
that due consideration
has been given to various
methods
of reducing
VORLAX
central
memory
requirements.
All the obvious
methods
of core reduction
have
been found to have disadvantages.
In particular,
by studying
the tree structure of the program,
it was determined
that overlay
would not significantly
reduce
size and it would introduce
inefficiences.
Consequently,
in order to
reduce
core size requirements,
the actual
array sizes in the program
have
been minimized
to allow reasonable
configuration
complexity
without
unnecessary
waste.
But more importantly,
mathematical
techniques
were used
in the problem
solution
that reduce
the need to have large matrices
in
central
memory.
One, two, or three elements
are brought
into central
memory,
processed,
and shipped
back to peripheral
storage
to minimize
memory
requirements.
This results
in enormous
savings
in central
memory.
Since

the

Spring

of

1975,

the

source

coding

has

almost

doubled

in

size

99

with a comparable
increase
in program
flexibility
and capability
and yet
central
memory
requirements
have only increased
about 20 percent.
This was
made possible
only through
continued
attention
to the optimization
of the
operation
of the program
on Lockheed's
computer
complex.
It is of on-going
concern
to continue
to study possible
means of improving
program
operational
efficiency,
and to this end several
novel ideas are being
actively
examined
for their
possible
future
incorporation
to the computer
code.

lO0

PROGRAM
UNIFIEDVORTEX
LATTICEMETHOD
FORSUBSONIC
ANDSUPERSONIC
FLOW
(VOP_AX)
COMPLETE
AND
IN

CDC

COMPILE

EXECUTION
FORTRAN

i01

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fill(

VORLAX

VORLAX

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Y

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

LOCKHEED

THIS

DATA

CONTAINS

PROPRIETARY

INFORMATION

AND/OR

LOCKHEED
RECIPIENT,
DUCED,

BY

ACCEPTING

TRANSFERRED

ORGANIZATION,
EXI'_ESS

OR

FOR

BE

SAME,

AGREES

THAT

DOCUMENTS,
OF

REMOVED

THE

ARE

DATA

DISCLOSED
OR

LOCKHEED

OCTOBER

WHICH

THE

PROPERTY

OF

CORPORATION.

MANUFACTURING

PERMISSION

MAY

DESIGNS

AIRCRAFT

OTHER

USED

WRITTEN

I.IMITATION

THE
TO

DATA

WILL

NOT

OUTSIDE

OF

PROCUREMENT

AIRCRAFT

BE
THE

REPRORECIPIENT

WITHOUT

CORPORATION.

THE

THIS

1977.

LOCKHEED

PROPRIETARY

DATA

VORLAX

GENERALIZED

LUIS

C
C

WILLIAM
_,_,r_

COMPUTER

R.

VORIEX
MIRANDA

LATTICE
(DEUT.

75-_I)

M.
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(F)EPI.
LOCKHEED-CALIFORNIA
SERVICES

PROGRAM

(S(IRSOI_IC/SUPERSONIC

IBLOG.

f-,]G /(;_]3)

NoNPIANAR)

847-68I_/

VORLAX

80-34)
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67
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COMPANY.,
HU_BANK
cALIFORNIA

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C,,.CO,

COMPRESSIBILITY
CL,

CM,

Clod

C...CX,
C.,.DL

CY

CN

FACTOR

PANEL
FORCE

DRAG,
LIFT,
COEFFICIENTS,

PANEL

X-

AND

DIHEDRAL
FY

PANEL

NORMAL

C.,.IH,

IQ

ANGLE

OF

TOTAL
PANEL

NUMBER
ROLLING

C.,.RM

PANEL
YAWING
V-COORDINATE

C.,,ZC

NORMAL

C..,ZZ

Z-CoORDINATE

C..,BIG

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CNC
CYN

OF

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FLAGS,

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C...NXS,

PANEL
NUMBER

NYS,

NZS

OF
Q,

VORLAX

VORTICES.

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

PER

CROSS-PLANES,

VORLAX

CENTRUID_,

VORLAX
VORLAX

UNIT
Q.
VORTEX
IN

FRACTION

VORTEX

RELAXATION

AND CN lIMES
ANO
YAWING

of

CHORD.

CENIRUII)_.

VORLAX

CYCLE.

LOCAL
MOMENT

VORLAX

CHORI),
COEFFICIENTS,

(FIIHER

LOAD

VORLAX
VORLAX

OR

VORLAX
VORLAX

CYCLE
CHANGF.
REFERENCE

FLOW
ANC

EXPOSURE
SPANWISE

VORLAX
VORLAX

FLA_S.
OISTRIBUTION

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

CHORDWISE
OF
FLOW

FLAG.
PLANES

NONPLANARIIY
FIELD
SURVEY

NAL
TO
THE
COORDINATE
AXES).
PANEL
5PANWISE
NONPLANARITY

CROSS-SECTION
APPROXIMATE

DIHEDRAL
DIRECTION.

IF

PANEL

(POSITIVE

NORMALmASH
SLOPE
AT

C,.,SPC

PANEL

C.,,TNL

TANGENT

MATRIX,
LEADING
OF

LEADING

C,,.TNT
C...VSP

TANGENT
TANGENT

OF
OF

1RAILING
SKEWED

C,..VSS

SEMISPAN
ACTUAL

LEADING

CHORDWISE
IS INPUT,

C,o.XTE

TRAILING

C.,.ALFA
C,o,ALOC

ANGLE

EDgE

EDGF

COMPONENT
HAL
TO

THE

COMES

SPAN

FROM

RADIUS

SbCTION

VORLAX
VORLAX

_F

FACTOR.

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

VORTEX
ROW.
SEMISPAN,

VORLAX
VORLAX

ABSCISSA

C.,.BETA

AUXILIARY
ARRAY,
PRANDTL-BLAUERT

C.,CBAR

REFERENCE

CHORD,

C,,.CMTC

CHORDWISE
TIMES
LOCAL

TORSIONAL
CHORq,

VORLAX

SWEEP.
LINE,

COOrdINATES

_T

OF

VORTEX

WHICH

rAMBEH

ROW.

THE

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

RAOIANS),

OF
FREE-STREAM
THE
SHRFACE
AT

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

SWEEP,

EDGE
vORTEJ

(IN

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX
VORLAX

EDGE

ATTACK

LEAOING

IN

PANEL

EDGE.

PERCENT

OF

ALSO

FLAT

FLOW

VORLAX
VORLAX

(ORTHOGD

FLAG.

VECTOR.
EIGENVALUE

OF cHORDWISE
HORSESHOE
vORIEX

C...

IS

IHEN

RAoIUS
VALUE
OF

C. . SLE

PANEL

VORLAX

VORLAX

C,.,RCS

C.,.CSUC

VORLAX
VORLAX

INDICES.

ROWS
UNIT

HoRSEsHoE

STRIP
CHOROWISE

YAw
ANGLE
BORTSIDE).

Ce_.

Q.

NUMBER

COORDINATr

AND

C.,,PSl
C.,.

CeoG

UNIT

SURVEY

COEFFICIENTS

PANEL
wiSE

CeI.

NACH

FIELD

OF

CeDe

C...XAF

PER

MOMENT
PER
OF HORSESHOE

CHANGE

PANEL
LATTICE

Co..

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

vORT!

CENIER.

CeDe

C.,,VST

_OPMAL

HORSESHOE

ACCEPTABLE
FINAL
RELAXATION
HEIGHT
ABOVE
GROUND
OF
MOMENT

C,o,HAG

CoRD

VORLAX
AND

INCEX,

FLOW

CAMBER

PRESSURE
SURFACE).

C.,.EPS

C,,.RLM

OF

OF
CHORDWISE
MOMENT
PEP

CHORDWISE
CD
PANEL
ROLLING

Ceee

AND

LOCATION

ABSCISSAE

C,.,DCP

Coee

ROW

Y-FOHCF

ATTACK

C.,,M
C,,,YY

C,,.PDL

I,)

VORLAX

SPANWISE

C,o,

MOMENT,

COEFFICIENTS.

CHORDWISE
AND

C,.,SX
C,,.XS

C.o.
ITS_
C,,,LAX,LAY

eL2

cES.

C...NI

C.,.CDCt
C,.oCRMt

Y-FoRCE

OF

C,,,
C.,.FN,

(M

PITCHING

AND
ONSET
CONIROL

FLOW%
POINI_.

NOR
ALSO

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

FACTOR,

VORLAX

EDGE

NONFNI
TPHUSI

AHOUT
PER

UNIT

QUARTEP
Q.

CHORD

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

i05

C,..ORAG
C..,NEAD
C...IDES
C...IPAN

INDUCED

PANEL
DESIGN

DESCRIPTION
(SYNTHESIS)

HORSESHOE

C.,.ITER

ACTUAL
PANEL

C...LIFT

DRAG

FREE-STREAM
OF

PANELS

C...NVOR

NUMBER

OF

PANEL

C.,,RNCV

CHORDWISE
NUMBER
GIVEN
PANEL.
SLE2

Q.

SURFACE
EDGES.

MACH

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX

OEFINEN

IN

cMoRDwISE
OF

SLOPES

AT

THE

LEADING

NI.
CONFIGURATION

REFERENCE

C,..SURF

PANEL

AREA

C,,,VINF
C,..XBAR

REFERENCE
ABSCISSA

C,..XSUC

PANEL

C,,.YAWQ
C..,YNOI

YAW

EDGE

SURFACE

FREE
STREAM
VFLOCITY.
OF
MOMENT
REFERENCE
LEADING

RATE

EDGE

THRUST

C...

C...CNTO_
C..CRTOT
C...CYTOT
C...DNDXI,

LEADING
PANEL

DNDX2

ORIGIN

CHORDLINE

INCIDENCE

C.,.GANMA
Ceee

C...ISOLV
CeI,

OF

AT

MEASUREC

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

PANEL

THEY
POINTS

THE

THE

ALONG

LOAD
THE

SYSIEN

CONDITION

FLOW

ROTATION

MEASURED

DESIGN

SIDE
,

Of

I_

IN

AT

THE

EDGES.
ALSO

SOLUTION

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

USED
FOR

THE

VORLAA
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

THE

GENERATED

CONFIGURATION

REFERENCE

BY
ABOUT

THE

VORLAX

THE

VORLAX

CENTER.

PANEL

C...RFLAG

COEFFICIENT
CONDITION

MULTIPLIER
EOUATIONS.

C..;RNMAX

NUMBER

VORTICES

C...ROLLO

ROLL

C...SLOPE

SURFACE
PANEL

VORLAX

SPAN.

OF

VORLAX

EDGE
SWEEp
(OEGS).
NUMBERS
PER
CASE.

C...PSPAN

RATE

VORLAX

EQUATIONS.

VELOCITIES
OF

VORLAX
VORLAX

IF

PANEL

FLAG

ONSET

VORLAX

COEFFICIENTS

CIRCULATION
STORAGE.

DETERMINING

VORLAX
VORLAX

POINTS

EDGES.

HORSESHOE
VORTEX
AS TEMPORARY
DATA
BOUNDARY

VORLAX

VORLAX

CONTROL

SIDE

ARE

Or

COEFFICIENT.

AT

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORTICES.

ROLLING
MOMENT
COEFFICIENT.
SIDE
FORCE
cOEFFIcIENT.
THE

PANEL.

COEFFICIENT.

MOMENT

SLOPES

GRID.

OF

CENTRLINE

TOTAL
TOTAL
SURFACE

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX
VORLAX

ALONG

MOMENT

THE

SURVEY

EDGES

YAWING

C...ONSET

C...SYNTH

(STRIP)
AT

FIELD
sIDE

PITCHING

MOMENT

GRID

CENTER.
ROW

TOTAL

LEADING
OF
MACH

Ceo,

FLOw

ROW
OF
HORSESHOE
COEFFICIENT.

PANEL
NUMBER

CaB.

SURVEY

TOTAL

LOAD

VORLAX

Q.

CAMBERLINE

LENGTH

C..'LESWP
C..NMACH

Ceeo

OF

CHORD

VOKED,

VORLAX
VORLAX

FIELD

OF ATTACK
(DEGS),
INDUCED
DRAG
COEFFICIENT.

COB.
Cee.

FLOw

ANGLE
TOTAL

ALONG

CENTER.

VORLAX

wATERLINE

Coil

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX
OF

EDGE
OFFSET
SIDE
EDGES.

STREAMWISE
TOTAL
LIFT

C...CLIOT
C..,CMTGT

SIDE

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX

UNIT

OF
MOMENT
REFERENCE
OF
STREANWISE
VORTEX

C...CDIOT
C..CHORD

PANEL

AREA).

PER

CHORDLINE.

C...ALPHA

VORLAX

FOR

(OEGS/SEC).

ORDINATE
INCIDENCE

AINC2

OF

VORLAA

VORLAX

(PLANFORM

C..

C...AINC1,

VORTICES.

VORLAX

C...ZETA

C.,.ZNOT

OF

AREA.

ORIGIN

Ce..

INPUT.

VORTICES

BUTTLINE

ZLE_

DATA

STRIPS

hORSESHOE

C...SREF

Co..ZLEI_

VORLAX
VORLAX

CYCLES.

NUMBER.

C,..SMAX

C...ZBAR

V0RLAX

INDEX.

NUMBER
OF RELAXATION
LIFT
PER
UNIT
Q,

NUMBER

COlD

UNIT

PANEL

C,,.NPAN

C...SLEI,

PER

INFORMATION.
FLAG.

STRIP

C.,.MACH

Ceee

1o6

PANEL

VORLAX
IN
FOR

SYSTEM
GIVEN

OF

BOUNDARY

CHORDWISF

ROW.

(DEGS/SEC).

SLOPE
SYNIHESIS

AT

THE
LATTICE
CONTROL
(DESIGN)
FLAG.

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

POINTS.

VORLAX
VORLAX

...TAPER

_ANEL
CASE

C...TITLE
C...WSPAN
C...XAPEX,

ZAPFK

VORLAX
VORLAX

REFERENCE

COORDINATES

OF

EDGE

APEX).

(PANEL

CHORD

LENGTH

DELTAZ

8U[TLINE
SURVEY

FLOATY

VORTEX

Coco

C...FLOATX,
C...INTRAC

RATIO.

CONFIGURATION
YAPEX,

CJl,

C...CSTART
C...OELTAY,

TAPER
TITLE.

OF

AND
GRID.

WING

PANEL

FIPST

VORLAX

EDGE

LE_DING

PANEL

FIRST

SIDE

SPACING

FLOAIATION

EDGF.
OF

FLOW

C...INVERS

LATERAL
NONPLAnARITY
(SYNTHESIS)
FLAG.

C...IQUANT

PANEL

SYMMETRY

C...ITRMAX

MAXIMUM

C,..LATRAI.

CONFIGURATION

Co..

FLAG.

C...MOMENT

PANEL

PITCHING

C...NALPHA
C...NPANAs

NUMBER
TO_AL

OF
ANGLES
NUMBER
OF

C..o

INTO

VORLAX
VORLAX

FLAG.

ALLOWABLE

VORLAX

NUMBER
OR

ANGULAR

Ceoo

VECTOR.
pITcH

C...PITCHU

OF

FLICHT

RELAXATION

CONDITION

cYCLES.

SYMMETRY

.......

.............

IPER

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

ACCOUNT

MhMENT

PER

UNIT

Q.

OF
AITACK
PANELS
THAT

PER
CASE.
HAVE
TO

THE

COMPUTATION

IN

ACTUAL

VORLAX
HE

TAKEN

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

COORDINATE
RATE

OF

CROSS-SECTION

RADIU_

UNIT

Q[

MEANS

PRESSUREf,

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

(OEGS/SEC).

Ce.,

C................._.....DYNAMIC

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

PARANETEN.

pROCESS.

C...PHIMED

C..

VORLAX
FIELD

PARAMETERS.

PANEL
i)ESIGN

C..,

VORLAX
VORLAX

WATERLINE

WAKE

SPAN.
SIDE

(PER

UNIT

FREE-STREA_

VORLAX
VORLAX

C...

VORLAX

VORLAX

VORLA_

107

OPl=]

76/76

FIN

6.5+610n

I0/04/76

iOlS.13

CONTROL*VHLX,AERO

VORLAX

307

Cee.

VORLAX

30H

VORLAX

309

VORLAX

31_

VORLAX

311

VORLAX

3t_

VORLAX

313

Cue.

VO_LAX

31_

C...INPUI

CALLING

VORLAX

31_

CJee

EW

SUBROUTINE

AERO

IEW,

ITOIAL)

C...
C...PURPOSE

TO

CIQ.

PRESSURF

COMP*JTF

Ceee

EDGE

FORCE

AND

_OMENI

OISIRIBUIION
SUCTION

OAIA

"DATA

ANC

BY
8Y

INIEBRAIION
IAKING

f_F

INTO

ACcOtlNI

FORCFS,

SEQUENCES

NO_MALWASB

AT

MATRIX

Coil

(REIRIEVEI)

Cea.

COMMONS

CeDe

X,

CeDe

SPC,

Co'o

VINF,

Cea

PSPAN,,

RNMAX,

CeDe

LATRAL,

NPANAS,

Y,

LEADING

H2,

VSS,

DL,

VST,

X_AR,

EI)GE
ROw

SX,

yY,

XTE,

BY

_OW

7Z,

AIFA,

YAW_,

CCP,

MACF,

iBAR,

VORLAX

.}16

VORLAX

317

UNIT

9},

VORLAg

318

JTS*

LAX,

PSI,

VORLAX

319

SREF,

VORLAX

320

LES_,

VORLAX

37I

IhUANT,

VORLAX

3_?

VORLAX

3_3

VORLAX

3_

VGRLAX

3_5

VORLAX

3_&

NVOR,

CHORD,

SLOPE,

COEFFIcIENI

FROM

NPAN,

ZETA,

NOLL_,

INFLUENCE

_AWMA,

TAPFR,

CSIART,

PITCH,S,

Cele
C.

OUTPIII

CALLING

Ca

NONE.

Co

COMMON<

Co

CD_

Coo

CRM,

Co

CDTOI,

SEOUENCE_

VORLAX
CL,

CM,

CYM,

CN,

CX,

CMTC,

CY,

CSUC,

CLTOI,

F.J,

FY,

DRA_,

CMThI,

QM,

LIFT,

cNIOT,

YM,

CDC,

SURF,

C_IOI,

3?8

VORLAX

329

VORLAX

3_0

VORLAX

3_I

VORLAX

3}2

VORLAX

333

VORLAX

334

VORLAX

]35

VORLAX

336

VORLAX

337

ARE

VORLAX

3_R

TOTAL

VORLAX

33_

VORLAX

3_0

VQRLAX

34I

VORLAX

3_Z

XSUCw

CYTOT,

MOMENT

Col
C.

.SUBROUIINES

C.

CALLED

NONE.

C
Co

.DISCUSSION

SUbrOUTINE

AERO

C.

MOMENT

DISTRIBIJTION

Co

FORCES

C()MPUIES

cOEFFICIENTS

IHNEE

C,.

CONFIGURATION

CI

Ce

ANO

Clll

TOTAL

Ce

(P)

(3)

BY

AND
IN

STRIPWISE,

OR

C()EFFICIENTS
AND

Co

OR

To

Cool

DEFINITION.

4NGLE

A_

(_)
WIND

(2)

AKES
AERO

AS

SUHR(gUTINE

(i)

COEFFICIENTS,

TO

ARE
RF.)UIRF0

IHFRE

COEFFICIENTS.

RFcEREBCEn

COEFFICIE_JIS

SUCTION

FULLqWS

PANEL

CHORDWISE,

ARE

EDGE

PROCEI_URE.

COEF_ICIFNTS,

A_D

PRESSURE

I.FADING

LAN_

COEFFICIENTS,

FORCE
IHE

THE

wITH

OF

AEROBYNAMIC

INTEGRAIING

COMPLITING

ACCORDAr_CE

ASSES

THE

HEFFRENCEO
BY

THE

IS

CALLE0

ALL

WIND

AXES
EITHER

cLASS
To

CORRESPONDING
BY

MAIN

FOp

3Z7

VORLAX

CNC,

BODY

VORLAX

lw3

ChEFF.

VORLAX

3_

VORLAX

3_5

EVERY

V0RLAX

]46

VORLAX

3g_

VORLAX

348

_o8

OF

ATTACK

AIcL)

MACH

,qUHBE_

COMHINATIhN.

74/74

0PT=I

F'TN

_.S*_10J

10/04/76

CONTROLOVHLX.BOUNUY

g/IV/7B

CQoe
SUBROUTINE

BOUNDY

(IIOIAL)

Cloe
C...PURPOSE

10

C.,.
C...

THE
TROL

CALCULATE

THE

BOUNDARY
POINTS.

ONSET

SURFACE

FLOw
AT

THE

COMPONENT

NORMAL

VOwTFX

TO

LATTICE

CON

Cos.
C...INPUT

CALLING

SEQUENCE

C..,
C...

ITOTAL
COMMON

C,,.

ALFA9

PSI.

C...

SX_

C...

RFLAG.

CX_

TOTAL

NUMHER

VINFt

X.

OF

HORSE_HnE

PITCHQ+

YY_

ZZt

ROLLG,

DL,

VORTICES.
YAWQ,

CHORD,

XH_R,

LAX,

RNMAX,

ZHAR,

SLOPE,

CI.+
C...OUTPUT

COMMON

C...
Coee

ALOC,

ONSET.

C,..SUBROUTINES
C...CALLED
C,ss
C.,,DISCUSSION
Ctoe
Ctee

NONE.
THE
ONSET
FLOW
AT
THE
VORTEX

COMPONENT
LAITICE

BY

THE

PROJECTING

C,lo

ALONG

C+eo

THE

RIGID

NORMAL

ROTATION

C+os

ZBAR).

Ci.e
Ct,o

ONSET
DENOTES
THE
VELOCITY
COMPONENT

C,eo
C_e.

ALOC

Cs.o
Co..

THE

AND

REFERENCED

FREE-STqEAM

SURFACE
BODY

ONSET

ONSET+
TO

ARE

BOUNDARY
IS CALCULATED

I_KING
TP_

NORMAL

RIGID
ALONG

THE

VELOCITY
AND

A_OIIT

FLOW

THE

TO
_OINTS

NORMAL
CONTROL

BODY
THE

POINT

ACCOtJNT
0,

(_BAR,

CUMPMONENT

IS

_tJTATI()N
X-AXIS.

INOtJCED
BOTH
ARRAY

DIMENSIONLESS,
FREF-STQEAM

VECIOR
LNTO

I.Eot
VELOCITY.

ALt)C.

THEY

ARF

10.IS.l_

VORLAX

747

VORLAX

74H

VORLAX
VORLAX

7_9
750

VORLAW

751

VORLAX
VORLAX

7_
7_3

VORLAX

754

VORLAX

755

VORLAX
VORLAX

756
757

VORLAX

75_

VORLAX

7_9

VORLAX

76_

VORLAX

7_1

VORLAX
VORLAX

7h2
763

VORLAX

7_4

VORLAX
VORLAX

76_
766

VORLAX

7_7

VORLAX
VORLAX

7hH
7_9

VORLAX

77U

VORLAX
VORLAX

77I
77_

VORLAX

773

VOHLAX

77_

VORLAX

77%

VORLAX

776

VORLAX
VORLAX

777
778

VORLAX

77g

lo9

74/74

FTN

DPT=I

_._*_IOA

]0/0_/76

'_ ; ) 3/16

CONTROL*VRLX.GAUSS
CI.
SUBROUTINE

GAUSS

(ITOTAL,

REXPAR,

FW,

X_T)

Coo
tee

,PURPOSE
T

Ce.

Co-

INPUT

CALLING

oVEN-RELAXATION{

SEQUENCES

C.

ITOTAL

TOIAL

Ce

REXPAR

RELAXAIION

Co.

EW

C.a

COMMON<

C..

CX,

ROw

OF

SX,

NUMBER

OF

V_}_I)CES_

PARAMEIER*

NORMALWASH

LAX,

HoPSEHH()E

MATRIX.

ALOCt

IDES,

CHORD,

PNMAX,

INVERS_

C,o
Co.

CALLING

,OUTPUT

SEQUENCE%

XRI

AI_XILIARY

C.

COMMON<

Co..

BIG_

Cei

GAMMA

C.

EQUAl,ORS.

Co

SIRENGTMS.

C.

NOTE_

IF

C.

PART

INPUT

DCP,

VECTOR

EPS9

IS

HLM,

IRE

USEo

SI_E_

SOLUTION
I.

E.,

INVERS
AND

Ik

]TER,

OF

PART

_()UDARY

C.

. SURNOHT
.CALLED

==

oF

THE

i.

NO

MASS-FLUX

CONrROL

TIVELY

IDES

.o

THE
THAI

SLOPE

C.

POINTS.

GAMM$_

1,

ROW
IS

COMPUTAIION
ROw
=

IS
EW

BY

_JSING
OF

INSTEAn
OF

F'ERFOh'MEr)
_'GAMMA.

NORMAL

OF
THE
BY

I0

THE

LS

PERFORMED

THE

C.$.0._.

PANEL.

IO

>OLVINc,

'-,Lr)PE

THE

HE
FOR

,-_',TPI',

865

VORLAX

866

VORLAX

867

AT

METHOD.
I)ESIGNED,,

AL[)N[_

869

VORLAX

870

VORLAX

87I

VORLAX

87_

878

VORLAX

87q

VORLAX

8RO

VORLAX

BRI

VORLAX

8R_

VORLAX

893

VORLAX

8R4

OF

VORLAX

885

[HF

VORLAX

_6

VORLAX

897

VORLAX

VORLAX

8R9

VORLAX

BgO

VORLAX

8qI

VORLAX

892

VORLAX

8q3

VORLAX

Rq_

VORLAR

_g_

IH

IF
I.E.,
XP_)),

GAMMA(=

8_8

VORLAX

677

ITERA

*.'UL TI_LIC;_ITON,

864

VORLAX

VORLAX

IS

8.C.

SURFACE

_'ISI(;'TH_!IIO('J

86]

VORLAX

876

STRENC,

SATISFY

SOLUTION

PART

I_IEN

CIRCULATION

THAI

THF

THIS

BY

NOW

THE

VORTICES
ALON_':,

NOW

FOR

B62

VORLAX

VORLAX

OUTPUT.

SOLVES

HORSESHOE

L,IVEN

C.

Ii0

SUBROUTINE

86I

VORLAX

875

C
1HIS

VORLAX

VORLAX

NONE

.DISCUSSION

860

VORLAX

INFS

859

VORLAX

873

C.
C

8_

VORLAX

874

CONDITIOn,

1HEN

857

VORLAX

VORLAX

CIHCULATION

P_OCFSS}

B56

VORLAX

VORLAX
SLOPE.

VO_VIFX

(I_ESIGN

S_LUIION.

GAMMA_

VECTOR
HORSESHOE

C.S.O.I_.

VORLAX

VORLAX

ITRMAX.

CoG

I01513

7174

OPT=l

FIN

4.5+_IOA

I0/04176

9/16/76

CONTROLtVRLX.GEOM
Coo.

SUBROUTINE

GEOM

(ITOTAL)

Cme*

C.,.PURPOSE

TO

Ceo,

SLOPES
LOAD

Coee
CeIe

IF

COMPUTE

THE

VORTEX

AT
THE
DISTRIBUTION

DESIGN

LATTICE

CONTROL
AT

PROCESS

bEnMETNY

AND

POINTS.
AL_O
THE
CORRESPONDING

TO

INVOKED

IS

(IDFS

SURFACE

COMPUTE
LOAD

VORLAX

I077

VORLAX
VORLA_

1078

VORLAX

I0_0
I0_I

VORLAX
VORtAX

THE
POINTS

VORLAX

|).

Ceo,

I0o15,13

I07_

lOR2

VORLAX

I0_3
lOa_

VORLAX

I0_5

VORLAX

I08_

C,o,INPUT

CALLING

Coo,

NONE.

VORLAX

I0_7

Cee.

COMMON(

VORLAX

|OR_

VORLAX
VORLAX

10_9
lOqO

VORLAX

lOq]

VORLA_
VORLAX

IOq2
lOq3

VORLAX
VORLAX

109_
lOq5

VORTICES.

VORLAX

1096

2Z,
OCP,
JT5.
ALnC_
]PAN,

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

lOq7
IO_R
IOq_

VORLAX

i100

VORLAX

Ilnl

VORLAX

I1o_

VORLAX

II,)3

VORLAX
VORLAX

II0_

Cme.

DL_

SEQUENCE%

ITS,

LAX,

RNCV,
DND_2,

SLEI,
GAMMAt

Cie.

YAPEX,

ZAPEX,

Ceo.

PHIMED.

Cee.
C_.e

LAY,

NPP,

PI)L,

RC5,

VSS,

NPAN,

SLE2,
ZLEI,
It E2,
AI_ICI,
AINC2,
LESwP,
PSPA_,
SY_T_,
TAPER,
CSTART,

INTRAC,

IQIIANT,

NVOu,
ONDXI,
XAPEX,

LATRAL,

Ceo.

C...OUTPUT
Cii=
Ceo,
Ceoe
Coo,
C,oo
Coee
CQee

CALLING

SEQUENCE(

[TOTAL

TOTAL

COMMON_
X,
Y,
Z,
INL,
TNI,

NUHBER

OF

CX,
DL,
NI,
VSP,
VS5,

ZEIA9

CHORD,

RNMAX,

NOTE(

DC

VS5

AND

DEPENDING

ON

HORSESHnE

SX,
VST,

YY,
XIE,

SLOPE,
MAY

_E

5LE,
SMAXt

NPANAg.
EITHE_

CONFIGURATION

INPUT

OR

OUTPUT

COkDITION5.

Coco

C...SUBROUTINE5
C...CALLED

NONE.

VORLAX

1105
II_6

VORLAX

1107

VORLAX
VORLAX

IIOR

PANEL

VO_LAX

5IRIP_
(RN_AX

VORLAX

1110
11_i

VORLAX
VORLAX

1113

Cel.

C...OISCUSSION
C.,e
Ce..

THE

VORTEX

PANEL
TION

LATTICE

C*.,

IN

C..,

15 SUBDIVIDED
(NVOR),
EACH

C...
Co,o
Cmee
C,*.

THE

THE

Coo.

NOT
I)

IHE

LOCATED

Coo.

SARILY
FIED

C.e=
C.o,

INTO
STRIP

IN

STRIP

GIVEN
(CX}_

Oo

THE

AN
BUT

ROw
CX

AND

OR
TRAILING
EDGE,
HORSESH)E
EACH
AND EVERY
HORSESHOE

Cmll
Coe.
Ce,*
C..e
Co.e
Ce.e

_Y

EITHER

I TO
ITOTAL)
THE
SPATIAL
PONDING

RNMAX

AN

OR
BY
LAY-OUT

TO

GIVEN

IWO

PARAMETER5_

POL

THE

IRA_SVERSE

VORTEX

CX

FORM

CONTINUOUS

OR

A_D

{NPP

VORLAX

11|7

VORIICE5

NPP.

]_

VORLAX
VORLAX

NECE5

IS
IOENTI
VORTEX
IN

INDEX
EI)GE

IHE

RUNS

PIlL

THE

OF
LI_IE_

.LE.

THE

3_0.0

BUr

IF

VALUE
PDL

IIZI
II_?
I_

VOmLAX

SX).
C,)RRE5

SAME

Illq
11_0

VORLAX
VORLA_
VORLAX
VORLAX

FR_

VALUES

VORLAX

VORLAX

LAST,

ROW.
THEREFnR_
UNI(_UELY
I()FN

OF
VALUES
(CX,
VORTEX
LAITICE

SEG_Er_I5
STRAIGHT

1116

CASE
NOT

_N

1115

VORLAX

(WHICH

r)_PENUS

VORLAX

NO

A SECOND
LEAOTN_

I_)Ex

VORLAX

ARE

HOW

THE
_

{HEY

OFNOTING

OF
VORTex

IS

LFG5
IF

llOq

SINCE
OF

ARE

BY
THE

RNCV

PAIR
IHE

PANEL

ROW

VOMTFX
HORSESHOE

OVERALL

THERE

IHIS

SPANS

THE
OF

IN

IS
II)E_TIFIEO
= ] D_NOTIkO

C...

rIFIED

CX

TRAILING
THE
STRIP

VORTICES

ARRAY

WHOSE

ELEMENT,

C,..

NPP

EQUAL.
EACH
STRIP
_R
AN
INDEX
(SX).
EACH

STRIP
OR
THE
VALUE

EACH

WFUSF
BOUND
EDGES
OF
OF

HY

OISIRIBU
GIVEN
PANEL

X-AXIALWISE
A &IVEN
NUMHER

PLANE+

Co..

C,,.

OF

WHEN

SAME

TANDEM

PANEL

SUBROUTINE).

STRIP

BECOMES

IN
BY

OUT

VORIEX
F_R
THE

VORTICES
X-AXIALWISE

NPP

LA{D

A_b

A NUMB_
CONTAINING

CONIINUOU_

LOCATED

C...

IINPUT

HORSESHOE
WITH
THE

IS

GEOMETRIC
SPECIFIEC

DATA

PARAMEIER

LONGER

Col,

INPUT

RNCVI
OF
COINCIDE

C..e

Coe.

GEOMETRY

BASED
ON
THE
CHARACTERISTICS

Or

VORLAX
VORLAX

IP7
IP_

VORLAX

I_

VONLAX

I_EN
OF
._;].

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

I_?

ill

7_It4

()PT=]

Cioo
C***

360.0

C.=,

WHEN

C,,,

NPP
OF

C=i.
C.I,
C,,J
C.I.
C,I,
Co**
CI,I
C***

112

THEN

THOUGH

BuT

THE

S/ILL

TRANSVFRSE
VN

ROW
ARE
1RAILING

_PP

LAID
LLGS

FURM

PLANE

0
IHEN
ALL
THE
GIVEN
ROW
(SAME

|F

VORIEx

CONTINU011S*

P_uJECTEO
=

FTN

NORMAL

TRANSVERSE
SX)
LIE

IHEN

THE

SEGMENTS
A

IN

OF

POLYGONAL
TO

IO

IHE

CXI

[HE

X-A_]So

IF

vONTEx
SEGMENTS
THE
SAME
PLANE+

TRANSVERSE

IRAILING

SAMF

LINE

SEGMENTS

OF

ON
THE
ACI(IAI.
BUDf
_|)RFACE.
THE
OR
SLGMENTS
ARE
aLwAYS
PARALLEL

THE
X-AXIS
(_JP
STRIP
OP
ROW).

10104176

4o5+_1U_

EnGE

OF

THE

BOUKID
TO
GIVE_

I0.I_.13

VORLAX

113_

VORLAX

113_

VORLAA
VORLAX

!136
1137

VORLAX

113_

VORLAX

113q
lifo

VORLAX
VORLAX

11_1

VORLAX
VORLAX

11_2
1143

VORLAX

1144

VORLAX

76/74

FTN

OPT=|

4,5+qlOA

10/0_/76

q/14/76

CONTROL*VRLX.NAP
CQe,
SUBROUTINE
Cell
C...PURPOSE

MAP
10

(EW,

EWX,

COMPUTE

EWY,

THE

ITOT_L)

FLOW

FIFL()

AfObI

THE

CONFIGURATIOq.

Co..
C...INPUT
CQoo
Coe=
Cee.

CALLING
SEQUENCE_
EW
UPWAS_
INFLUENCE
ROW
EWX

EWY

ROW

FROM

AXIALWASH

Ceee
Cee=

BY

ROW

BY

ITOTAL

Cel.

COMMON_

CeDe
Ces,

IH_
IQ.
NT_
ZNOI9
ALPHA,

Coco
C...OUTPUI

CALLING

UNIT

ROW

FROM

MATRIX

COEFFICIENT
UNIT

MATRIX

NUMBER

OF

XS,
NXS,
GAMMA_

(RETRIEVED

W).

INFLUENCE
COEFFICIENT
ROW
FROM
UNIT
?).

TOTAL

(REIRIEvED

3).

INFLUENCE

SIDEWASH
ROW
BY

C_e.
CQi=

COEFFICIENT

MATRIX

HORSESHOE

NYS.
RNMAX.

(RETRIEVED

VORTICES.

NZS,
PRI.
DELIAY,

ALFA,
DELTAZ.

MACH,

YNOT

SEOUENCE_

10,15,13

VORLAX

1971

VORLAX

197_

VORLAX

I_73

VORLAX
VORLAX

1976
19tS

VORLAX

I976

VORLAX

1977

VORLAX

19/8

VORLAX
VORLAX

197q
lgRO

VORLAX

lqal

VORLAX

lq_?

VORLAX
VORLAg

1983
1984

VORLAX

19q%

VCRLAX
VORLAX

1986
19_7

VORLAX
VORLAX

19RR
19R9
Igq_

CiJl

NONE.

VORLAX

Cell
Coo.

COMMON_
NONE.
DIRECT

VORLAX
VORLAX

Igql
19q_

VORLAX
VORLAX

1OR3
Igq_

VORLAX

l_q%

VORLAX
VDHLAX

199_
log7

Coa,
Cei.
Ceoo
Coil

PRINT(

XS_

YKI.

VX,

VF,

ZKI

FIELD

GRID

POlhl

Ceet

SYSTEM).
TOTAL
DIMENSIONLESS
CETY
AT _)PSTOEAM

Coo.

NENTS

WF

Coel
C...

EPSLON

Cl.

CP

Ce..
Ce..

RN
=
PPIOl

CeD.

PIE

SIDEWASH

LOCAL

FLOW

PRESSURE

LOCAL
MACH
=
(LOCAL
=

ALONG

(HODY

AXIS

(REFERENCEU
rO
iNFINITY>
VELOCITY

THE

X-Y-Z

AXES

vEIO
COMPU-

VORLAX

IgqR

VORLAX
VORLAX

19qq
_0_}0

VORLAX
VORLAX

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?On_

VORLAX

_h;)3

VORLAX

_0_)4

VORLAX

_OnS

VORLAX
VORLAX

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_007

VORLAX
VORLAX

7_)_
2()_9

VORLAX

?Oiu

VORLAX
VORLAX

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V_RLAX

_01_

VORLAX
VORLAX

2_14
_(}I5

VORLA_

Qlh

VORLAX

_017

_EIATED

VORLAX
VORLAX

_OIH
ROIQ

ISFN

VORLAX

_0_0

VORLAg

_0?|

VORLAX
VORLAX

_0_
20?]

RESPECTIVELY

(BODY
AXIS
SYSTEM).
UPWASH
FLOW
ANGLE
IN DEGREES.

SIGMA

COORDINATES

(LOCAL

ANGLE

lh

DEGREES.

CqEFFICIENI.

NUMBER.
SIATIC

STATIC

PRESSuRE}/(TOIAL

PRESSURE}.

PRESSbARE)/(FPEE

STREAM

STATIc

PRtS

SIJRE).

Co..
CDel
C...SURROUTINES
C...CALLEO
C..

NONE.

C...D_$CUS$1ON
Ceo.

FLOW

Ceo,

OF
ORTHOGONAL
Z = CONSI.

PLANES
PLANES).

THE

INFLUENCE

C.I
CJoo
Cel.
Cee.

OF

FIELD
A

]-()'GRID

vORTEX

USE

Co,o

THESE
SIOREO

Cel.

PER

Ce.e
Ceo.
C
C

OUANTIT]ES

FLOW
TROPIC

Of

DEFINED

LATIICE

VELOCIIY
QUANTITIES

COMPUIFD

AROUND

IRE

ARE
3

COEFFICIEJ_T

7
THE

ChMPUTED

RELATIONSHIPS.

THE

NODAL

CONFIGURATION
Y =
ARE
THE

RASED

THROUGH

SET

AqD
qY
_}r_ F_E

CONFIGURATInN.

IN SUBROUTINE
(ONE
MATRIX
PfiES_URE

DOINIS
HY

CONSI..
CALCULATEn

MATRICES
uF

COMPUTED
4.
AND

COMPONEI}.
_RE

AT

( X = CONbT._
THE
VFLOCIIIFS

REPRESFNIATION

MATRICES
IN UNITS

FLOW

ARE

SURVEY
AND
ONE

RATIOS
THE

AN()
USE

OF

AND
=_NIT

i13

76176

OPT=I

FIN

6.5,410a

10/0_/76

CONT_OL_VRLX.MATRX

9t16/76

I0.15.13

VORLAX
VORLAX

_167
_16_

VORLAX

R1_9

VORLAX

PLSO

VORLAX

_151

VORLAX
VORLAX

_IS_
_lR3

VDRLAX

ZIS_

VORLAX
VORLAX

2155
_ISO

VORLAX

21SI

VORLAX

_15_

VORLAX
VORLAX

_IS_
2160

VORLAX

_l_!

VORLAX

_16@

VORLAX

_163

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

_16_
_I65
_I6_

VORLAX
VONLAX
VCRLAX

_16T
_16B
_169

VORLAX

_]70

VORLAX

_171

VORI.AX

2172

VORLAX

2173

VORLAX
VORLAX

2174
211S

V_RLAX

2176

VORLAX

2177

VORLAX

2178

VGRLAX
VORLAX

217q
21_0

VORLAX

2IHI

VORLAX
VORLAX

_IB_
PIN3

VORLAX

_I_6

VORLAX

2]HS

VORLAX
VORLAX

2IQ_
21_1

Coco

VORLAX

21_

Ce,.

VORLAX

_la_

Coco
SUBROUTINE
C.me.
C.o.PURPOSE
CeDe

MAT_X
TO

(EW_

GENERATE

AERODYNAMIC

(I)
THE
NORMALWASH
uNIT
I)+
(2)
THE

CE_
(EW

Ceao

(EU

UNIT

(EW

UNIT

Cee.

ITOTAL)

THREE

CeDe
C,o,
C.e

EU_

2)_

AND

9).

VELOCITY
LATTICE.

AT
THE
AXIALWASH

(3)

THF

THESE

FIELD

iNFLUENCE

TO

NORMAI

IHE

MaIPl

CnNIRUL
POINTS
AT
THE
CONTROL

MATRICES

DUE

COEFF.

WASH

AT

_EPRESENT

HORStSHOE

THE

POINTS
LEA_}.

THE

EDGE

INDUCED

VORTICES

OF

THE

C.o
C...INPUT
CeIe
Ceea
Cee.
CeDe

CALLING
ITOTAL

SFQUENCE_
= TOTAL

NUMH_R

OF

HORSESHOE

VORTICES.

COMMON_
Xt
_2_
CX_
DL.
VSP*
VST0
XTE.

NT.
SX.
YT.
ALFA.
{PAN.

Ceo.
Cee.
C...OUTPUT

RNMAX_

_LOPE.

Cem,
CeDe
Cee.

EW

CONTROL
HOW
IN

POINT
UNIT

NORMALWAS_
}).

EW

LEADING
ROW
IN

EDGE
UNIT

NORMALWASH
_).

CALLING

C...

FLOATX.

ZZ.
HAG.
LAX.
NPP_
XHA_.
lhAR_
CHORD.

FLO_TY.

[NvERSt

PSI.
INT.
RFI AG_

LATRAL.

SEQUENCE_

C...
C...

EU "= AXIAl.WASH
COMMON<

C..
C,oo

NONE.

MATRIX

MATRIX

(STORED

MATRIX

(STqHED

_OW

ROW

(STORED
HY

ROW

ROW
IN

UNIT

BY
_Y
2).

C...SUBROUIINES
C...CALLED

WASH.

UxVEL,

Ceee
C...DISCUSSION

THE

ELEMENTS

C.o.

ARE

GENERATED

C..e

INDUCED
HORSESHOE

C..e
Cee.
Ceeo
CeDe
C.ot
Coco
Coo

THE
THE
POINT

OF

AT

J(

THE

HY
THE
VORTEX

I_FLU_NCE

COMPUTING

CnRRESPONDING

THEN

DOWNWASH
INTEGRAL
CORRESPONDING
EW
WITHIN

THE

MATRICFS

(KI.JI)
CONTROL
PnINT
HY
OF H_IT
STREhbTH.
IF K

(SELF-INFLUENCE(

IS

OFFFICIENT

THE

GIVEN

IS ADDE_
COEFFICIENT.

TO

NEAR

INOUCING
HORSESHOF
VO, IEX.
IS COMP(_TED
RY
INTERDIGITAIE{)

PRINCIPAL

FJF_D
THE

THE
ALSO

vFLqCITY
THE
= KI

(K.J)
AND

PAOT

nF

CONPUTATIO_I
hF
IF THE
CU_IROL

RADIUS

OF

THE

AxTALWASH
CUNIRIO+_TION
VUoTEX
SPLIFTING.

74174

OPT=|

FIN

4,S4lOA

|0/04/7_

CONTROLOVRLX.INPUT

_/16/76

Cool
SUBROUTINE

INPUT

Coo.
C..,PURPOSE

TO

Ceeo

USE

CeeQ

TO

READ

IN

IN

INPUT

THE

BE

DATA

AND

GENERATION

OONE

IN

PREPARE

OF

SUCH

vORTEx

SUBROUTINE

DATA

LATTICE

FhR

GEOMETRY

GEON.

C.o.
SEOUENCE_

!0.15,13

VORLAX

1_1_

VORLAX

1417

VORLAX

141B

VORLAX

I419

VORLAX

|_0

VORLAX

1471

VORLAX

I4_Z

VORLAX

I_

VORLAX

I_

C...INPUT

CALLING

Coo.

NONE.

VORLAX

I_25

Glee

COMMON(

VORLAX

1_26

Cool

LAX.

VORLAX

|_T

VORLAX

14?_

VORLAX

14_q

Col.
C...OMTPUT

CALLING

SEQUENCE_

Coo.

NONE.

VORLAX

1430

Coo,

COMMON_

VORLA_

14_I

Coo.

DL,

VORLAX

1432

VOHLAX

1433

VORLAX

143_

VORLAX

I_}5

VORLAX

143_

VORLAX

14_7

VORLAX

I_38

VORLAX

1439

VORLAX

14_n

VORLAX

I_l

VORLAX

14_

VORLAX

I4.3

VORLAX

14_

AN

VORLAX

I_5

X-Z

VORLA_

14WO

POINIIN&

VORLA_

14w7

IHE

VORLAX

IWW_

VORLAX

1440

Ve_LAX

14_0

VORLAX

]451

VORLAX

145P

V_RLAX

)4%3

VORLAX

145W

VORI_AX

1_55

BE

VORLAX

I_

HEIHG

VORLAX

14%1

VOPLAX

I_SH

VORLAX

I_

XS.

ITS,

VSS,

NPP,

CBARp

NXS.

NYS,

HEAD.

NZS.

NACH.

PDL,

Coee

SPC)

Coo.

SLE2.

SREF,

VINF,

Ceml

ZLE2,

ZNOT,

AINCl,

Cole

GAMMA.

I ESWP,

NMACH,

PSPAN.

ROLL,.

Coo.

WSPAN,

XAPEX,

YAPEX,

ZAPEX,

CSIAPT.

Coot

INTRAC.

Caet

PITCHQ.

XHAR.

NPAN.

YAWQ,

AINC2.

INVERS.

NVOR,

YNATt

ALPha.

IQUANT,

PSI.
RNCVt

ZBAR,

SL_I,

ZLEI.

DNOXI.

LATRAL,

RCS,

DNDX2.

SYNIH.

TAPER.

UELTAY,

DELT_Z.

NALPHA,

PHIMEI_.

Cool
C...SURROUT
C...CALLED

INES
NONE.

CJ..
C...OISCUSSION

MASTER

C...

CONFIGURATION.

Celt

ORIHOGONAL

C...

BEING

FRAME

OF

THIS

THE

C...

Y-AXIS

Co..

TEM

CAN

Co.,

THE

CONFIGURATION

C..I

(ABOUT

THE

X-Z

C..Q

NENTS.

aND

IN

C..o

ONLY

Co..

CONEIbUPATIDN

Cte.

OF

C...

INPUT.

Co..

COUNTED

Co..

THICKNESS

Coo.

EDGES,

C..Q

TIP.

_OINTS
ANY

THE

AND

ARE
GIVEN

Co..

CIFIED

C..t

@E

C.eo

VOWTEX

Co..

AN

C=..

DOUBLE

C...

NELS

C...

ONE

TO

WITH

DESCRIBED

BY

USED

EACH

IN

I ATTICE

ARPANbED
PANEL
aND

IN

OTHER

PANELS
+

RIGHT)

WING

OF

ANI)

TWIST

AND
THAN

TO

THAT

ZERO

TRAILING
RO_)I

VORLAX

AND

PLANFORMq.
AIRFOIL_
ONF

PWEPARE_
50

SET

CAN

COMPLEX

S_CIIOHS

PANEL
THE

FUh

DATA

THEY

bENER_TE

CAN
I.

E..

HE
BY

#BIPLANE_,

REPRESENTING
THE

CAN
[HF

SuE
LATER

PWOPE_

PANEL.

THICKNESS
SHEET,

THE
INTO

MORE

EACH

CO_PONFNI_

METWEEN

INPUT

GEO_

FOP

WITH
vORTEX

IHE_E

PANEL

SURROUIINF

AIRFOIL

OF

PANEL.

DEFINING

PLANE.

COMPO-

(LFFT

IN

MAJOR

X-_

SYs

SYMMEIRICaL

LEADING

MAJOR

SUBROUTINE

FOR

DIVIDED

LOFTINE

CHANGES

WING.

IS

STRAIGHT

T_E

_PECIFIED.

INSTANCE.

LINEAR

THE

hF

ARt

20

FOR

WITH

NON-LINEAR

Co..

UP

OF

SYMMETRICAL

COMPONENTS

CONSTITUTES

C..o

INPUT

ONCE.

AND

UP

ELEMENTS

_YMMETRICAL

oRIGIN

A_YMMETRICAL

IHE

RE

X-AXIS

IN

._ADE

AND/OR

DEFINING

PANELS+

ONLY

TPE

BE

T_E

UP_ARD_

DO,hi

PLANE)

TO

THE

DI_CTEU

CONVEVIENT

DEFINING
IS

_YSTEM.

SIARHOAmq.

CAN

IN

REFERENCE

WIT,

Z-AXI_

STARHOARD

MAJOR

OF

PLANE

To

BE

THE

AND

FOIL.

AN()

A_SUMEO

CDORqINATE

CENTERLINE

DOWNSTRrAM.

IS

FRAME

CARTESIAN

C...

C.eo

REFERENCE

THE
PANEL

REPRESENTEO
a)FFINING

OR
UPPIR
REP_EI_NTING

HY
g_{}

_SANO#ICH_.

MAJO_

PA

FASwlhN_

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THE

THE
LOwFR

_I _

I4_l)

VORL&X

l_l

VORLAX

1W_P

VORLAX

14_

VORLAX

14_

VO_l.Ax

Iw_

VO_LAX

1_

VCRLAX

l_l

VO_LAX

l_

VORLAX

I_q

VORLAX

IW_(_

VONLAX

1#71

VOWLAX

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i15

76/74

i16

OPT=!

CoJ=

SURFACE

Ctog

FUSIFORM

Celo

_OL)YIOE'_TICAL

Cooo

NAL

Coel

CAM_ER.

Cet.

MATED

BY

Coo=

VERSE

LFGS

Cleo

OF

Coet

Coot

LEGS

Coco

AXIS,_

AS

Cleo

AXIS.p

THE

Ciol

CONSTRAINT

Cooo

LIE

Cooo

IS

FTN

OF

THE

SA_4E

AIRFOIL.

A_E

M;IDEI_I

BODIES
IN

AREA

IHE

POLYbO_4
OF

OF

RADIAL

OF

IN

THE

SPECTFII-O

PI

THF

SIDES

VOw(rICES.

IN

WHICPl

THF

VORTICES

CROSS-SECTIO,,_

POLYGON

BUOY

LIE
CH_OFS

CHA_,_GES

ACCO_I)TN(_LY

THAT

THE

P()LYGC_NAL

VF-_TICLS

SAME

SET

OF

F'LANES.

INUEPEr_F)FNTL.

_AI_IAL
Y.

AXI_
HOUND

I_73
]_7_

LL).'qGIFUI_I

VORLAX

I_7%

wII_()(ll

VORLAX

I_7_

VORLAX

Iw77

VORLAX

lwTR

VORLAX

]_79

VORLAX

I_O

IARY

APP_(I_I
IRA_,_S

VERTICFS
t)EFINF
IWAILI_G

VORLAX

I_HI

IHE

VORLAX

Iw_2

ALUN(,

[_E

VORLAX

I_H3

WITH

IHE

V_RLAX

1_

VORLAX

I_8_

VORLAX

IWH_

VORLAX

I_H7

PARALLFL
SHAPE
F_UT
MUST
THE

10.15o13

VORLAX

THE
THE

L ()/0,W/76

VORLAX

HUT
IS

[}FTERMINE

1C,_

A_IXI_

ANf)
EIOt)_'

CRO'-,S-SECTIUN

AHKILiA_Y

ANES

HORSESHOE

[HE

THE

BODY

S+_,

AN

SHAPE

ACT_AL

HURSESHt)E

ANT)

F_EFIN[NG
AL

THE

_/HI)SE

THE

POLYGON

SET

TO

AUXILIARY

HY

CROSS-_EcrIUF,

L)LSTRIBI_TION
IHE

ED

_.

r_b

ALWAYS
EII)DY

C?,MRER

CJea

VORIAX

I_

Cooe

VORLAX

IwH_

Ciol

VORLAX

I_O

7_,_/74

OPT=I

FTN

;,_,*410a

10/0_/7_

_/|5/76

CONTROLeVRLX,PRE5$

VORIAX
VOPLAX

10,15,13

2524
2525

Ceoo

VORLA_

2526

VORLAX

2527

VORLAX
VORLAX

2528
2529

VORLAX
VORLAX

2530
2531

VORLAX
VORLAX

2532
2533

VORLAX

2534

VORLAX

2535

VORLAX

2536

VORLAX

2537

VORLAX

2538

VORLAX

2539

VORLAX
VORLAX

2540
254!

VORLAX

2542

VORLAX

25_3

VORLAX
VORLAX

2544
2545

VORLAX
VORLAX

2546
2547

NONE.

VORLAX

25W8

THIS

ARRAY

VORLAX
VORLAX

2549
2550

TO

VORLAX
VORLA_

2551
2552

VORLAX

2553

VORLAX

2554

VORLAX

2555

VORLAX
VORLAX

2556
2557

VORLAX

255R

VORLAX
VORLAX

2559
2560

VORLAX

2561

VORLAX

2562

VORLAX

2563

VORLAX
VORLAX

256_
2565

(X-AXIS

VORLAX

2566

VELOCITY

VORLAX

2567

VORLAX

256R

VNRLAX

256g

VORLAX
VORLAX

2570
2571

VORLAX
VORLAX

2572
_573

VORLAX

2574

SUBROUTINE

PRESS

(ITOTAL,

EU)

C
C
C..oPURPOSE
Ctel
CJao
Ce+.

TO

COMPUTE

CPUPPER),
VALUES

PRESSURE

LOAD

OR
SURFACE
THE
INDUCED

nF

COEFFICIENTS

PRESSURE
VELOCITIES

(CPLOWER

COFFFICIENTS*
FROM
AND
CIRCULATION

THE

STRENGTHS.

Cle+

C...INPUT
Ce..
C..e

CALLING
ITOIAL
_U

SEQUENCE_
TOTAL

NUMBER

AXIALWASH
ROw

Ceoe
Ce.*

COMMON<

C*ee

B2*

Ce*

GAMMA,

HORSESHOE

INFLUENCE

BY

CX,

OF

ROW

DL+

FROM

SXt

ONSET,

COEFFICIENT
uNIT

JTS.

MATRIX

(RETQI_VED

2),

PSI,

RNNAX,

VORTICES.

TNL.

SLOPE.

[NIt

ALFA,

YAWQ,

cH_RD,

WSPAN.

Coee

C.OUTPUT

CALLING

C-,,

NONE.

Co.
C...

COMMON5
OCP.

SEQUENCE_

Cee+

C,..SUBROUTINES
C,,,CALLED
Ce=

C,.,DISCUSSION
Ceoe
Coee
Cee=
Ceo,
Ceo
C,e=

SUHROUIINE

DCP,
EACH
HORSESHOE
ACT

AT

COMPUTES

ELEMENT
VORTEX

THE

IS

OF
DCP
OF
IHE

HORSESHOE

THE
TRANSVERSE+
ARRAY
I_ EITHER
ASSUMED

THE

PHE_SURE

CORRE_PhNDS
LAITICE+
AND

CENTROID,

ON

BOTH

IHE
ELEMENT
(IF
THE

FACE_,

I.E.,

COEFFICIENT
SInE
ONLY,

Cmee

IN

LOAD

Ceo=

IION

Co..

Ceee
Ceoe
Ceo

AND

THE

cOMPUTATION
STRENGTHS_

THE

FLOW

C.9.

THE

AXIALWASH

Coee

THE

WAXIALWASH#

Cleo

VELOCITY

Cloo
Cee*
Ceo

COMPUTATION

TION
MACH

BY

IS

ANGULAR

SURFACE

ALSO
IS

TAKEN

NO

TANGENTIAL
OUT.
SURFACE

THE

AND

ITS

THE

vELOCITY

ANY

LONGER
RATHER

TO

ISENIROPIC
70

NUMBER.

PERCENT

VACUUM

ROTAIION

OF

THE

OF
ERROR)

COEFFICIENTS,

ACCOUNT,
TRUE

IF

NPP

AXIALWASH

REPRESENTS

THE

CORRESPONDING
FOQ

IS
= 0).

cIRcULA

THE
SbRFACE
BUT
WITH
PRESSURE
cOEFFICIENTS

VAL_IES
OF

INTO
A

I),

COMPONENTS,

PRESSURE

IT

DCP

(IF
THE
SURFACE
I.E,+
JTS
= If_

sTREAM
TO

OF

COMPONENT},

COMPONENT
WASH
LEFT
IED

DUE

OF
THF
SURFACE

JTS

COEFFICIENTS,

FREE

MI=

ARE
TAKEN
INTO
JCCNUNT*
THE
EFFECT
AXIALWASH
IS
IGNOREO
(SECONO
ORDER

IN

Ce*o

THE

THE

ONSET

CONFIGURATION
THE
INDUCED

Ce*e

Ceeo

OF

A GIVEN
IS
ASSUNFD

AN

OR
A SURFACE
PRESSURE
ASSUMMED
WETTED
ON
ONE

Ceel

TO
IT

I.E=+

OR
SKEWED,
LEG*
A LOAD
COEFFICIENT

WETTED

COEFFICIENT

THE

THE
ARE
TO

GIVEN

I+

SIDE
LIMI

SIAGNA

FREE-STREAM

Coo
Ceo*

ll?

7417_

OPT=|

FTN

4,5._IOA

I0/04176

CONTROLVRLX.PRINT
Ceee

9/17/76

SUBROUTINE

PRINT

(ITOTAL.

EW.

EWX.

EWY]

Coee
C...OURPOSE

TO

PRINT

PROGRAM

DATA.

C
C....INPUT

CALLING

Cel
Co

ITOTAL
EW_

SEQUENCE_
=

TOTAL

EWX.

EWY

NUMBER
=

OF'HORSE_HNE

STORAGE
SUBROUTINE

ARRAYS
MAP.

VORTICES.

bET

ASIDE

FOR

Ces.
CeDe

COMRON5

teed

CD,

Coee
Csu.

BIG.
NXS,

Ce.

IPANt

ITER.

LIFT.

MACH,

NPAN,

NV_R,

RNCV.

Ceo.

SURF.

VINF,

XBAR.

XSUc,

YAWQ,

ZRAR,

AINCI,

Cee.
C.

ALPHA,
DNOXI,

CDTOI.
DNOX2,

CHORD,
GAMMA,

CLIOT.
IS(}Lv,

CNTOT.
LE_wP.

CHEf)I,
PSPAN,

Coo

ROLLQ,

sLOPE.

SYNTH.

TAPER.

TIILE_

WSPAN.

Ce.

YAPEX,

ZAPEX.

CSTART,

Ceso

IQUANT.

IIRMAX.

Cemo
C.OUTPUT

CALLING

SEDUENCE_

Cmoo

NONE.

CeDe
_oee

COMMON<
NONE.

Ce,e
Co ,SUBROUTINES
CALLED

CL.

CM.

CDCt
PDL

ZNORM,

CM,

CX,

CNC,
PSI.

CY.

CRM.
RLH,

DL.

CYM,
SPC,

FLOAIX_

LATRAL.

ICJ.

YY,

ZC,

Coo
C.

.OISCUSSION

THE

EP_.
HAG.
JTS,
I ak.
CMTC,
CSUC,
HEAD,

IN
THREE
(I}
INPut

CQ
Ce
C..
C..
C.

THE

FLnATY,

MNMENI.

(3)

DATA

CoDe
CQ

THESE
IF A

Ce.

PONDING

L'L8

INPUT

DECK

ANn
USE

ARE

THREE
DATA
FLOW
FIELD
ARE

GROUPS
SURVEY
PRINTED

278_
2785

VORLAX

2786

VORLAX

2787

VORLAX
VORLAX

2788

ARRA_JGFD

IN
AND

FPOM
A

FORMAT

MOMENT

CHORDWISE

STRIPS

VORTICES.

ARE
P_LNTED
SEQUENTIALLY
HAs
BEEN
pEQUESIED.
THE
OUT

THROUGH

2779
27R0

XAPEX.

CONVERTED

TO

277B

2783

TAKEN

FORCE

2776
2777

VORLAX
VORLAX

ARE

EIIHER

HORSESHOE

_774
2775

VORLAX
VORLAX

CYTOT.
RNNAX.

PR(JGPAM.

RELATED

2773

VORLAX

2771

VORLAX

AINC?.

ARE

WHICH

BEEN

THE

2772

VORLAX

2781

INVERS,

SUBROUTINE

HAVE
@Y

INDIVIDUAL

DATA

THIS

TOTAL
CONFIGURAIION
DATA.

WHICH
TO

HY

2770

VORLAX

VORLAX
VORLAX

SREF,

PITCHQ.

AS FOLLOwS_
THESE
AWE
DATA

FOR

PANEL
AND
COEFFICIENT
OR

OUT

GROUPS.
OATA_

SUITAHLE
(2)

C.e

Ceo

PRINTED

2769

VORLAX
VORLAX

VORLAX

MAP

DATA

2768

VORLAX

VORLAX
VORLAX

ZZ,

C_.
C.

VORLAX

VORLAX

IM,

nCP,
CRAB*

CALLING

I0.IS.13

SUBROUTINE

27RZ

VORLAX

2789
2790

VORLAX
VORLAX

279|
279_

VORLAA

_793

VORLAX
VORLAX

_794
Z795

VORLAX

_796

VORLAX
VORLAX

2797

VORLAX
VORLAX

2799
2800

VORLAX

_801

VORLAX
VORLaX

7807

VORLAX

?BO_
_805

VORLaX
VORLAX

2798

VORLAX

2B06
_BO7

CqRRES

VORLAX

2808

_AP.

VORLAX
VORLAX

2809
_810

Ol-'F=l

74/14

_ TN

4.5_410a

LO/O4/Tb

9/I

CONTROL*VRLX.SURVEY

7/76

C,..
SOkROL_[INE

C...

SURVEY

TO

PIJRPOSE

([

GENERATE

Ci.o

MATRICES

Co,o

POINTS

Ci..

FIELD

Co..

SIDEWASH

LL-IY_

t_;,.

IHREE
<_

(I)

([W

AERODYNAMIC

TrIE

THE

AT

3}v,

POINTS

AT

INFLUENCE

UPWASH

(]t_IIT

S_IRVEY

IlOIAL)

(2}

[HE

(EWX

FLOW

T_E

FLOW

FIELD

a_TALWASH

UNII

FlEin

COEFFICIFNT

AT

4)'_

SURvEy

SURVEY

AND

THE

('_}

POINIS

Fi

OW

THE

(EWY

1015,13

VORLAX

3055

VORLAX

3056

VORLAX

3OR/

VORLAX

3058

VORLAX

309

VORLAX

3060

VORLAX

30_I

VORLAX
/

_INI[

1).

VORL.

30fi2
AX

3063

VORLAX

3064

VORLAX

306q

VORLAX

_066

VORLA

3067

VORLAX

306_

VORLAX

306g

VORLAX

3070

VORLAX

3011

VORLAX

301P

VORLAX

3073

VORLAX

3014

VORLAX

3075

C...

IORLAX

3076

C.

IORLAX

3077

VORLAX

3078

VORLAX

3079

VORLAX

3080

COMMON<

V_RLAX

30RI

N()NE,

VORLAX

30R2

VORLAX

30_3

VORLAX

30R4

VORLAX

30R5

VORLAX

30R6

VORLAX

30fl7

FlOW

VORLAX

30_fl

OF

VORLAX

308Q

VORLAX

3090

C.o.

THESE

C.

DIIE

C ....

FIELD

C.4.

MATRICFS
TU

THE
Tq

]-D

REPRESENT

THE

HORSESHOE

Iq'_I)q_CED

VORTICES

_IEASI)RED

Ar

THE

()F

NODAL

THE

VELOCITY

FIFLr]

LATTICE.

THIS

PnINTS

OF

FLOW

SPECIFIFD

GRID.

C...
C.

INPUT

CALLING

C.,J

ITOTAL

Ce..

COMMON<

Cooo

X,

Ci.o

NYSt

Ct..

ZBAR_

C...

FLUATY,

.OiJ

IPZ_[

SE
:

B2,

EW

C...

<_

TOTAl

CX.

NU_IBEI_

NT,

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NZ_,

PSI,

ZNOI.

OF

S,

I_I.

._oRSE_HhE

XS.

VSP.

CHE)RI)

Z7,

YY,
VS[_

HN_4AX,

VOF(T[CES.

HAG,

XTF*

LAX,

ALFA,

_)EI. TAY,

NXS,

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L)UENCt

UPwASH

<_

_ATRI.(

EWX

--

AXIALWASH

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SIDgWASH

(STORED
MAId,

ROW

IX

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_OW

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_)W

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flY
HY

HNIT

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ROW

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C .

_I H_ROUT

I NES

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C.

. ,I)

WASH_

ISCUSS

ION

{HE

UKVEL.

EI.E_ENTS

Co..

GENERATED

C.,o

FIELD
UNIt
wITHIN

nF
BY

THE

COMPIJTING

S_RVEY

PDINF

STPENGFH.

THE

IHE

(K_

FlOW

.J)

FIELr)

HORSESHOE

VORTEx

SURVEY

POINT

I=

OF

INDHCING

3091

F_OW

3093

VORLAX

30Q4

VORLAX

3095

VORLAX

3096

VORLAX

30q_

Co.,

VORLAX

30q_

Col

VORLAX

3099

Co.,

VORLAX

3100

COMPUTEr)
FIELD

C._e

DEFINED

Clll

PLANES

Ce_,

DELTAY,

HY

ARE
ZNOT_

AXIALWASH

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St_RVEY
HY

THE

POINTS
A

SET

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THREE

SPECIFIEO
AND

VORfEx
ARE

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HY
DEt

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T_E

I_F'UT

THE

3097

1HEN

RADIUS

AT

VORLAX

VORTEX

FIELD

INDUCEO

ARE

VORLAX

HORSESHOE

NEAR

VELOCITY

MATRICFS

VORLAX

C..,

GIVEN

IHF
HY

IF

COEFFICIENT

IS

C,o_

[_IFIHKNCE

CONTRIBUTION
SPI_IrTING.
POINTS

THE
)F

PLANFS.
VALUES

3-n

GRIO

THESE
OF

XS,

yNoT_

m_9

74174

FTN

OPT=!

4.5+_|0_

10/04/76

9/[4176

CONTROLeVRLX.UXVEL
Cool'
SURROUTINE

UXVEL

(Xt

Co..
C...PHRPOSE

I0

C..i

RECTILINEAR

Y,

COMPL}TE

Z_

THE

St

T_

R_o

AXIALWASH

VORTEX

TOLZ_

U)

INDUCE()

SEGMENT

oF

BY

dNIT

SKEWEO

CIRCULATION.

C,o.
C...INPUT

CALLING

C...
ClJ.
Co..

X,

SEQUENCE_

Y,

OWTHOGO_AL
RECEIVING
CENTERED

C...

IHE

Co..
Co..

MASTER

CARTESIAh
CnORDINATES
OF
POINT
MEASURED
IN A REFERENCF
FRAME
KI
THE
MIDPOINT
OF
VORTEX
SEGMENT+

X-AXIS

IS

CI..

Y-AXIS
IS
IHE
PLANE

C.io

VORTEX

C.la
C..

SUCH
S

SEMISPAN

C...

TAN(_ENT

C.o.

B2

C.e.
Ci..
CJo.

TOLZ
=
COMMON_
NONE.

P_RALLEL

TO

(CONFIGURATION)

OF

THE

SYSIFM.

THF
BY

X-AXIS
HUT
THE
X-AXIS

AND

THE

Z-AXIS

PLANE.
OF
VORTEX

IS

LIES
AND

THE
IN
THE

NNRMAL

TO

SEGMENT.

SWEEP

ANGLE

COMPRESSIBILIIY

OF

FACTqR

rlUMLRICAL

X-AXIS

NORMAl
TO
DETER4INEC

SEGMENFt

OF

THE

COORDINATE

TOLERANCE

vORTEX
(=

SEGMENT.

MaCH

_12

|.0).

CON3TANT.

CoB.
C...OUTPUT
C...

CALLING
SEQUENCE_
U = X-AxiS
VELOCITY

C,e.
C.o.
C.e.
C...

SKEWED

CnMPONENT

VORTEX

SEHMENT

(AXIALWASH)
OF

bNIT

INDUCEn

RY

INTENSITY.

COMMON_
NONE.

C...SU_ROUTINES
C. ..CALLED

NONE.

C.
C. ..DISCUSSION
C.

COMPUTE_}

C. .l
C. i.

ONLY
VERSE

C.
C.

THE
SAME
RE_ARDING

C.

OF

C. .l
C. .o
C. i.
C. .o

120

THIS

SUBROUTINE
IN

IS

THE
AXIALWASH
SEGMENT
OF

THE

CALLED

ACCORDANCE

WHEN
WITH

IS
IHE

THE

VORTFx

COMPUIEC.
HORSESHOE

ALSO

APPLICABLE

COPY

OF

PARTS

HERE.
OF

WASH.

3%56

VORLAX
VORLAX

1357
3}5_

VORLAX

3359

VORLAX

1_60

VORLAX
VORLAX

33_I
336_

VORLAX

_3_3

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

%36_
3365
3366

VORLAX

33_7

VORLAX

33_

VORLAX

33_9

VORLAX
VORLAX

}37O
337]

VDRLAX

3_72

VORLAX
VORLAX

3373
3374

VORLAX
VORLAX
VORLAX

3375
317_
33/7

VORLAX

137_

VOHLAX
VORLAX

}379
_3_0

VORLAX

3t81

VORLAX
VORLAX

3382
3383

VORLAX

3384

VORLAX

338S

VORLAX
VORLAX

33R6
t3RT
3388

IS

VORLAX

SCHrNF.

VORLAX

3389

TRAx.S
ACCmJNT.

VORLAX

3390

VORLAX
VORLAX

%3qI
3392

ARE

VORLAX
VORLAX

3393
3394

OIRErI

VORLAX

3395

VORLAX

139_

VORLAX
VORLAX

3397
339_

(MACH

SUHROUTINE

SUBROUTINE

1355

VORLAX

SPLITTING

AND
ONLY
IS TAKEN

SURFACES

VORLAX

AXIALWASH

COMMENTS
PRESENIEU
IN SuHROUTINE
THE
NUMERICAL
SINGULARITY
IN
CHARACTERISTIC

LO.IS.I3

UXVEL

THE
INTO
THE

WASH
VICINITY

CONES)
IS

?4/76

OPT=I

FTN

6.5+610a

10/06/76

9/16/76

CONTROLOVRLX.VECTOR
Co.+
SUHROLFTINE

VECTOR

(ITOTAL,

N_I,

AV,

EWt

VoRI_

VORK,

VO_L)

C
C
C.

.PURPOSE

C.+.
C...
C..e
C..,I_IPUT
C.+.
Coe.
Coco
Ceee
Cee.
Ceee
C...OuTPUT
Ce_.

TO

SOLVE

LINEAR

HY

SYSIEW

PURCELLIS

OF

HOHNDARY

VECTOR

CONDITION

URTHOGONALIZATION

METHOD.
CALLING
ITOTAL
NXI
EW

SEOUENCE_
= TOTAL
ITOTAL
ROW
OF

NUMBER

OF

HORSESHOE

+ I
NORMALWASH

VORTICES.

VORLAX
VORLAX

34_g
3690

VORLAX

36gl

VORLAX
VORLAX

3492
]4q3

VORLAX
VORLAX

3496
14q5
3_g7

VORLAX

3_98

VORLAX

]4qq

VORLAX
VORLAX

3500
3501

VORLAX

3502

VORLAX

35N3

VORLAX
VORLAX

35N4
3505

VORLAX

350_

VORLAX

35(17

VORLAX
VORLAX

3508
3509

VORLAX

3510

VORLAX
VORLAX

3511
351_

VORLAX

3513

VORLAX
VORLAX

3516
3515

VORLAX

3516

VORLAX

3517

VORLAX
VORLAX

3518
3519

VORLAX

35_0

VORLAX
VORLAX

35_I
35_2

VORLAX

35_3

CALLING
VOR|
:
:
:

SEQUENCE_
4UglLIARY

COEFFICIENT

COMPUTATIONAL

FXTENDED
AUXILIARY

C...CALLEO
C,,.

NONE.

C,..OT$CUSSION

THE

Cee.

BY

Ceel

VECTOR

C.e.

ARE

C.e.

EACH

ROW.

Cee.

ONE
AND

VECTOR
CONTAINS

Cee.

3687
3488

ALOC,

INFLUEhCE

ROW

SOLUTION
ROW
CUMPLiTATTONAL

MAIPlX.

VECTOR.

VECTOR,
RnW

VECTOR,

C,.,SUBROUTINES

Cee.
C...

VORLAX
VORLAX

3496

COMMQN_
bAMMA.

C..e
Ceee

3486

VORLAX

Coco

Coco

3485

VORLAX

VORLAX

VORK
VORL

C...
C..-

34_

VORLAX

COMMON_

Cool
Cell
CIel
C...

THE

EQUATIONS

VORLAX

10,15.13

IS

80UHOA_Y
A

CONDITION

VECTOR

uETHOD),

S_TS

CONSTRUCTED

INVNI

VED

NEEDED

VECTOR

DATA.

WHICH
THE

ALL

AND

ARE

TEMPORARY

SOLVEO

INOEPENDENT

ROW
AN_

OF

CQNSIDERED

THE

OF

TO
THERE

TO
MATRIX

IS

ALL
ROWS
INVERSION

COEFFICIENT

ONCE
oPERATEO
TWO
AIJxILIARY
sTORAbE

VECTORS

ORTHOGQNAL

BEEN

(OfiIHoAONAL)
VECTOR,
NO

ONE

DIRECTLY

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SUCCESIVELY
H4VE

IS NORMAL
SOLUTION

AT
A TIME,
IN
ADDITION,
FOR

LINEARLY

ROWS

ONLY

ARE
PROCEDURE

OF

WHICH

WHEN

IS REQUIRED
OVERWRITTEN.
ARE

EQUATIOP_S

OR[HO(iONALIZATION

ON
ROm

_ATRIX

INTERMEDIATE

CAN
RE
VECToRs
VFCTOR

121

_/|_/76

CONTROLeVRLX,WASH

SUBROUTINE

wASH

(Xt

Y,

Z,

S_

T,

_,

Ue

vt

Wt

AA,

A4,

TE,

el,

MM)

Co,.
C,,,PURPOSE

TO

CiJ,

GIVEN

Cole

STRENGTH.

COMPOTE

IHE

PnINI

IHREE

BY

VELOCITY

COMPONENTS

GE_EL_ALIIED

INDUCEO

F(}RSESHOE

AT

VORTEX

OF

UNIT

C
C,.,INPUT

CALLING

Cell

X,

SEUUENCES

Y_

ORTHOGONAL

C,.t

RECEIVING

Ceee

IN

Coo,

OF

THE

Col,

VORTEX

Cee,

THE

CA_fEsIAk
OR

REFERENCE

V(_TFX

CENT_OID)*

TFt

,IF

THE

sYSTF_,

Cal.

THE

_UI

C,t.

HY

Call
Cal.
S

HORSESHOE

Coo.

TANGENT
FOR

Ce,,
CeJ,

B2

C,e.

AA_

THE

X-ARTS

OF

THE

HORSF_HOE,

TO

SUCH

PLANE,

MIDPOINT

(NORSFSHOE
IS

PARALLFL

TO

(CUNFIGURAT[O

TrIE

Y-AXIS

IN

IS

THE

ANn
ANO

=)
NOf_MAl

PLANE
THE

DETERMINED

TRaNSvERS_

L-aXIS

THE

T(}

IEG

IS

NO_M_L

SEMIS_N.

SWEEP

_NI_I_F

oF

I_^NSVERSE

I_EG,

POSITIVE

SWEEPBACK,

COMPRESSIBILITY
AM

FACT,W

{)]RECTION
FREE

(WAKED

1Ap=GENI

oF

CT

AVERAGE

LENGTH

EOAE

TRAILING

1.0).

FLOAIAIION)

SWFFP

UOUND

OF

ANGLE.

TnAILING

VORTEX

ALnNG

_2
OF

LEGS.

C_)(3E

OF

BETWEE;_
MEASURED

_ACtl

(ANEL_g

TRAILING

(DISTANCE

(=

ANGLES

TE

Ci,=

THF

SLGJaENT

HA_TFR

LIES

MEASURED

AT

X-AXIS

IISELF

_URIEX
I)F

CIe,
C,,J

X-AX]_

POINT

CFNIEREO

IRANSVEI_St

X-AXIS

OF

CO_TROL)

FRAME

COOPl)INaTE

CaJ,

COORUINATES

(FIELO

LEGS

CE_JTROID

OF

AND

HORSESHOE

TRAILING

X-AXIS).

36|T

VORLAX

3612

VORLAX

3_13

VORLAX

3_14

VORLAX

3615

VORLAX

361&

VORLAX

3617

VORLAX

3_lR

VORLAX

361g

VORt.AX

3620

VORLAX

362l

VORLAX

362_

VORLAX

3_3

VORLAX

3_?_

VORLAX

_O25

V0_LAX

}62_

VORLAX

_O_7

VORLAX

_R_R

VORLAX

36_g

VORLAX

3630

VO_LAX

3b_l

VORLAX

3_

VORLAX

)6_J

VORLAX

3_A

VORLAX

36

VORLAX

36}6

VORLAX

_h31

VORLAX

_h)R

17

_5

VORLAX

3h_g

VORLAX

_hqD

C,,m

MM

VORLAX

36gi

Ce,,

COMMON_

VORLA_

36_2

Cel,

NONE.

VORLAX

_6_'_

VO_LAX

36q_

VORL_AX

3645

FL(_ATING

WAKE

COHPLIT_TIOk

FI

a(,.

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C,.,Ot)TPUT

CALLING

C..i

U_

SEQUENCE5

V,

ORTHOOONAL

VELOCI[Y

COwPONENTS

C.,-

GENERALIZED

HORSESHOE

C,,e

CIRCULATION

INTFNSIIf,

RY

INOUCED

vORIEX

OF

UNIT

V_NLAX

3h4_

VORLAX

3h41

VORLAX

36w_

Co..

VONLAX

3h_9

C,,,SUBROUTINES

VORIAX

365(I

VORLAA

36_I

Co,,CALLED

NONE.

C_ee
_,,,DISCUSSION

THE

[GE_ERALIZEOI

FIVE
IWU

LF(;S
ARE

C===

SKEWED,

_e.e

TRAILI_I_,

C,e_

ENDS

C_ee

FLOATIN(,

OF

Ce=,

SEGMENTS,

[F_EE(

OR

AT

1HE

INFINIIY

DETERMI_IEO

BY

THE

WAKE

AT

SUPFPSONIC

OF

_ORSESHOF

VICINITY

OF

THE

THE

IHn

LEGS

THE

TRAILING

NHWBERS

AFICnNES

F;_()M
EDGE.

AN()

V_LOCITY

IIECOME_

VE,_Y

o_NERATEO

3653

VORLA_

36%4

VQ_LAX

365S
_g_

_4E

V(}_LA_

3hg/

THE

VO_LAX

3h%h

VORLAX

3659
3600

TO

VORLAX

O[PLC_IION

VORIAR

$661

I,EgE

VO_LAX

3062

VONLAX

36h]

VORLAX

3_h_

VORLAX

36_

\:_RLAX

3_6h

VI_LAX

]_7

AM.

CONTINUATION

INDUCE()
LARGE
HY

36%_

VORLAX

VORLAX

SEGMENTS.

THE

VU_LAX

LINFS

CONTINUE

AA

THE

TWO

PRESCRIHED

A_GIES

VORTEX
NIACH

ANt)

ARt.

TH_

TRAILING

AND

IO

CONSTITUTF

BOUND

LF(_S

AND

SFMI-INFINITE

ED(_E

FLO&TAIION

NAC_

DISCRET_

TU

ARE

TRAILING

THE

liOUN{)

t)F

IR(IUNU(

EXTENDINb

ACCORDING

TRAILING

THE

IHE

CONSISTS

ARE

SE(;_ENT

LEG
LEGS

DOWNSTNFAM

ELEMENT
THREE

F|LAME_Tg

TRANSVERSE

TRAILING
START

WHICH

TRA'_SVERSE

CHORF)WISE,

THE

IN

V(]_TFX
OF

IF(OATI;_(,I.

SWEPT,
UR

FIOATIN(;
C,==

HORSESHOE

tJR

OR

WHICH

122

VORLAX

,Y
IN

THF

t_F
S_EWEt)

7417_

C***

OPT*I

LEG

OF

ITSELF,
C,e*
C***

THE

AT

INDUCED

VELOCITY

PANT
FIELD

CONCEPT.
P(IINTS

TH|$

NUMERICAL

(NACH

CONES)

Co,,

IX
MH_RE

Xl)
"e2
CIITOEF

C,.,

LESS

THANe

C***

HORSESHOE,

THE

Ceoe

C,e*

FTN

THE

B2
IS
A
BUT

TAKEN

THE
TO

HE

"((Y
- Yl)
NUNERIC&L

CLOSE

TOo

DUE

AEHAv|ON
OCCURS
OF
rHF
HONSESH_}E,

SINGtJLARITY
ARE

CHARACTERISTIC
VANISHES

THI_
51NGUL&R
OFF
THE
PLANE

_,_*410A

1,0

CHARACTERISTIC

GIVEN

HY

,o_
,
CONSTANT

(Z

-ZI)
WHOSE

LO/O_I7b

ENVEI._)HE
TO

|O.I_,L:_

V0_LAX

36_H

VORLAX

3_q

FOR
^V_I_

VORLAX
VCNLAX

3670
367L

SUNFICES

VOHLAX

367_

VORLAX

3_73

VORLAX
VORLAX

3_7_
367_

VORLAX

3h7_

VORLAX
VORLAX

(677
_67R

VORLAX

_b7_

THE
ONLY
TO

''P)
VALUE

FINITE

/CLITOFF
I_

123

7_474

OPT=I

FTN

4.5*410A

10/04/16

CONTROLVRLX.ZNORN

9/1_/76

CeQ=
SUBROUTINE

ZNORM

(IP

Cme.
C. .PURPOSE

TO

INTEGRAIE

CaIo

TO

OBTAIN

IS,

RTOP)

THE
THE

CHORDWISE

SURFACE

SLOPE

CA_ER

DISTRIBUTION

(OR

WARP)

IN

OQOER

OROINAIES.

C
C...INPUT
C.e.

CALLING

SEQUENCE_

Ciom

I = ELEMENT
IS
= STPlP

Cio,

RNMAX

COMMON_

Coe.

LAX,

C
C...OUTPUT
C...
Cole
C...

SLF,

CALLING
NONE.

COUNI).
CObN[).

HORSESHOE
ROW).

VORTICES

IN

GIVEN

_TRIP

SLOPE.
SEQUENCE_

CONMON_
ZC.

VORLAX

3_94

VORLAX

]BQ5

VORLAX

3896

VORLAX
VOHLAX

3Rq7
18g_

VORLAA

3Bqg

VORLAX

390n

VORLAX
VORLAX

39_1
3gO_

V_RLAX

3901

VORLAX

3gq)4

VORLAX
VORLAA

390g
3906

VORLAX

3g07

V_RLAX

390_

VORLAX
VORLAX

3gUg
lq]O

VORLAX
VORLAX

3911
3912

Col,

VORLAX

_g)3

C...SUBROUTINES
C...CALLED
C.o

VORLAX

lql_

VORLAX
VORLAA

)gL5
3_1_

VORLAX
VORLAX

3_17
)QIR

VORLAX
VORLAX

_Ig
)g_

C...DISCUSSION
C...

NONE.
IHIS

SUHROUTINE

COMPUTES

C..o

BY
TRAPEZOIDAL
TRIBUTION
ALONG

C...

CALLED

(BY

C...

IS

C..o
Ce.o

IRIBUTION
TO
ACHIEVE

SUBROUTINE

INVOwED

EXPRESSED
LENGTH.

THE

C...

SURFACE
SUBROUTINE

WARP.
I.E.,
ZNORM
15

C
C

BEING
AS

OR

ROW

I).

NORMAL

W_EN

IN

5bCH

THE

ZERO

DECIMAL
COMPUTEn

OF

AI

THE

CASE.

LtAnINb

FRACTION

OF

CAMbWHLIkF
IT
INCLUOE_
CALLEn
ONCE

HORSESHOE

ORDINAIFS

VONTICFS.

THE

SLOPE
t_IS
IS ONIY

OESIGN

BEEN
INPUT,
AND
IHF
SURFACE
IS THE
I)ESIRED
OUTPUT.
THE

DEFINED

STRIP

AS

CA,_BER

oF
]HF
SURFACE
THI_
_UBROUTINE

PRINT)
=

(INVERS
HAS
IT

C...

C..J
C

THE

INTEGRATION
THE
CHORD.

C.oo
C.Io
C,oo

124

(TOTAL
(SPANWISF

NUMBER
OF
(CHOROWISE

Cot.
Cee.

INDEX
INDEX

10,15.13

EDGE
LOCAL

PEPRESENIS

PROFESS

THE

LOAn

his

WARP
NFEI)EU
CANBERLINF
IS
AND

IS

CHORD
THE

T_TAL

CAMBER
AND
TWIST.
PE_
EACH
CHORI}WI_E

VO_LAX

)g_[

VORLAX

3gP_

VORLAX

)_23

VORLA_
VORLAX

3g_
3_5

VORLAX

3g_

VORLAX
VORLAX

lq_l
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DATA
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247

APPENDIXC
WAVEDRAGTO VORLAXINPUT
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

249

SUMMARY

The purpose
of a program
called
WDTVOR,
developed
to convert
the Wave Drag
input geometry
into the VORLAX
input geometry
description,
is to save time,
improve
accuracy,
and reduce
human drudgery
when configurations
for which the
geometry
was first digitized
in the Wave Drag format
are also to be analyzed
on the VORLAX
program.

flat

The present
version
of WDTVOR
contains
the option
to convert
fuselages
to
plates
having
the correct
planform
area or to a simulation
having
hexa-

gonal
cross sections.
All wings and planer
surfaces
are converted
thickness
panels
although
the wing camber
effects
are preserved.
are converted
as curved
panels
approximated
by hexagons.

to zero
Engine
pods

INTRODUCTION

In the analysis
of an airplane
design,
what is basically
the same geometric
body is described
by several
different
geometric
models,
each of which
is unique
to the discipline
for which
it is designed;
yet at the same time there exist
certain
elements
common
to all models.
For example,
the NASA Wave Drag format
(Reference
12) emphasizes
the enclosed
volume
of the aircraft
and correct
spatial
relationship
of components
while the VORLAX
method
of aerodynamic
analysis
(unified
subsonic
and supersonic)
uses a paneling
procedure
similar
to but
different
in detail
from the NASA Wave Drag format
in order to reduce
computation time.
The program
described
herein,
called
WDTVOR,
is for direct
transformation
from WAVE DRAG to VORLAX
input format.
A comparison
program,
called
VORTWD,
transforms
data from VORLAX
to WAVE DRAG formats
and is documented
in
Appendix

D.

Presently
the simulation
limited
to that most commonly

form
used

into which Wave Drag data is converted

in VORLAX
analysis
as follows:

is

GENERAL
Cosine
law
lateral
vortices

spacing
of streamwise
is assumed.

vortices

and

equal

interval

spacing

of

251

A single Machnumber from the first wave drag case card is picked up and
output in the VORLAX
dataset. Three angles-of-attack,
0, 5, and i0 are also
included.
Symmetric Flight

is assumed.

The value of CBARis arbitrarily

XBARand ZBAR,are set to zero.

set to 1.0.

The momentcenter coordinates,

All major planar panels are set up for three spanwise vortices (NV@R
= 3)
and i0 chordwise vortices (RNCV= i0).
Full leading edge suction is assumed
on each panel ($PC = 1.0) except for the fuselage panel.
WINGS

Wing

camber

is preserved

Wing thickness
thickness.

is not

in

the

preserved.

transformation.
Converted

wing

panels

are

zero

FUSELAGE

Both
to a
area
area

circular
and noncircular
cross section
fuselages
may be converted
single
zero thickness
panel of trapezoidal
shape.
The planform
of the zero thickness
fuselage
is made equivalent
to the planform
of the Wave Drag simulation
and the vertical
location
of the

fuselage
is set equal to that of the leading
edge
chord so as to effectively
"seal"
the wing-fuselage
VORLAX
simulation.

of

the wing root

juncture
in the

Optionally
fuselages
which
are circular
in the Wave Drag simulation
may be transformed
to a hexagonal
cross-section
simulation
in VORLAX.
With this option
transverse
vortices
are located
on the actual
body
surface.
Also a wing-fuselage
seal is assured
by holding
the fuselage
diameter
constant
in the region
from leading
to trailing
edge of the
first wing chord and by assuming
that one vortex
of the reference
polygon

If the
camber

lies

in the

plane

Wave Drag simulation

is preserved
in the

of

the

first

wing

chord.

was a cambered
circular
VORLAX
simulation.

one,

the

fuselage

If the fuselage
was of abritrary
cross section
in Wave Drag no camber
information
is transferred
to VORLAX.
At present
it is possible
to
convert
arbitrary
fuselages
into only the zero thickness
planform
simulation
in VORLAX.
NACELLES

252

Circular
nacelles
are
option
that transverse

transformed
as closed
vortices
are located

hexagonal
panels
using
the
on the actual
body surface.

FINS

Each

fin

is

Each

canard

treated

as

a single

panel

of

zero

thickness.

CANARDS

is treated

as

a single

panel

of

zero

thickness.

After
a Wave Drag data set has been converted
to VORLAX
format
it may be
validated
by converting
it back into Wave Drag format
and a configuration
plot
made.
This plot will, of course,
be different
from a plot of the original
Wave Drag dataset
by virtue
of the zero thickness
panel representations.

NOMENCLATURE

CPU

Central

Processor

Unit.

FUSTYP

Flag for
fuselage

fuselage
type.
Use 0 for single
simulation.
Use i for hexagonal

fuselage

simulation.

VORLAX

A Unified
Supersonic

Non-Planar
Vortex
Lattice
Method
Flow Described
in this report.

WDTVOR

Wave Drag
appendix.

to

VORTWD

VORLAX
Appendix

VORLAX

to Wave

Drag

trapezoidal
panel
(curved)
panel

for

Subsonic

and

data

conversion

Program

described

in

data

conversion

program

described

in

this

D.

PROCEDURE

Prepare
a dataset
in WAVE DRAG format
if it does not already
exist.
See
Reference
12 for the WAVE DRAG input description.
Be sure at least one
case card is included
with the dataset.
It is necessary
to instruct
the
conversion
program
as to whether
the VORLAX
simulation
of the fuselage
is
to be a single
trapezoidal
panel or a curved
(hexagonal)
panel.
This is
accomplished
by appending
to the front of the WAVE DRAG dataset
a card in
namelist
format
specifying
either
FUSTYP
= 0 for a single
trapezoidal
or
FUSTYP
= i for curved
(hexagonal)
simulation.
Figure
C-I is a listing
of
an example
WAVE DRAG dataset
showing
how the namelist
input is placed
at
its beginning.
dataset
obtained

Figure
C-2 is a graphic
from the Configuration

representation
Plot Program

of the Figure
C-I
of Reference
12.

253

Submit
the dataset
with the WDTVOR
program
is included
at the end of

program.
A compilation
this appendix.

listing

Examine
the output
from the above
submittal.
Output
consists
of
of the input dataset
in card image form (see Figure
C-!) followed
ing of the output
dataset
in the VORLAX
format.
Figures
C-3 and

of the

a listing
by a listC-8 are

sample
datasets
as output
from WDTVOR
program.
Figure
C-3 was based
curved
(hexagonal)
panel VORLAX
fuselage
simulation
while Figure
C-8
derived
from the single
trapdzoidal
panel
fuselage.

on the
was

Because
of the simplification
that takes place in WDTVOR,
e.g.,
zero
thickness
panels,
it may be desirable
to generate
a graphic
representation
of the VORLAX
dataset.
This is accomplished
by using the VORLAX
to WAVE
DRAG conversion
program
described
in Appendix
B followed
by the Configuration Plot Program
described
in Reference
12.
Figure
C-4 is a sample
of a
simplified
dataset
after transformation
back into WAVE DRAG format.
C-5 is a plot of the Figure
C-4 dataset.
Figure
C-6 is a listing
of
WAVE DRAG format
for the single
trapezoidal
panel fuselage
simulation
Figure
.

C-7

is the

corresponding

Generally,
a certain
dataset
generated
by

An

explanation

of

the

plot.

amount
of editing
is required
transformation
via the WDTVOR

run on VORLAX.
Figure
C-8
from the conversion
program
has been edited
preparatory
notes

to prepare
a VORLAX
program
for an actual

is a listing
of a converted
and Figure
C-9 is the same
to a VORLAX
run.
of

Figure
the
and

Figure

- The value of the over

changed
from -0.02 to
to compute
internally

C-9

dataset
dataset

as output
after it

follows:

NOTE

relaxation
parameter,
REXPAR
was
0.0 implying
that the program
is
the optimum
over relaxation
value.

NOTE

2 - The number
3 to i and

NOTE

3 - The number
of major panels,
NPAN, was changed
from 12 to 13.
The pitching
moment
reference
length,
CBAR, was changed
from 1.0 to 1022.28.
The XBAR and ZBAR of the moment
reference
point were changed
from zero to 1910.4
and -800.4,

of angles
of attack,
NALPHA,
was reduced
from
the single
ALPHA
selected
was 5.0 degrees.

respectively.
NOTE

4 - The

number

of

spanwise

vortices,

chordwise
vortices,
RNCV,
subpaneling
representation.
NOTE

254

were

NVOR,
adjusted

and

the

number

to provide

of

a better

5 - Wing Panel Number

5 was completely
eliminated.
It was actually
a null panel having
little
or no span which was included
in the
original
WAVE DRAG simulation
for another
purpose
but which
would have caused
errors
in VORLAX
if it has been retained.

NOTE

6 - A vertical
panel
was not included

was added to simulate

in the original
WAVE

a nacelle
pylon
DRAG simulation.

which

NOTE

7 - The spanwise
location
of the nacelle
was moved
outboard
from
214. to 233.94
to coincide
with a major panel break
in the
wing.
Alternatives
to this procedure
would be to create
an
extra major panel having
an edge at the 214. span location
or making
sure that one of the wing vortices
resulting
from
subpaneling
coincides
precisely
with the engine
pylon
spanwise location.
The above precautions
must be taken whenever
major

NOTE

- The

panels

variable

intersect.
area

nacelles

were

changed

to

fixed

area

ones

by

setting
the ZCI values
to i00.
This makes
each nacelle
crosssection
equal to that of the reference
polygon,
in this case
the inlet area.
This was a compromise
made to simplify
the
nacelle
pylon
simulation.
With constant
area nacelles
the
pylon could be simulated
by a single
rectangular
panel.
Retention
of the variable
area nacelles
would have required
several

panels

to

seal

the

pylon

area

between

the

wing

and

engine.
NOTE

9 - The

location

233.94,
NOTE

i0

- Fin

of

the

otherwise,

Panel

#2 which

nacelle
Note
was

was

moved

outboard

from

204.

to

7 applies.
on

the

aircraft

centerline

was

completely
eliminated.
Since the desired
VORLAX
run was to
be symmetric
about the pitch plane the centerline
fin was
not required.
Furthermore,
its inclusion
would have unnecessarily
increased
computing
cost because
its presence
alone triggers
off certain
asymmetric
calculations.
NOTE

Ii

- The

horizontal

tail

(labeled

canard)

root

chord

were changed
to coincide
with the side of the
Actually,
omly that portion
of the horizontal
of the VORLAX
fuselage
simulation
is included.
NOTE

12

dimensions

fuselage.
tail outboard

- A vertical
panel was added to seal the gap between
the
plane of the horizontal
tail (Z = -40.) and that of the
fuselage
(Z = 54.96).

It is a good idea to submit

the edited
dataset
to the VORTWD
program
(Appendix
D) to recheck
the editing
just done.
This step is optional.
It probably
wouldn't
be done if only minor
editing
was involved
in Step 5.
If major
editing
was done, such as the addition
of pylons
and sealer
panels
as in Figure
C-9, then it is recommended.
The results
of converting
and
plotting
the dataset
of Figure
C-9 is shown in Figure
C-10.
Note the
absence
of centerline
fin, the addition
of engine
pylons
and horizontal
tail sealer
panels
and the constant
diameter
nacelle
simulation.

255

256

The edited
dataset
may then be
of the VORLAX
output
resulting
C-II.

submitted
from this

to the VORL_P_ progr_r,.

submittal
is presented

A portion
in Figure

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325

APPENDIX
VORLAX

TO WAVE DRAG INPUT

PROGRAM
(VORTWD)

CONVERSION

327

SUMMARY

program

the

Wave

ting

of

the

errors;
the

input

to

for

While
options,

the

VORLAX

description

and

was

in

reduce

first

input

has
wire

form

drudgery

in

the

geometry

description

purposes:

frame

human

digitized

two

I)

as

when

VORLAX

to

check

into

permit
on

input

configurations

format

is

plot-

for

also

to

be

drag.

present

does

version

handle

VORLAX

convert

geometry

time

wave

the
it

created

save

geometry

analyzed

to

geometry

configuration

2)

which

developed

Drag

data

the

sets

of
most

be

VORTWD
common

converted

does

not

ones.

It

and

convert

plotted

all

is

recommended

to

validate

VORLAX

input

that

all

the

input

the

same

newly

geometry.

INTRODUCTION

In

the

geometric
which

is

time

there

Wave

Drag

craft

analysis

body
unique

an

airplane

described

to

exist

the

by

spatial

relationship

analysis

uses

a paneling

in

detail

the

Drag

format.

The
from
be

program

VGRLAX
added

which

to

to

VORLAX

A
VORLAX

the

VORLAX

companion

can

Drag

panels

called

and

is

the

VORTWD

WDTVOR

described

as

with

in

program

is

each
at

For

example,
of

while

the

similar

is

for

to

direct

this,

_ave

data

Drag

NASA

airmethod

different

transformation

certain

sufficient

same
the

the

VORLAX

but

of

the

volume

program

converts

Appendix

yet

models.

accomplish

which

models,

enclosed

VORTWD

the

basically

designed;

components

To

give

associated

all
the

called

to

is

procedure

format.

dataset

are

handle

herein,
input

program

formats

it

described
Wave

Presently
sets

Wave

to

of

aerodynamic

is

geometric

it

emphasizes

of

from

which

common

12)

what

different

for

elements

(Reference

correct

design,

several

discipline

certain

format

and

of

is

data

"smarts"

must
as

to

components.

from

the

Wave

Drag

to

C.

limited

as

to

the

types

of

VORLAX

data

follows:

WINGS

Wings

All

may

wing

percent
camber

have

panels
chord
can

also

camber

must
stations
be

but

not

thickness.

have

the

same

for

the

number

cm_ber

(NAP)

definition.

and

values
Flat

(XAP)

wings

of

without

handled.

329

All

wing

of

the

ing

panels

must

wing.

edge

span

the

distance

from

That

is,

separate

panels

are

not

properly

treated

flaps

Twist
applied
to
the
transformation.

panel

via

AINCI

leading

to

representing

and

trailing

leading

at

present.

AINC2

in

VORLAX

is

edge

or

trail-

ignored

in

FUSELAGE

VORLAX

fuselage

panel

of

simulations

zero

thickness

sections

may

be

Circular

nacelles

consisting

or

curved

of
panel

either

having

polyagonal

single

trapezoidal
cross

converted.

NACELLES

converted.
treated

represented

Nine
as

is

vertical

the

by

maximum

flat

curved
number

plates

are

panels
of

in

VORLAX

nacelles.

better

can

be

Nacelles

treated

as

fins.

FINS

Zero

thickness

maximum.
_ANARDS

(Horizontal

Zero

panels

Six

is

without

camber

maximum

number

are
of

treated;
fins

and

one
fin

panel

per

fin

panels.

Tail)

thickness

canard

the

panels

maximum.

Two

without
is

camber

the

minimum

are

treated;

number

of

one

canards

panel
and

per
canard

panels.

Two
(Reference

plot
i)

control
cards
compatible
are
automatically
added

with
the
Configuration
to the
converted
dataset.

Plot

Program

NOMENCLATURE

Symb

oi

NWN GP

Description
Total
wing
percent
in

number
is

the

chords
camber

not
a VORLAX
Maximum
value

33O

of

cambered,

VORLAX

panels

then
(NAP)

all
and

description.
requirement.
is 20.

making

panels

the

same

up

must

the
have

values

of

This

is

a Wave

Input

as

an

wing
the

description.
same

percent
Drag

integer,

number
chords

requirement
no

decimal

If
of
(XAF)
but
point.

Symbol

Description

NWING

VORLAX

panel

numbered
numeric

description

cards.

Wing

be

listed

20

total

is

ass_ned

of

Wave

NP

Number

NPPAN

the

The

The

to

VORLAX

of

List

VORLAX

as

One

only

once.

List

of

to

is

value.

The

fuselage

segment

in

terms

engine

nacelles.

pod

nacelle

fin

or

for

_ymmetric

is

one

being

would

descrip-

should

be

simulated

be

more

Drag

purposes.

fins

need

be

appro-

described

6.

making

number

panel

is

it

Wave

or

panels

nacelle
then

fins

described.

and

plates,

numbers

such

up

listed

per

(horizontal

the
must

fin
be

descriptions.
equal

to

the

NF

fin.
tails)

to

be

described.

MaximmTl

2.

VORLAX

NCAN.

The

maximum

plot

cards

as

If

or

value

That

to

be

value.

descriptions.

PLOTSZ

as

is

of

as

values

fuselage.

Presently,

PDL>360.
plate

panel

List

NCANP

the

making

pod.

i.e.,

canards

must

Input

integer.

up

numbers

per

Maximum

of

!'_NGP

fuselage.

or

number

is

of

data
they

tip.

fuselage

pods

VORLAX

value

the

major

describing

Maximum

Number

an

but

to

the

alpha-

9.

panel

is,

as

up

one

to

are

any
VORLAX

number

panels

flat

fins

equal

making
only

one

maximum

the

treated
of

of

th_

root

describing

panel

panels,

Number

panels

of

by

consecutive

from

be

panels

not

r__ht
be

The

must

VORLAX

number

is

vertical

priately

NCAN

curved

value

curved

NFPAN

pane],

the
not

commlas.

consist
Input

Maximum

of

of

to
need

listed

number

wing.
sequence,

proceeding

by

number

the

input

appearing

sequence

Drag.

tions.

NF

up

their

numbers

separated

and

NFUSE

making
to

panel

in

integers

NFUSP

numbers

according

PLOTSZ

panel

numbers

Maximum
That

is

number

one

panel

dimension
appended
in

the

making

in
to

is
per

2 and

of

converted

Configuration

the

canard

number

(horizontal

listed

must

be

tail)
equal

canard.

inches

the

up

Plot

the

plot

to

dataset.
program

be

made

Ssm_e
(Reference

from

the

definition
I).

PROCEDURE

I.

Create

VORLAX

dataset

if

it

does

not

exist

already.

331

2,

Add smarts
cards to the front
with smarts
cards included
is

of the VORLAX
dataset.
shown in Figure
D-I.

cards are input in namelist

format
column
one; only columns
2 through

A typical
dataset
Note that all such

in which nothing
80 may be used.

may
The

be entered
in
first namelist

card must contain

&INPUT
and the last card &END.
Input quantities
are
input as VARIABLE
NAME = VALUE,
as shown in Figure
D-I.
Variables
may
be named in any order.
Definitions
for the various
smarts
variables
are found in the nomenclature
section.

Submit
smartened
shows the output

Validate
the converted
program
(Reference
i).
the Figure
D-2 dataset.

If the

dataset
to the
resulting
from

configuration

dataset
Figure

is to be

VORTWD
conversion
program.
Figure
conversion
to Wave Drag format.
by submitting
it to the Configuration
D-3 and D-4 shows the plotted
results

analyzed

for Wave

Drag;

set must be edited

to supply
thickness
distributions
tail surfaces
and if the VORLAX
fuselage
simulation
trapezoidal
kind, then it must be given volume.

332

D-2

the

converted

Plot
of

data-

for the wing and

was the single

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Maskew,
B.:
Calculation
of the
Lifting
Non-Planar
Wings and
of Quadrilateral
Vortex-Rings.

1.

TT

7009,

Tulinius,
J.;
Theoretical

Ward,

G.

N.:

Univeristy
4.

Robinson,
Theory

Flow Around
Distribution
of Technology

1970.
Clever,
W.;
Prediction

Niemann,
A.; Dunn, K.; and Gaither,
B.:
of Airplane
Stability
Derivatives
at Subcritical

Speeds.
North American
NASA CR-132681.)

Three-Dimensional
Potential
Wing-Bodies
Using a Surface
Loughborough
University

Linearized
Press,

Rockwell

Theory

of

NA-72-803,

Steady

1973.

(Available

High-Speed

Flow.

as

Cambridge

1955.

A.:
On Source
and Vortex
Distributions
of Steady
Supersonic
Flow.
Quart.
J.

in the Linearized
Mech. Appl. Math.
I,

1948.

Lomax,
H.; Heaslet,
M. A.;
Equations
in Linearized

and Fuller,
Wing Theory.

Hadamard,

Cauchy's

J.:

ential

i0.

Lectures

Equations.

on
Yale

Bratkovich,
Solution
Journal

Press,
Method

Integrals
and Integral
Report
1054, 1951.

in

Linear

Partial

Differ-

1923.
in Thin

Wing

Theory.

A.; and Marshall,

F. J.:
Ite_ative
Techniques
for the
of Large Linear
Systems
in Computational
Aerodynamics.
of Aircraft,
Feb. 1975.

Purcell,
E. W.:
The Vector
Method
of
Equations.
Journal
of Mathematical
Hancock,
G. J.:
Subsonic
Flow
Aug.

B.:
NACA

Problem

University

Lan, E. C.:
A Quasi-Vortex-Lattice
Journal
of Aircraft,
Sept. 1974.

F.

Comment
by the

Solving
Simultaneous
Linear
Physics,
Vol. 23, 1953.

on "Spanwise
Distribution
Vortex
Lattice
Method".

of Induced
Drag in
Journal
of Aircraft,

1971.

ii.

Lan, E. C.; and Campbell,

J. F.:
Theoretical
Aerodynamics
Surface-Blowing
Jet-Wing
Interaction.
NASA TN D-7936,

12.

Craidon,
Charlotte
B.: Description
Airplane
Configuration
Plots.

of a Digital
Computer
NASA TM X-2074,
1970.

of UpperNov. 1975.
Program

for

371

1. REPOR_NO.

-....

-Z 50_;ERNMENTACCE_S%---_
N---O_
......... _i-n Ei:,Pi_'T:S' i_._TALOGNO.

NASA CR-2865
_. TITLE

AND

SiJBTITLE

.....

".......................

5.'REPOR'T'DATE

VORTEX
LATTICE
_,r _(fi) FOP,
FLOW APPLICATIONS

A GEh%RALIZED
AND SUPERSONIC

December

SUBSONIC

1977

'61PERFORMING

ORGCODE

r"_.PERFORMING

ORG-REPORT

7. AUTHOR(S)

Luis R. Miranla_
M. Baker

Wil!i_n
9.

PERFORMING

ORGANIZATION

LOCKHEED-CALl
P.O. BOX 551
BURBANK,

FORNIA

NAME

AND

D. F lliott_

and

LR
WORK

111.

CONTRACT

NAS
AND

Langley
Topical
16.

is

SUPPLEMENTARY

UNIT

NO.

ADDRESS

OR GRANT

....

14

NO.

1-12972

13. TYPE OF REPORT

COVERED

NASA Langley
Research
Center
Hampton,
Virginia
23665
,45.

28112

[10.

91520

NAME

NO.

ADDRESS

COMPANY

CALIFORNIA

12. 'SPONSORING"_'GENCY

Robert

SPONSORING

AND

AGENCY

PERIOD

C'ODE

NOTES

Technical
Report

Monitor:

Harry

H.

Heyson

ABSTRACT

A vortex
described.

lattice
It is

method
applicable
shown that if the

to both
discrete

subsonic
and supersonic
flow
vortex
lattice
is considered

as an approximation
to the surface-distributed
vortJcity,
then the concept
of
the generalized
principal
part of an integral
yie3ds
a residual
term to the
vorticity-induced
velocity
field.
The proper
incorporation
of this term to
the velocity
field generated
by the discrete
vortex
lines renders
the present
vortex
lattice
method
valid
for supersomic
flow.
Special
techniques
for
simulating
nomzero
thickness
lifting
surfaces
and fusiform
bodies
with vortex
lattice
elements
are included.
Thickness
effects
of wing-like
components
are
simulated
by a double
(biplanar)
vortex
lattice
layer,
and fusiform
bodies
are represented
by a vortex
gri4 a_'r'ahged o_J a series
of" concentrical
cylindrical
surfaces.
The analysis
of sideslJ_
effo,:is by the subject
method
is
described.
N_merical
consideratiot_s
peculiar
to the. a[q/Lication
of these
techniques
are also discussed.
A s_:_ary
compa]'ivon
of the results
obtained
by the method
of th:is _-'eport
witL ther
theo_-et_c_3
and experimental
results
is presented.
The method
h_s been im_i_:'.,_nt_._d
_m '_ digital
computer
code
identified
as VORLAD(.
A users m_nu,t_! i_ inc]uded
along with a comp]ete
Fortran
compilation
and executed
ca_.
Also _.c]_ded
are conve_"_ion
proL_'a_s
useful
for transforming
input betwe-m
VORLAX
and the NASA Wave Drag program.

17.

KEY

WORDS

(SUGGESTED

Aerodynamics
Vortex-lattice
Subsonic
flow
Supersonic
19. 'SECURITY
(OF

THIS

BY AUTHOR(S)

'!18.

method

DISTRIBU'TION

STATEMENT

Unlimited

flow
CL'/_SSIF.
REPORT)

Unclassified

Subject
' ....

20.

SE'CURITY

Unclas.

cL-As-sIF iOF THIS P-AGE)

r21-.NO:0F

Unc] assified

Category
PAGE_

375

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OFFICE:

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