Windows 7

.
:

,
.
,
,

,
,

.
,

:
.

,
.
.

,
,
,
,

,
.

.
,

,
,
,

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,

1
:

?
,

.
,

,
.

:
,

.
,
,
.
.
,

,
.

,
:

.
.

,
,

.
50-

.
,
.

,
,

,
.
,

,
.
,

,
,

,
.

,
,

.
,
,

.
,

,
.

,
.

,
?

,
?

,
.
,

,
,

,
.
,
,

,
,

,
,

.
,
,

.
,

,
,

?
:

,
.

,
.

,
,
.

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,

.
.
,

.
ISO/OSI.

:
.
.
,

,
.

.
,
.
.

,
.

.
.
,
.

,
.
,
.

,
,

.
,

,
.
,

,
.
.

,
. .

,
,

.
.
,

,
. .

,
,

.
.

,
,

,
.
,

. .
.
,

,
,

.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,

:
,
,

,
. .
,
.

,
.

,
!

.
,

,
.
,
,

.
.
,

.
, LAN (Local Area Networks),
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

. .

.
,

.
, WAN (Wide Area Networks),
,
.
.
,
.

.
,
.

,
.

. 3.1)

,
,

------

,
,

,
,

25

.
,
,

,
.

,
,
.

1000

.
,
.

,
,

:
.

,
. .
,
,
,

Microsoft Windows.
,
.

,
10

.
. 3.1

,
,
.

3.1.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 3.2),

,
.

-------

,
.

,
.
.

:
.

.
.

.
,

,
.

,
.
,

,
.
.

,
,
,

. .

RAID-

.
,
.

.
.
,

,
,

,
.

,
:
,

.
,

.
,

,
.

.
,
http.

ftp

.
,
,

.
.
,

,
.
,
.
,

.
,

.
,
.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

.
,

,
,

. .
Windows 2003 Server, Windows 2008
. 3.2
.

. .

3.2.

4
:

,
.

.
,

,
,

. .

.
,

.
,

,
,

. 4.1).

-------

.
,

:
.

,
,

. .

,
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 4.2).
,

.
).

(
.

-------

,
.

,
,

,
:
,

,
.

,
,

.
,
.

,
,
.

,
.

.
.

.
,

. 4.3).
,
.

-------

.
,
.
,

,
,

),

(
.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
(Open
System Interconnection, OSI).

ISO/OSI

(International Organization for Standardization, ISO),

ISO/OSI.
,
,

.
:
,

,
.

,
,

,
,

.
,

. 5.1).

------

,
:

,
ISO/OSI,

,
,

,
.
ISO/OSI

;
;

.
,

.
.

(Physical Layer)

ISO/OSI.

,
.
,
:
,

,
. .,

,
,
,

),

(
.

,
ISO/OSI

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(Data Link Layer)

,
.

,
,

. .
.

,
,

.
.
:
;
.

MAC (Medium Access Control)

LLC (Logical Link Control)
MAC

,
.

, MAC
(

),

. .
LLC

.
LLC1

.
,
.

LLC2

.
.
.

,
.

LLC3

.
,

,
.
.

, LLC-

,
,
.
,
,

(Network Layer)
.
,
,

.
,
,
.
,

.
.

M C-

.
.
.

(Transport Layer)
,

.
,
.
)

(
),

. .

,
.
,
.
,

,
.

(Session Layer)
,

.
,

.
,
.

,
.
,

,
,
.

,
. .

(Representation Layer),

,
,
.

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

. .

(Application Layer)

,
ISO/OSI,

. .

,
,

ISO/OSI

,
.
.
,

,
,
)

.
,

TCP/IP

ISO/OSI
TCP/IP.

IPX/SPX.

,
.

,
.

.
,
,

.
.
ISO/OSI ,
,

. .
ISO/OSI

. 6.1
.
6.1.

ISO/OSI

,
.

,
,

,
TCP/IP, UDP, POP3

. .),

ISO/OSI
.

.
,
TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS/SMB, Novell
NetWare, DECnet

.
,

ISO/OSI,
:

.
,
,
Ethernet, FDDI

. .

,
.

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

.
.
TCP/IP

IPX/SPX:
,
.

,
.
,
,

TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
.
.
,
,
.
70.

,
,

ARPAnet,
.

TCP/IP

,
UNIX.

TCP/IP

.
,

,
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP IP.
,
TCP/IP. IP (Internet Protocol)

,
,
,

TCP

UDP.

TCP/IP

,
.

TCP/IP

,
.

IP.

TCP/IP-

.
,

DNS, DHCP

. .,
.

IPX/SPX
IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange)
Novell.
Novell NetWare,
.
IPX SPX
ISO/OSI
,
.
IPX
,
,
,
.
,
IPX.
,
IPX/SPX
,
,
.

SPX

NetBIOS/SMB
,
IBM

Microsoft
.

,
TCP/IP,

NetBIOS/SMB
Ethernet, Token Ring
.,
.
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)

SMB (Server Message Block).

NetBIOS

80,
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface),
,

200

.
,
.
.
,

.
NetBEUI

,
,

,
:

,
,

.
NetBEUI

:
,

.
SMB (Server Message Block),

,
.

,
.
),
,

SMB

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

Microsoft Windows Vista

Windows 7.

TCP

SPX.

HTTP
,

,
.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
.
,
,
.
:
,
.

,
HTTP

,
,

TCP.
HTTP

90.

,
.
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
,

.
,
,

URI
.

HTTP
,

.
HTTP

,
.
,

,
HTTPHTTP

.
,
HTTP-

FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

HTTP,
,

HTTP,

:
TCP-

70-

FTP-

.
FTP-

,
.
.
21
.

20:

,
,

.
,

FTP,

.
FTP,
FTP-

SSL,

SMTP
.
,
.
Office Protocol Version 3)
POP3

,
POP3 (Post

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).

.
TCP.
:

,
,
POP3.
,

,
.
.
.
,

SSL

TLS,
.

POP3

,
,

SMTP,

,
POP3,

ESMTP (Extended SMTP).

,
TCP.

SMTP
,

,
25- .

IMAP
IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol)
POP3.

,
.
,
,

.
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

5-10

SLIP
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
.
.
,

,
(

).
TCP/IP

/I
SLIP-

,
,

TCP/IP.

(Point-to-Point Protocol)

SLIP.

,
.

,
SLIP,
IPX/SPX, NetBIOS, DHCP,

TCP/IP,
.

Windows NT
(SLIP
UNIX).

Frame Relay
Frame Relay

,
.
.

,
,
.
Frame Relay

45

AppleTalk
AppleTalk

Apple Computer.

TCP/IP, AppleTalk
TCP/IP

IPX/SPX,

Macintosh.
,
ISO/OSI.
AppleTalk
,

ISO/OSI.
AppleTalk.
DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol)


.
RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol)
AppleTalk.
.

,
(

),

,
,

. .).
NBP (Name Binding Protocol)

,
.

,
,
ZIP (Zone Information Protocol)

.
NBP,

,
.

ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol)

.
,

,
.
.

,
.
ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol)
.
,
,
,
.

.
,
.

.
,

;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
,
,

:
.
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

(Coaxial Cable).
70.

.
,

,
.

,
,

10
.

.
,
. .)

(
,

,
,

.
,
(

. 7.1).

------

,
,

.
:

,
. 7.2

. .

7.3.

-------

-------

,
(Center Conductor).

1.

,
.

12
2.

.
(Dielectric).
,

.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
. .

3.

(Braid).

,
.

.
,
.

4.

(Foil).

.
.

5.

(Outer Jacket).
,
,

.
,

,
,

. .
,

,
0,50,6

50

.
11,3

(
.
R-8 [1 - RG (

,
,

58A/U (

50
.], RG-11 RG-58.
)

. Radio Grade)
RG-58/U (
).

RG-

,
.

,
,

.
:

(Twisted Pair)
.
,
,

,
.
:
,
.

,
,

,
(

. 7.4).

-------

(Shielded)

(Unshielded)
.
,
,
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair,
), F/UTP (Foiled Unshielded Twisted Pair,
), STP (Shielded Twisted Pair,
), S/FTP (Screened
Foiled Twisted Pair,
), SF/UTP (Screened Foiled
Unshielded Twisted Pair,
)
.
.
:
,
(
)
.

,
.
,
100
/c,
1
/c.
100
.

.
,
.
100
,
,
.
.

(Fiber Optic).

.
:

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.

,
(SM, Single Mode)

.
,
(MM, Multi Mode),

.
. 7.5.

-------

(1),

.
,

125
,

(2)

(3),
.
:
,

. .
,

),

.
.
0,85-1,3
.
50
62,5
,
79

,
,

,
,

.
:

2,5

20

,
,
.

,
.
,

Frame Relay, ADSL

,

. .

HomePNA,
.

,
.

Ethernet
.

HomePNA,

,
,
HomePNA.

:
,
.
.

,
HomePlug Powerline Alliance.

HomePlug,
.

,
,

,
,

,
!

,
.
50
60

,
,

4-20

,
:

!
,

.
,

Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. .

.
,
.
.

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi),

24002483,5
2400
.

WiMAX

2300

:
.
,
.

,
.
,
,

,
,

,
.
,

,
,

.
,

,
100

.
.
,
,

. .
,
.

8
,
.
ISO/OSI

,
.

,
.

,
,

. .
:
,

,
.
,
(International Electrotechnical Commision,
(International Telecommunications Union, ITU),
(Institute of Electrical and

IEC),

Electronic Engineers, IEEE),

(Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association,
),
(American National Standards Institute, ANSI)

.
,
.
,

.
,

.
,
802

1980

IEEE (
,

).
,

IEEE 802.
802

,
.

,
IEEE 802.3,

IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.1.
.
,
,
IEEE 802.2.
,
IEEE 802.3.
,
Ethernet,

MAC-

. .
.

CSMA/CD.

30

,
.

IEEE 802.4.

IEEE 802.5.
,

IEEE 802.6.
(MAN).
IEEE 802.11.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

2,4, 3,6

. .

.
IEEE 802.15.
,

ZigBee,

Bluetooth . .
IEEE 802.16.
(WiMAX)
).

(2-66

,
,

,
,

:
;
;
;
;
;
.
.

,
,
. .

,
.
.
,

,
.
,
.

.
(

.
.
,
.

,
.
PCMCIA-

)
).
USB-

,
PCI

PCI Express (

USB-

.
.

USB.
USB-

100Base-TX

,
,

,
,

IEEE 802.11b
,
,
BNC-

,
100Base-TX
RJ-45.
USB-

IEEE 802.11g.
10Base-2, 10Base-5
.
,
,
BNC-,
. 9.1.
1000Base-T

10Base-T
RJ-45-

. 9.2,

HomePNA (

. 9.3.
. 9.4)

,
HomePlug (

. 9.5).

-------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-------

-------

-------

-------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

------

HomePNA

HomePlug

,
,

RJ-45.

RJ-45-

Ethernet,

,
.
,

PCMCIA-

. 9.6),

,
.

,
,

.
,

.
802.11b

IEEE 802.11g

IEEE 802.11a, IEEE

( . 9.7).

------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-------

IEEE 802.11n,
,
,

. 9.8).

.
,
.

.
.
,
,

,
.

,
,

10
,

.
,
,

24

. 9.9).

-------

,
(

).
,

RJ-45.
RJ-45

,
BNC-

,
,

.
,
.
,

,
,

.
,

.
,

,
.
:

23

RJ-45 (

. 9.10).
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

-------

,
,

,
.
,

,
.

,
.
,

.
,

MAC.

MAC,

MAC,

,
,

48) RJ-45 (

. 9.11).

.
(

-------

,
.

RJ-45-

.
,
.
RJ-45

,
.

,
,

IP-

).

,
.

.
,

,
,

,
.

,
,

,
.

,
IP-

.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 9.12).

16

64
.

------

(Access Point)

,
.

DNS
,
,

.
DHCP-

,
,
,

,
,
.

,
.
,

RJ-45,
.
,
,

.
.
RJ-45.
,
100Base-TX

RJ-45
,

.
.
.
,

,
(

. 9.13).

-------

,
.

,
,

,
.
.

,
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
.
,

.
.

,
,

. .

,
.
.

,
,

.
(

)
,
,

.
,

,
,

.
(

. 9.14)
300-3400

-------

.
.

.
,

,
.

PCI Express,

PCI
PCMCIA.

,
,

33,6-56

.
ADSL-

. 9.15),
.

-------

18
20

RJ-11
RJ-45,

.
,

USB-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
,
(

. 9.16)
:

.
. 9.17),
.

-------

-------

,
.

.
.

,
,
.

,
.

,
,
,

.
,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

. .
.

,
.
(

. .).
,

, KVM,
)

. .
,

)
,

.
,

. .
,
(

3040
. 9.18).

------

,
.
,

,
(

. 9.19).
,
.

,
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
,

.
,
,

16

.
,
,
.

24
48
. 9.20).

------

,
.

,
.
,
,
.
,

.
,
.

,
,

,
.

,
.

,
.
:

;
;
(

);
(

);

;
,

;
,

;
;
;
.

,
,

.
. 7.

,
(

.
. 9.21).

-------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
5 ,

10 .
,

1 )
.

,
.

.
,

,
BNCHomePNA

RJ-45,

BNC-

BNC-

BNC-

,
.

BNC-

,
RJ-11

RJ-45

. .

(Bayonet Neill Concelman)

.
.
(

. 9.22).

,
BNC,

BNC-

I,

,
.
.
,
(

. 9.23)

BNC.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

I-

BNC).
. 9.24),

(
-

,
.

,
.
(

. 9.25)

,
.

,
.

,
.
RJ-45.

RJ-45

,
100BaseTX.

,
RJ-11,

,
.
,
,

.
. 9.26.

RJ-45

,
,

;
.

RJ-45

2000

.
RJ-45,
,

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.

RJ-45
RJ-45,

,
,

. .

.
.

,
.
.
.
.

,
. .

,
,
,
.

.
.
,

.
,
.
.

RJ-45

RJ-11,

:
,

.
,

. 9.27.

.
,

[2 :

,
.
,

.]

.
,

BNC-

(
(

. 9.28),

. 9.29).

------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
:

.
,

,
.

:
.
.

,
RJ-11,

(
(

. 9.30).

. 9.31).
.
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

10

Ethernet
IEEE 802.3.
.
10Base-5, 10Base-2, 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-X.
.

10Base-5, 10Base-2

.
.

10Base-5
10Base-5

80-

.
,

,
1

Ethernet.
10Base-5
:
,
500

;
,

,
100

,
;
2500

4;
2,5 ;
50 .
10

.
802.3

10Base-2,
,

Ethernet.
,

:
,

.
.

200 .
:
,
185 ;
5

925 ;
0,5 ;
;

30.
,

,
,

,
.

,
,

.
,
10

,
.

10Base-T

.
,

.
,

,
.

802.3

,
.

10Base-T.

1990

,
.

,
10Base-T

.
:

,
,

100 ;
4

500 ;
,
,
1024.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. .;

10

,
.
,
,

.
.

10Base-F
90 10Base-F.

802.3
, 10Base-F

10Base-T:
.
(10
.

),

,
.
10Base-F

;
1000 ,

5000 ;
4

;
,

. .;

1024.

,
,
.

100Base-TX

.
,
,

.
100Base-TX,

1995
.
Fast Ethernet.

,
,

),

UTP
(

100

100Base-TX

100 ;
2
,
205 ;

. .),
5 ;
,
,

. .;

1024.
100Base-TX
),

.
,
.

100Base-T4
100

(UTP).

100Base-TX,
.
100
100Base-T4

,
10Base-T,

,
.

100Base-T4

3- , 4-

:
;

5-

100 ;
2

205 ;
3;
5 ;
,
,

. .;

1024.
100Base-T4
,

100Base-FX
100Base-FX,

90-

100Base.

,
,

.
,
100
100Base-FX

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:
;
412

2000

;
,
,

. .;
1024.

100Base-FX
.
.

,
.

1000Base-LX, 1000Base-CX, 1000Base-LH, 1000Base-SX

,

.
1000Base-X,
CX, 1000Base-LH

: 1998
4

: 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-

1000Base-SX.

,
,

,
.

,
,

.
,

1000Base-CX,
.

10 000

500 (1000Base-SX,
).

(1000Base-LH,

1000Base-T
1000Base-T

.
,

1000Base-T
100Base-TX.

.
,
.

.
1000Base-T

5- , 6-

100 ;
2

7-

205 ;
,
,

. .;

1024.
1000Base-T

100Base-TX

,
5

6.

,
.

11
:

HomePNA

HomePlug

.
HomePNA

HomePlug.

HomePNA
HomePNA

.
.

,
,

,
.
.
,

.
AT&T, 2Wire,
,

1996
,
Motorola, CopperGate, Scientific Atlanta, K-micro
.,
HomePNA (Home Phoneline Networking Alliance).
,
.
,
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
.
,
HomePNA
,

.
:

,
HomePNA

. .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
Ethernet-

,
Ethernet HomePNA,
HomePNA.

,
,

Ethernet.
HomePNA,

HomePNA 1.0
HomePNA 1.0

Tut Systems 1998

ITU.

;
4,59,5
,

,
,

. .;
1

;
25

;
150 (
).
HomePNA 1.0

300 ,
.
,

.
HomePNA

.
.
.

HomePNA 2.0
,

HomePNA
1999

Epigram.
1.0,

HomePNA 2.0:

;
.
5-

;
10

;
32

;
350

1000 ,
);
4-21

.
,

1500

,
.

HomePNA 3.0
HomePNA 3.0

128
,

.
3.0
and Coppergate Communications.

2005

Broadcom

HomePNA 3.0

;
128
32

350 ;
;
4-36

HomePNA 3.1
HomePNA 3.1
.
,

,
2007

HomePNA 3.1

.
CopperGate

Communications.
3.0

,
;

600

320
350
;

64

;
4-65

;
;
.
HomePNA

HomePNA-

HomePlug

.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
,
,

:
.
,

,
,

,
.

,
.

2000
Siemens, Nortel, Motorola
.
HomePlug Powerline Alliance,
Communication)

DPL (Digital PowerLine),

HomePlug Powerline Alliance,

,
,
.
PLC (PowerLine
,

200
.
HomePlug

21

84

4,5-

,
,

.
.
HomePlug

:
.

HomePlug 1.0

HomePlug
2001
.

;
14

100

1000 ,

);
,

10 000 ;
;
DES 56,
:

HomePlug 1.0
PowerLine,
Ethernet100Base-TX

.
HomePlug 1.0
HomePlug 1.0

Turbo,
,
85

HomePlug

HomePlug AV
2005

HomePlug AV [3 -

AV

,
.]

,
,

HD-

(HDTV).

,
HomePlug 1.0 HomePlug 1.0 Turbo.
:
200
;
2-28
;
AES 128-

HomePlug AV

.
HomePlug
.

12

.
,

;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
.
:

: PRESSI ( HERSON )


.
,
,
.
,

,
.

,
,

,
.

,
,

:
.

,
100Base-TX,
,

.
,
.

1.

.
,
.

2.

.
,
,

3.

,
.

4.

.
,
.
,

.
,
,
.
,

:
;
;
;
;
;
.

:
;
,

;
,
.

,
.

,
,
.

. 12.1

.
,

12.1.

,
,

100Base-TX

1000Base-T.
:
100Base-TX

1000Base-T,
.
,
(

. .),

,
,

HomePNA
,

.
HomePlug.
.

,
,

.
,
(

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

),

.
,

.
.

.
,

.
,
.

,
.

.
.
,
.

,
.
:
,
;
.
,
.
,
.
,
,

,
.
,
:
,

,
,

. .,
,

,
.

,
.
:

,
,

;
:

;
,

.
,

,
.
.
.
,

.
,
.
,
.
,

.
,
.

IP-

.
:

,
.
.

.
,
.
.
.

1.
2.

.
,
,

3.

.
,
,

.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.

,
.
.
,

.
(

).

13
:
,

,
.

,
50

.
,

,
.
BNC-

(10

,
,

,
,
.

.
.
.
,

.
.

1.

.
.

.
,

.
2.

.
,
,
.

.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,

3.

.
,

,
.

.
1.
2.
3.
BNC4.
5.

.
,

BNC-

,
1520
BNC-

.
BNC.

I-

,
I.
4.

,
.

:
10

,
,

,
10 .
0,5 ,

,
5

.
,

5.

,
,

.
,
.

,
,

,
,

.
6.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
.
.

,
.
7.

.
,

.
,

,
(

. .)

.
,

,
.

,
,

.
(

,
,

.
. .)

,
:

,
.
,

(
).
,

.
,

,
.

.
,

50

.
,

,
.
.

,
.
4 ,

4 ,
.

,
,
.

50

,
:

75
.
10Base-2
,

,
.
.

,
.
.
.

,
.
.

),
.

BNC-

,
.
,

,
BNC-

I-

I,

.
.

,
.
.
,
.

.
,

.
,
.
,
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 13.1)

.
.

,
.
.
,
.

,
.
,
.

BNC

BNCBNC-

.
.

,
.
.

,
.
.

,
.
,

.
.

.
,

.
,
.

BNC-

1.
2.

.
3.
4.

.
,

.
.

.
,
,

.
,
.

,
24

.
.
25
. 13.2).

(
,

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

10
,

-------

.
.

,
.

,
.

,
.

,
,

.
,
.
,
,

.
,
.
,

,
(

. 13.3).

,
,

.
.
,

.
.

,
.
,

,
,

.
,
.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
.

,
(

. 13.4).

,
,

.
,
.

.
,

.
.
,
.
,
.
,

,
,

,
.
,

,
.

,
).

.
,
.

.
,

50

,
.

.
(

.
.
,

.
,

!).

14
:

.
,
.
,
.
,

100Base-TX

1000Base-T.

,
.
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
.
.

.
,

.
.

,
,
.
.

45

.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,

,
.
,

.
,
.

:
.

,
.
,
.
,
.

,
,

,
.
,
,
.
,

.
,

,
.
,
.
,

,
,

.
.
.

,
.

,
.

,
.

,
.
,
,

.
,
.

,
.

,
,

.
,
.
,

.
,

.
,
,

,
.
,

,
.
.
,

,
.
(

).

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

------

,
.

.
,
.

,
,
.
,
.

:
(

. 14.2).

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.
.

,
.

.
:

.
.

568 (

).

,
).

. .

,
,

.
,
(

12,5

).
:

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.

,
(

. 14.3).

.
,
.

,
,
,

.
.

,
.
.
,

,
,
.
,
.
,

:
.

,
,

.
,
,

.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.

RJ-45,
,

. 14.4.

------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

:
,

,
(
14.1.

568

568

,
,

.
. 14.1).

.
.

1.

,
. 14.5).

2.

,
.
20

.
.

3.

.
,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 14.6,
568 .

4.
5.

12
RJ-45
,

6.

,
(

. 14.7).

.
,

7.

,
.

8.

,
.

9.
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 14.8).

10.

. 14.9).

15

100 %.
,
.
.

,
.

),

.
,

,
.
,
,

.
,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,
.
,

.
.
,
:

$50

$20 000.
,
.
3050

,
,

90 %

.
:

.
.
,
,

,
,
.
,
.

,
.
,

,
,

.
.
,
,

. 15.1.

,
.

,
.
,
.

:
,

.
,

ping.
,
,

.
,

,
,

192.168.2.2

.
, IP-

,
255.255.255.0.
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

IP192.168.2.1,

192.168.2.1

),

ping 192.168.2.2
,
. 15.2,

,
.
,

).
,

,
.

16

:
,

,
,

.
,
,

.
,

,
.

,
.
.

,
.

,
(

. .).

Bluetooth
Bluetooth

,
.

,
.

Bluetooth

24

,
.
,
Bluetooth-

,
,

.
Bluetooth-

,
,
100 .
, Bluetooth-

USBUSBPCMCIA-

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
.

. 16.1),

Bluetooth
,

Bluetooth-

:
,

Bluetooth.

,
.

.
,

BNC-

,
10

(
1,52

.
.

.
. .)

,
,
. 16.1).

(
16.1.

:
,
.
1000Base-T
6-

7-

,
.

1000

USBUSBUSB-

.
USBUSB-

,
.

480

,
.

USB-

.
USB-

. 16.2),

.
.

USB,
,

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

33,5 ,
,
10 .
,

.
:
,

,
,

FireWireFireWire,

,
400

.
,
FireWire-

,
.

USB.

.
,
(

FireWire
),

,
.

,
.
,

+
.

,
,

,
. 16.3).

.
,
.

17

WLAN (Working Group for Wireless Local Area Networks,

),
2,4 5
,
802.11.
100
,
,
. .
.

IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11,
802.11 (

1990

),

,
.
,
.

,
IEEE 802.11
24002483,5
,

.
.

.
:
,
24002483,5

;
300 ;
1
IEEE 802.11

300 .

2
,
50-100 ,

.
.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

1997
.

.
,

IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11b

.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity,

).
IEEE 802.11,
,
1999
IEEE 802.11 high rate),

IEEE 802.11b (
.
,
IEEE 802.11b.
.
:
,

24002483,5
300 ;

;
1

5,5

11

WEP.
11
5
IEEE 802.11b

DSSS,

,
.

,
22

(IEEE 802.11b+)
.
,

.
,

IEEE 802.11b
.

WEP-

IEEE 802.11
,

802.11b.

IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11

, 2001

.
,
, 5,25-5,35
,

: 5,15-5,25
5,725-5,825

IEEE

.
.
:

5,15-5,25
, 5,25-5,35
100 ;
1, 6, 12

,
5,725-5,825
24

;
2, 9, 18,

36, 48

54

.
,
.

:
,
;
IEEE 802.11a

802.11n),

,
;
,
;
.
,

IEEE 802.11a

IEEE 802.11g
2000-

IEEE 802.11g,
IEEE 802.11b
.
.
IEEE 802.11g,

,
2003

(
:

,
,
,
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11b
,

).

IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11g.
IEEE 802.11g:
,

24002483,5
;
300 ;
1, 5,5, 11, 24, 33
2, 9, 12, 18, 36

54

48

;
WPA, WPA2,

AES, TKIP

.;
2048.
,
IEEE 802.11b,
,

125

.
,

,
D-Link,
108 (IEEE 802.11g+)
.

IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11g

.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

100

1000

,
.
.

,
,

. .

,
,
.

2006
IEEE 802.11n.
,
2009
IEEE 802.11n,

.
,

300

,
.

IEEE 802.11g,
40
IEEE 802.11n

.
.
2,4

5,25

, 5,25-5,35

5,725-5,825

(24002483,5

; 5,15,

).
,

,
.

IEEE 802.11n,

.
450 .

802.11b
802.11n).

54
(
IEEE 802.11g)
300

IEEE 802.11a, IEEE

IEEE

IEEE 802.11n

,
,

.
,

,
,

2016

18
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
:
Bluetooth

).
,

.
Bluetooth

,
,

,
,

Bluetooth

.
Bluetooth

.
(Harald Bluetooth),
,
.
,
,

,
Bluetooth

.
,

.
Bluetooth (
)
WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network,
90.
Ericsson Mobile Communication.
,

)
Bluetooth
.

90(Bluetooth Special Interest Group),

,

Bluetooth SIG

Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba Nokia.

Bluetooth
.
,
,
Bluetooth,

USB,

,
Bluetooth.

SIG
.

BluetoothUSB,

.
,

. .,
Bluetooth,

Class 1.
Class 2.
Class 3.

100
2,5
1

(20
),
(4
),
(0
),

100 .
10 .
1 .
,

.
ISM) 2,42,4835
.

Bluetooth
and Medicine,

,
,

(Industry, Science
,

,
,

.
,

1600

.
,

Bluetooth SIG
IEEE 2002

Bluetooth,
802.15.

Bluetooth 1.0, 1.0A, 1.0B

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
IEEE

Bluetooth 1.0 (IEEE 802.15.1)

1999
).

1998

1.0

,
.
1.0
(

).

,
.

Bluetooth 1.0.
.

732,2

100 .

Bluetooth 1.1
, 2002
,
1.1 (IEEE 802.15.1-2002).

Bluetooth
,
.

RSSI (Radio Signal Strength

Indicator).

Bluetooth 1.2
Bluetooth 1.2,
Bluetooth,

2003

1.2.

,
Bluetooth
.

,
Bluetooth

;
eSCO (Extended Synchronous Connections,
),
;
AFH (Adaptive Frequency
Hopping,

),
;
;
;
8

Bluetooth 2.0
2.0,

2004
,

Bluetooth
.

Bluetooth
EDR [4 (Enhanced Data Rate,

:
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR]

),

;
3

;
Bluetooth;
;

QpS (Quality of Service),

;
256

;
.

2.0

.
Bluetooth

Bluetooth 2.1
2007

Bluetooth 2.1,
:
,

;
Sniff Subrating,

3-10

Bluetooth;
,

.
2.0, Bluetooth 2.1

EDR,
Bluetooth 2.1+EDR.

Bluetooth 3.0
Bluetooth 3.0,

Bluetooth High Speed,

2009

.
Bluetooth

:
24

;
;

;
7

255

;
EPC (Enhanced Power Control,

),
Bluetooth-

.
BluetoothWi-Fi,

.
.

19

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,
. .

,
IEEE 802.11:
IBBS (Independent Basic Service Set),
BBS (Basic Service Set),

;
.
,

IBBS
(
,

ad-hoc,

.
,

).
(

. 19.1).

,
,

.
,

. .
.

11

),

.
,

256

,
(10

).
,

.
.

BBS
,

,
,
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 19.2).

(Access Point).
,

. .).

,
.
.
,

. .
,

.
.
.
,

.
,
Service Set, ESS) (

(Extended
. 19.3).

,
,
,

,
.

.
,

:
,

100Base-TX
.
.

,
.

,
.

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
,

.
,

(
,

,
. .)
.

,
.

,
:
,
,

,
.
.
:

IEEE 802.
,
,
.
,

TKIP, RADIUS

WPA, WPA2, AES,

WE
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy,
,
.

)
,
90RC4,

SSL

TLS

.
RC4
256

,
,

WEP

[5 -

64

128

24

40

104

.],
WEP-40

WEP-104.

WEP

:
.

,
.

WEP
,
,

.
,

,
.

WEP

WEP2, WEP Plus

.

,
Dynamic WEP,

,
,

.
.
(

,
.
MAC-

,
.

,
,

.
,
,
,

.
.
1.

,
.

2.

,
,

.
3.

.
,
.

,
.

WPA
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access,
,
2003

)
WEP

WEP,

.
WPA
.

.
AES (Advanced Encryption
.
Wi-Fi Alliance,

WPA
Standard)
WPA,
:
WPA = 802.1X + EAP + TKIP + MIC.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

WPA
, TKIP MIC.
(Extensible Authentication Protocol)

IEEE 802.1X
,

.
LEAP, FAST

(
40)
MD5, TLS, TTLS,

, SIM,

.
.
RADIUS,

.
RADIUS-

,
WPA-PSK (Pre-Shared Key),

,
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)
,

.
,
,

. TKIP

128-

.
TKIP,

802.1 ,
,
.
,

,
500
MIC (Message Integrity Check)

).
,
. MIC

.
:

8-

.
.
,

,
.
,
WPA,
.

WPA2
WPA2

WPA.
2004

IEEE 802.11i.

2006

.
WPA2
WPA, WPA2

,
.
AES

128-

AES
(Counter Mode with Cipher Block

TKIP.
Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol,

).
CCMP
,

16

.
:

,
.

20

,
.
,

.
:

. .
,

,
,

.
.

,
.

:
,

).
,
,

,
.
,
,

:
,
;
,
,

24002483,5

;
,
(

100

)
,

.
,

.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,
,

,
.

http://www.minsvyaz.ru,

21
Wi-Fi
,

,
.

,
.

.
,
.
:
;
;
;
;
,

100Base-TX.
,

,
,

,
.
,
,

,
,

,
.

,
Wi-Fi.
. 21.1
,

.(

.)
21.1.

,
.

,
,

.
Bluetooth,

,
23

,
,

,
,

.
,

,
,

802.11g

IEEE 802.11n.
,

IEEE
,
IEEE 802.11n

IEEE 802.11n
,
.

,
.
,

,
(

.
,
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

1.
2.

.
3.
4.

.
,
.

5.

,
1
.

6.
,
,
.
,

.
,

,
.
,

,
.

,
,

,
.

.
,

:
,

.
,
:

,
,
.

.
,

.
.
,

.
.
.
.
.

.
,
.
,

22

.
.
,

.
,
,

.
,

IP-

.
,
.

,
,
.
.
,

.
,

,
.
,
.

.
,
,

,
.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
. .

Microsoft
Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, Windows

Server 2008.
,

,
,

.
,

,
.
Windows 98/XP/Vista

Microsoft

Windows 7.

IPIP-

.
,
.

IP-

TCP/IP.
TCP/IP

,
Windows-

(TCP/IPv6).
,

TCP/IP

.
TCP/IP:

(TCP/IPv4)

.
,

IP-

,
,

32

,
.

128-

TCP/IPv6

,
TCP/IPv4,

.
TCP/IPv4
,

IP,

32192.168.1.2.

.
,
.
0.0.0.0-255.255.255.255 [6 -

(2554).].
.
,

,
0.0.0.0 (
127.0.0.1 (

,
), 255.255.255.255 (

,
),

IP-

,
.

,
IP-

. 22.1

22.1.

,
,

TCP/IP

,
.

,
InterNIC (Internets Network Information Center).
IP,

IPIP-

,
.
.
,

,
IP-

.
,
101.2.14.192.
101,

.
:

0.2.14.192,
16 777 214.

150.2.2.1.

:
150.2,

0.0.2.1,
65 534.

192.168.2.1.
192.168.2,
254.
,

0.0.0.1,

20

.
.

,
,

254 IP, 234

20 IP-

,
.
,

23,5

.
,
,

.
.

32-

32-

IP-

.
:

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

IP-

. 22.2.
22.2.

.
,

IP-

.
?

.
.

IP-

129.64.134.5

.
2

(00

, 01

, 10

).
,
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000,
,
6
,
,
64 IP(2
6),

, 11
255.255.255.192.

62

255.255.255.0,
192.168.1.254.

192.168.1.1-

. .
,

,
,

.
.

,
.
.

,
,

.
.

,
,

.
,

.
:
;
;
,

.
,

.
,

:
;
;
;
.
,
,

,
.
.

,
.

24

.
,

Windows 7

,
,

.
,

.
.
,

.
.
,

,
.
.

,
:
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

,
.

,
,
,

,
Windows 7

Starter

Home

Basic.

,
.

.
,

,
.

.
,

.
,
.
,

;
;
;
;
;
.

,
.

,
.

DNS
,
,
.

,
.
,
,

,
,

DNS.

DNS (Domain Name System,

,

)
IP.
.

www.google.ru,
,
, IP)
www.googLe.ru.

74.125.87.99,

(
,

.
DNS-

IP,
,
DNS
DNS-

.
,

.
.

,
,

.
DNS-

,
IP-

DNS,

DNS,

DNS,

.
.
DNS-

. .
,

,
.
DNS,

DNS.
DNS-

.
,

DNS-

DHCP
(
) IP-

,
.

Novell NetWare.
TCP/IP, DHCP-

IP-

IP-

Windows.

.
.
(

,
,

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

),

.
,

IPIP-

IP-

Active Directory
Active Directory
. Active Directory

,
,
,

:
,

. .

SSID
SSID (Service Set Identifier,
,
.
32
.
,
the_best_network,
leg_lad00be.

,
,
,

.
.

,
,

SSID

,
.

,
.

,
,

SSID

,
.

23

,
.
,

,
,
. .
,

Microsoft Windows P,

Windows 7
.
,
Windows 7

. .
.

,
.

,
,
,

.
,

Windows 7

.
.

,
,

.
,

.
,

.
,

.
.

Wi-Fi,

.
.
.
.

,
.
,

.
,
,

,
.

,
,
(

. 23.1).
:

,
,
(

).
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 23.2).

. .

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

.
,

.
(

. 23.3).
,

,
,

:
,

TCP/IP

,
. .

24
,

.
,

Windows 7.

,
Windows 95,

.
,
1015

.
,

(
),

IP-

.
,

.
,

. 24.1.
,
.
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 24.2).

,
,

,
,

,
.
.

. 24.3.

,
OK.

,
.
,
(

. 24.4).
,

TCP/IP,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

IP-

. 27.
,

,
.

25

,
Windows 7.

,
,

.
.

,
,

.
,

. 25.1.
(
(

),

. 23.2).

. 23.3),

.
.
,

,
,

. 25.2).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

.
. 25.3),

,
,

,
.
Windows 7

,
.

,
,

,
.

. 25.4).

,
.

,
.
,

,
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
. 25.5).

.
(

. 25.4)
( . 25.6).

,
,

,
,

.
,
.

,
Windows 7.

.
,

.
,
,

.
,

nemec

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

THPROG2-W7 (
,

. 25.7).
.
(

. 25.8).

,
.
(

. 25.9).
!
,

.
(

,
. 25.10).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

26
,
,

,
.
,

,
,

,
,

.
,

. 24.1).

,
(

. 24.2).

,
,
(

. 26.1).

,
.

,
,

. 26.2)

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,

,
,

Active Directory.
,

.
(

,
.

. 26.3),
.
,

,
,

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
. 26.4.

,
.
,
.
,

,
.

,
,

.
Ctrl+Alt+Del,

.
.

27
/I
TCP/IP-

,
,

IP-

.
DNSIPTCP/IP-

,
.

IP-

TCP/IP.

IP,
,

.
(

. 24.1)

,
.

,
.

,
(

,
. 27.1).

,
[7 Bluetooth. .].

,
,
.
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 27.2).

,
,
.

TCP/IP-

(
.

4 (TCP/IPv4).
. 27.3).

28

.
Windows 7
.
.

,
,

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

.
,
.
:

,
,

,
.

.
,
. 28.1.

,
(

. 28.2).
,

Enter.
,

.
.

,
.
.
.
,
. 28.3.
,

. 28.4).

,
.

------

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
(

. 28.5).

.
,

,
(

).
(

),

)(

).

,
.

)(

. 28.6).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
,

,
.

,
.
.

.
,

,
.
,

. 28.7.
.

,
,

,
.

,
,

.
,
.

,
.
.
.
.
,

. 28.8).
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 28.9).

.
(

. 28.10).
,

.
,

,
. 28.9.
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 28.11).

,
.

(
,
.
,
,

,
,

. 28.13).

. 28.12).
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
.

:
.
,

. 28.14).
,
.
.

.
,

,
.
,

,
,

.
,
(

. 28.15).

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 28.16).

,
,
.

.
,

,
,

,
(

( . 28.17).
. 28.7),

.
, ,

,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,
:
,

.
.
,

(
.

. 28.7),

. 28.18.

.
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
. 28.19.

,
.
Ctrl

,
,

.
,

. 28.18.

,
.
,
(

. 28.20).
, ,

.
,

. 28.21).
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

29

,
.
,

,
,

100 %.

,
.

,
,

. .

,
.
,
.
,

.
,
,

.
,

, ,
.

,
:

.
.
,
.
,
,

,
.
,
.

,
Norton Antivirus,

. .
ESET, Dr.Web,

, Avira

.
,

ESET NOD32 Antivirus.

,

ESSET
,

ESET Smart Security

.
ESET NOD32

Antivirus. Smart Security

,
,

,
.

,
.

ESET NOD32 Antivirus,

.
,

,
,
.
:

,
. 29.1).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
.
,
,

.
,
,
,

( . 29.2).
flash-

DVD

,
.
,

,
(

. 29.3).

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 29.2,

.
.

,
.

,
,

,
.

.
,

,
(

. 29.4).
,
.
,

.
.
(
,
.

. 29.5),

.
.

. 29.6),

,
.
,
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
. 29.7).

.
,

,
. 29.8).
.
. 29.9),

(
,
.

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

.
,

,
.
,

,
,

30

.
,

web
,

,
.

ftp-

.
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome

,
.

Mozilla Firefox
,
,

Opera.

. .

.
,
, ,

.
,

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox
,

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium).

,
.
,
,
Microsoft Windows

.
Mozilla Firefox

. 30.1),

. 30.1.

Mozilla Firefox

,
,

.
,

.
.
,
.
(

5000).
,

.
.
W3C.
.
.
.

,
:

.
.
.

.
.

.
,

,
.
(

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

,
. 30.2).

,
.
,

,
,

.
,
.
,

,
,
.

Opera
Opera
.
,

.
Mozilla Firefox
, Opera

.
(

. 30.3),

Opera

,
.

,
.
,

.
,
,

,
.
.
:
,

cookies,

. .
Opera Turbo,
80 %

Speed Dial,

,
,

: PRESSI ( HERSON )

. 30.3.

,
.

,
.

.
!

,
,