Master of Science in Mechatronics

Project Arbeit
Analysis of human exposure to vibration during cyclist activity transmitted to a hand-arm
and whole-body system

Name:

Matriculation Number:

Csar Sebastin Silva Proao

21485437

First Examiner: Prof. Dr. Uwe Weltin

Second Examiner: Dr. Eric Gro

Submit day: 04.05.2016

Summer Semester 2016

A.Introduction
B. Theoretical Background
C. Experimental Part
D. Analysis of Results
E. Conclusions and Recommendations

F. Appendixes
G. Bibliography

Analysis of human exposure to vibration during cyclist activity

transmitted to hand-arm system

A. Introduction
At present there exist many cyclist users around the
world. The bicycle and the tricycle have become in
common means of transportation for many
reasons. Indeed it can be seen all around Germany
for example that tricycles and bicycles are used by
mail-delivery workers. Now the main question that
arises is, do these means of transportation have a
great value of comfort for its users, and what is
the health risk or performance involved? And does

the vibration originated when one uses these

means of transportation affect in a negative manner
the human body?

B. Theoretical Background

A. Introduction

B.Theoretical Background
C. Experimental Part
D. Analysis of Results
E. Conclusions and Recommendations
F. Appendixes

G. Bibliography

As mentioned before several engineering codes and papers are available for
the analysis of human vibrations. Among the most important codes we have
the DIN-EN-1032, DIN-EN-5349 and VDI 2057.

The DIN-EN-1032 establishes the specification of the mechanical vibration

for the analysis and compilation of the vibration emission value in the

testing of mobile machinery

The DIN-EN-5349 establishes the analysis of mechanical vibration for the

measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand transmitted
vibration and the general requirements.

The VDI 2057 presents the guidelines for human exposure to mechanical
vibrations, the analysis of the whole-body vibration.
6

1. The impact on humans health because of the vibration

Not only the frequency but also the amplitude of the vibration play a
great roll the moment that we talk about the relationship between the
exposure to vibration and the health effects.
Table 1. Problems caused by exposure to vibration

Disorder

Frequency range of
vibration in Hz

Dizziness, nausea and disorders of labyrinth, 0.1 to 0.7 Hz

decreased vision acuity
Increased heartbeat frequency

Below 20 Hz
7

The code ISO 5349-1 tells us that when people are exposed to handtransmitted vibration, episodes of white finger or pale can be developed
because the blood circulation is cut off in the fingers. This is also called

Raynauds phenomenon or technically also known as Vibration induced White

Fingers (VWF).

Figure 1. Vibration induced White Fingers disease

8

2. Evaluation with respect to the ISO 5349-1 code

The code ISO 5349-1 says that the most important value that is used to
characterize a vibration is the rms acceleration value, which should be

measured in the frequency domain, and afterwards, it should pass thorough

a narrow band filter causing as a result the weighted frequency rms
acceleration

awh

in m/s2. This value indicates the effect of the vibration in

the human body parts.

The frequency weighting filter that is used in the determination of a vibration

value, is composed of two parts:

A band limiting filter (Band pass filter), which causes the drop across

the lower and upper frequency limit of the evaluation function.

A weighting filter, which causes the frequency weighting of the

acceleration signal in the frequency range of 0.5 to 80 Hz for the whole
body vibration and from 8 to 1000 Hz for the hand-arm vibration.

It has been found that with the whole body vibration, the frequency range
below 1 Hz is neither relevant nor significantly.

10

Wd

Wk

Figure 2. The frequency weighting curves whole body for input

acceleration Wd (in the x and y directions), and Wk (in the z direction)
11

Wh

Figure 3. The frequency weighting curve Wh for the determination

of the hand-arm vibration values.
12

3. Coordinates location for vibration analysis

According to the code DIN-EN-1032 Mechanical Vibration the translational
whole body vibrations that are transmitted to humans are on the respective
axes of a rectangular coordinate system based on the next Figure 4.

The axes are as follows:

Figure 4. Body coordinate system for mechanical

whole body vibration on exposure to humans

X Axis: back chest

Y Axis: right to left

Z Axis: foot head

13

4. Multi-axis vibration measurement

The measurements should be made generally in the directions of the three
coordinate axes. The following measurements should be determined:
For the whole body vibration:

awx , awy , awz

aw MAX max 1.4 awx , 1.4 awy , awz

Eq. 1

In hand arm vibration:

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz

ahv a

2
hwx

+a

2
hwy

+a

1/2

2
hwz

Eq. 2

14

Where:

awx , awy , awz

(and

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz in the hand-arm vibration) are the

effective values of the frequency-weighted acceleration in the x, y, z

directions.

In the hand-arm vibration the value

ahv refers to the effective value of

weighted acceleration

In case it is proven that there is a dominant direction of vibration, the vibration

test code must determine in which direction the vibrations are determined.

A vibration direction can be described as dominant when the effective value of

the frequency-weighted acceleration in each of the other directions of

vibration (in whole body vibration, in the case of x and y direction, multiplied
by 1.4) is under the 66% the value in the dominant direction.
15

Additionally we can define also the daily exposure to vibration A 8 in m/s2

taking in consideration the daily duration of exposure T

A 8 ahv T / T0

Eq. 3

Where T0 refers to eight hours of exposure

According to the code VDI 2057 the range between the next two values of
vibration are the most critical ones

Aw 8 0, 45 m

and

Aw 8 0,80 m

16

Figure 5. Health risk as a function of the root mean square of the frequency weighted
acceleration and the daily duration of the exposure
17

Table 2. Maximum and minimum acceleration value for distinct periods of

vibration
Period

acw min

acw max

m/s2

m/s2

0,45

0,8

0,4811

0,8552

0,5196

0,9238

0,5692

1,0119

0,6364

1,1314

0,7348

1,3064

0,9000

1,6000

1,2728

2,2627

s and even this

For 1 hour of exposure we have a maximum value of Aw 1 2, 2627 m

value is exceeded it will be seen by the measurement campaign documented in this

project work.

18

A. Introduction
B. Theoretical Background

C.Experimental Part
D. Analysis of Results
E. Conclusions and Recommendations
F. Appendixes

G. Bibliography

19

C. Experimental part
The experimental work consisted on the following steps:

A 10 km route was picked up in the city of Hamburg

In the case of the Tricycles (Jumbo and Triliner), a medium load of

weight was incorporated.

The sensors were installed in the handle and in the saddle position in
each bike.

The GPS and sensor receiver is installed somewhere in the bikes.

The track is performed by 2 different users.

The data is acquired.

The data is saved.

20

1. Vehicles used for the analysis

Figure 6. Tricycle Jumbo

Figure 8. Bicycle Speed Gazelle

Figure 7. Tricycle Trilener

21

2. Positioning of the sensors

Figure 9. Location of the sensor in the

Saddle and position of the axes

Figure 10. Location of the sensor in

the handle and position of the axes
22

3. Results
3.1 Data Acquisition
The force is a measurement that was performed using strain gauges at the seat position. The reason why we made
this measurement is because we wanted to detect if the driver was sitting on the saddle or standing in the pedal.
Time response
920.00
800.00

400.00

0.00

-280.00

0.00

1000.00
1:

Time (seconds) 1X+

1X+ 1

2000.00

3126.40

2000.00

3126.40

Time response
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

0.00

1000.00
8:

Time (seconds) 1X+

1X+ 8

Figure 11. Force and Speed for Jumbo bike with Sebastian as the driver

23

The bicycle Gazelle presents a faster speed along the track with more notorious peaks
Time response
50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

0.00

500.00

Time (seconds) 1X+

1X+ 7
7:

1000.00

1640.86

Figure 12. Speed Gazelle Carsten

24

3.2

Preprocessed acceleration values

The acceleration values for the Gazelle bike with Mr. Carsten as the driver.
Time response
250.00
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-250.00

0.00

500.00
4:

Time (seconds) 1Y+

1Y+ 4

1000.00

1640.86

1000.00

1640.86

1000.00

1640.86

Time response
250.00
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-250.00

0.00

500.00
5:

Time (seconds) 1X+

1X+ 5

Time response
250.00
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-250.00

0.00

500.00
6:

Time (seconds) 1Z+

1Z+ 6

Figure 13. Saddle Gazelle Carsten

25

In the Gazelle bike the acceleration values are more visible for the axes X and Z than in
the Jumbo bike.
Time response
150.00
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-150.00

0.00

1000.00
5:

Time (seconds) 1Y+

1Y+ 5

2000.00

3126.40

2000.00

3126.40

2000.00

3126.40

Time response
150.00
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-150.00

0.00

1000.00
6:

Time (seconds) 1X+

1X+ 6

Time response
150.00
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-150.00

0.00

1000.00
7:

Time (seconds) 1Z+

1Z+ 7

Figure 14. Saddle Jumbo Sebastian

26

3.3

Acceleration values in the frequency domain for the hand arm system

We can obtain the

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz

using the corresponding tools of the program

IDEAS for the vibration in handle bar.

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

2.029
1.892
1.516

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

7 :1X+ 1X+ 3
Handle 1 filt
Jumbo Sebastian

10
Frequency (Hz)
8 :1Y+ 1Y+ 3
Handle 2 filt
Jumbo Sebastian

100

400

9 :1Z+ 1Z+ 3
Handle 3 filt
Jumbo Sebastian

Figure 15. Spec ah Handlebar Jumbo Sebastian filtered

27

Auto spectrum
1.0E+02

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

10
Frequency (Hz)

1 :1X+ 1X+ 1
Bewertung Wd
02-Mar-16 18:30:58

100

400

1 :1X+ 1X+ 1
Bewertung Wk
08-Jan-00 01:32:01

Auto spectrum
1.0E+02

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

10
Frequency (Hz)
2 :1X+ 1X+ 2
Bewertung Wh
02-Mar-16 17:04:40

100

Figure 16. Filtering curves. Wd for whole body vibration in x and y directions, Wk for z direction
and Wh for hand arm value
28

400

1/2

ahv a2hwx + a2hwy + a2hwz

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+01

6.891
7.150

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

10
Frequency (Hz)

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Gazelle EPAC Carsten

100

400

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Gazelle EPAC Juan

Figure 17. Spec ahv Handlebar Gazelle

29

1/2

ahv a2hwx + a2hwy + a2hwz

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+01

4.381
4.847

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

10
Frequency (Hz)

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Jumbo Sebastian

100

400

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Jumbo Juan

Figure 18. Spec ahv Handlebar Jumbo

30

ahv a

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz

2
hwx

+a

Auto spectrum

2
hwy

+a

1/2

2
hwz

Total RMS =

1.0E+01

5.215
4.352

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1
10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Triliner Juan

10
Frequency (Hz)

100

400

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Triliner Sebastian

Figure 19. Spec ahv Handlebar Trilener

31

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+01

6.891
7.150

ahwx , ahwy , ahwz

1/2

ahv a2hwx + a2hwy + a2hwz

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+01

4.381
4.847

1.0E-02

1.0E+00

1.0E-03

10
Frequency (Hz)

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Gazelle EPAC Carsten

100

400

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Gazelle EPAC Juan

1.0E-01

Spec ahv Handlebar Gazelle

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+01

5.215
4.352

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E+00

1
10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Jumbo Sebastian

10
Frequency (Hz)

100

400

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Jumbo Juan

Spec ahv Handlebar Trilener

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1
10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Triliner Juan

10
Frequency (Hz)

100

400

10 :1X+ 1X+ 4
Handle hv
Triliner Sebastian

Spec ahv Handlebar Jumbo

32

3.4

Acceleration values in the frequency domain for the whole body system
Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

3.264
1.448
4.785

1.0E+01

awx , awy , awz

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

aw MAX max 1.4 awx , 1.4 awy , awz

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

11 :1Y+ 1Y+ 4
Saddle 1 filt
Gazelle EPAC Juan

10
Frequency (Hz)
12 :1X+ 1X+ 5
Saddle 2 filt
Gazelle EPAC Juan

100

400

13 :1Z+ 1Z+ 4
Saddle 3 filt
Gazelle EPAC Juan
Auto spectrum

Figure 20. Spec aw max Saddle

Gazelle Juan

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

2.780
1.176
4.323

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

11 :1Y+ 1Y+ 4
Saddle 1 filt
Gazelle EPAC Carsten

10
Frequency (Hz)
12 :1X+ 1X+ 5
Saddle 2 filt
Gazelle EPAC Carsten

100

400

13 :1Z+ 1Z+ 4
Saddle 3 filt
Gazelle EPAC Carsten

Figure 21. Spec aw max Saddle Gazelle Carsten

33

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

3.482
0.9497
2.922

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

awx , awy , awz

1.0E-01

aw MAX max 1.4 awx , 1.4 awy , awz

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

11 :1Y+ 1Y+ 4
Saddle 1 filt
Jumbo Juan

10
Frequency (Hz)
12 :1X+ 1X+ 5
Saddle 2 filt
Jumbo Juan

100

400

13 :1Z+ 1Z+ 4
Saddle 3 filt
Jumbo Juan
Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

Figure 22. Spec aw max Saddle

Jumbo Juan

2.836
0.5514
2.361

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

11 :1Y+ 1Y+ 4
Saddle 1 filt
Jumbo Sebastian

10
Frequency (Hz)
12 :1X+ 1X+ 5
Saddle 2 filt
Jumbo Sebastian

100

400

13 :1Z+ 1Z+ 4
Saddle 3 filt
Jumbo Sebastian

Figure 23. Spec aw max Saddle Jumbo Sebastian

34

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

3.200
0.8619
2.767

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

awx , awy , awz

1.0E-01

aw MAX max 1.4 awx , 1.4 awy , awz

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

11 :1Y+ 1Y+ 4
Saddle 1 filt
03-Mar-16 11:58:45

10
Frequency (Hz)
12 :1X+ 1X+ 5
Saddle 2 filt
03-Mar-16 11:59:02

100

400

13 :1Z+ 1Z+ 4
Saddle 3 filt
03-Mar-16 11:59:22

Auto spectrum

Total RMS =

1.0E+02

Figure 24. Spec aw max Saddle

Triliner Juan

2.836
0.5514
2.361

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01

1.0E-02

1.0E-03

1.0E-04

11 :1Y+ 1Y+ 4
Saddle 1 filt
Triliner Sebastian

10
Frequency (Hz)
12 :1X+ 1X+ 5
Saddle 2 filt
Triliner Sebastian

100

400

13 :1Z+ 1Z+ 4
Saddle 3 filt
Triliner Sebastian

Figure 25. Spec aw max Saddle Triliner Sebastian

35

A. Introduction
B. Theoretical Background
C. Experimental Part

D.Analysis of Results
E. Conclusions and Recommendations
F. Appendixes

G. Bibliography

36

D.

Analysis of Results

Table 3. Obtained Results, rms values of vibration and comparison for the
handlebar
ahv handlebar

Type
Period

acw min

acw max

m/s2

m/s2

Gazelle
8

0,45

0,8

0,4811

0,8552

0,5196

Jumbo

0,9238

0,5692

1,0119

0,6364

1,1314

0,7348

1,3064

0,9000

1,6000

1,2728

2,2627

Trilener

Driver

RMS

RMS

value

average

Juan

7,1500

Carsten

6,8910

Juan

4,8470

Sebastian

4,3810

Juan

5,2150

Sebastian

4,3520

1 hour of 2 hours of 4 hours of

exposure exposure exposure
reference reference reference

7,0205

210,3%

338,8%

520,5%

4,6140

103,9%

188,4%

307,8%

4,7835

111,4%

199,0%

322,8%

37

Table 4. Obtained Results, rms values of vibration and comparison for the saddle
aw max saddle
Type

Gazelle

Period

acw min

acw max

m/s2

m/s2

0,45

0,8
Jumbo

0,4811

0,8552

0,5196

0,9238

0,5692

1,0119

0,6364

1,1314

0,7348

1,3064

0,9000

1,6000

1,2728

2,2627

Triliner

Axis
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z

Driver

Juan

Carsten

Average

Juan

Sebastian

Average

Juan

Sebastian

Average

RMS value
1,4480
3,2640
4,7850
1,1760
2,7800
4,3230
1,3120
3,0220
4,5540
0,9497
3,4820
2,9220
0,5514
2,8360
2,3610
0,7506
3,1590
2,6415
0,8619
3,2000
2,7670
0,5514
2,8360
2,3610
0,7067
3,0180
2,5640

1 hour of
exposure
reference

2 hours of
exposure
reference

4 hours of
exposure
reference

-42,0%
33,6%
101,3%

-18,0%
88,9%
184,6%

16,0%
167,1%
302,5%

-66,8%
39,6%
16,7%

-53,1%
97,4%
65,1%

-33,7%
179,2%
133,5%

-68,8%
33,4%
13,3%

-55,8%
88,6%
60,3%

-37,5%
166,8%
126,6%

38

A. Introduction
B. Theoretical Background
C. Experimental Part
D. Analysis of Results

E.Conclusions and Recommendations

F. Appendixes
G. Bibliography

39

E.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Compared with a basis of 1, 2 and 4 hours of exposure we can see that
almost all the obtained values of vibration are greater than the maximal
recommended.

We can observe that the x acceleration value for the saddle is the most

stable and it can also be concluded that the handlebar vibration is more
critical than the saddle.

The 2 wheel bicycle obtained greater vibration acceleration values than

the tricycles. Therefore it can be conclude that these tricycles present a
better stability for vibration absorption.

Vehicles like the Triliner and Jumbo should be used for industrial
applications if the time of exposure is big because these types of bicycles

diminish the impact of the vibrations in a better manner.

40

The most critical value was obtained for the case of the bicycle Gazelle in
the handlebar measurement. Comparing this value with the maximum
recommended for 4 hours of exposure we obtain a surplus of 520.5 %.

The Jumbo tricycle is the most stable for the handlebar vibration and the

Triliner tricycle is more stable for the saddle vibration with values very
close to the ones obtained for the Jumbo. After all these results we can
conclude that the Jumbo tricycle is the most stable vehicle compared
with the other three. As a result it can be recommended that tricycles type
Jumbo should be used more in everyday industrial applications and it
would be a good idea to add a motor for making the transportation job
easier.
41

The constant exposure to 2 wheel bicycles can produce damages in

our body system especially if the terrain where they are used is so much
irregular. The constant exposure to this can cause problems in our
organism.

The Vibration induced White Finger is a disease that can cause several

injuries because of the large exposure of our hands in vibrating

machines. This can cause a weak feeling of the hands and in
consequence, that can affect the operation that we are performing in that
moment with certain machine.

The measurement of the vibrations and the analysis of their value should
be performed in the time domain, and then they should be translated to
the frequency domain.
42

In the whole body vibration, the value of vibration in the axis parallel to
the humans back is the most critical one. Sittings with a good damping

system should be developed in order to absorb properly the produced

vibrations.

All vehicles should have a respective vibration measurement in order to

assure that they are capable of being used not only in industrial
applications but also in everyday life.

The data acquisition has been used to discuss the need of further
investigation regarding vibration exposure to the rider of cargo bicycles.

This project will now take place, the results of this project work will be used
for his project starting in June 2016.
43

Project Vibrationen an Lastenpedelecs conducted by LIA.NRW.

Landesinstitut fr Arbeitsgestaltung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
Produktsicherheit
Ulenbergstrae 127 - 131
40225 Dsseldorf

Dienstgebude:
Gurlittstr. 55 II
40223 Dsseldorf
Tel.: 0211 3101-2147
Fax: 0211 3101-2169

http://www.lia.nrw.de

44

A. Introduction
B. Theoretical Background
C. Experimental Part
D. Analysis of Results

E. Conclusions and Recommendations

F.Appendixes
G. Bibliography

45

F. Appendixes
Table 5. Frequency weighting factors Whi for hand transmitted vibration with band limiting for conversion of one-thirdoctave band magnitudes to frequency weighted magnitudes
Frequency band number

Nominal mid frequency

Weighting factor

i
Hz

Whi

0.375

0.545

6.3

0.727

0.873

10

10

0.951

11

12.5

0.958

12

16

0.896

13

20

0.782

14

25

0.647

15

31.5

0.519

16

40

0.411

17

50

0.324

18

63

0.256

19

80

0.202

20

100

0.160

21

125

0.127

22

160

0.101

23

200

0.0799

24

250

0.0634

25

315

0.0503

26

400

0.0398

27

500

0.0314

28

630

0.0245

29

800

0.0186

30

1000

0.0135

31

1250

0.00894

32

1600

0.00536

33

2000

0.00295

46

Table 5. Important frequency weightings (transmission factors and damping values)

x

Third-octave mid-frequency (n. val.)

Hz

Wk

Wk

Wd

Wd

Wf

Wf

Wm

Wm

Factor

dB

Factor

dB

Factor

dB

Factor

dB

-17

0.02

0.0241

-32.37

-16

0.025

0.0380

-28.40

-15

0.0315

0.0602

-24.41

-14

0.04

0.0962

-20.34

-13

0.05

0.157

-16.06

-12

0.063

0.267

-11.45

-11

0.08

0.454

-6.86

-10

0.1

0.0312

-30.11

0.0624

-24.09

0.695

-3.16

0.0158

-36.00

-9

0.125

0.0493

-26.14

0.0987

-20.12

0.900

-0.92

0.0251

-32.00

-8

0.16

0.0776

-22.21

0.155

-16.18

1.004

0.04

0.040

-28.01

-7

0.2

0.121

-18.37

0.242

-12.32

0.993

-0.06

0.063

-24.02

-6

0.25

0.183

-14.74

0.368

-8.68

0.850

-1.41

0.099

-20.05

-5

0.315

0.264

-11.55

0.533

-5.47

0.615

-4.22

0.156

-16.12

-4

0.4

0.350

-9.11

0.710

-2.98

0.388

-8.22

0.243

-12.29

-3

0.5

0.419

-7.56

0.854

-1.37

0.223

-13.05

0.368

-8.67

-2

0.63

0.459

-6.77

0.944

-0.50

0.116

-18.73

0.530

-5.51

-1

0.8

0.477

-6.44

0.991

-0.08

0.0543

-25.30

0.700

-3.09

0.482

-6.33

1.011

0.10

0.0235

-32.57

0.833

-1.59

1.25

0.485

-6.29

1.007

0.06

0.00970

-40.26

0.907

-0.85

1.6

0.493

-6.13

0.971

-0.26

0.00392

-48.14

0.934

-0.59

0.531

-5.50

0.891

-1.00

0.00157

-56.11

0.932

-0.61

2.5

0.633

-3.97

0.773

-2.23

0.000624

-64.10

0.910

-0.82

3.15

0.807

-1.86

0.640

-3.88

0.000248

-72.10

0.872

-1.19

0.965

-0.31

0.514

-5.78

0.000099

-80.10

0.818

-1.74

1.039

0.33

0.408

-7.78

0.750

-2.50

6.3

1.054

0.46

0.323

-9.83

0.669

-3.49

1.037

0.32

0.255

-11.87

0.582

-4.70

10

10

0.988

-0.10

0.202

-13.91

0.494

-6.12

11

12.5

0.899

-0.93

0.160

-15.93

0.411

-7.71

12

16

0.774

-2.22

0.127

-17.95

0.337

-9.44

13

20

0.637

-3.91

0.100

-19.97

0.274

-11.25

14

25

0.510

-5.84

0.0796

-21.98

0.220

-13.14

15

31.5

0.403

-7.89

0.0630

-24.01

0.176

-15.09

16

40

0.316

-10.01

0.0496

-26.08

0.140

-17.10

17

50

0.245

-12.21

0.0387

-28.24

0.109

-19.23

18

63

0.186

-14.62

0.0295

-30.62

0.0834

-21.58

19

80

0.134

-17.47

0.0213

-33.43

0.0604

-24.38

20

100

0.0887

-21.04

0.0141

-36.99

0.0401

-27.93

21

125

0.0531

-25.50

0.00848

-41.43

0.0241

-32.37

22

160

0.0292

-30.69

0.00467

-46.62

0.0133

-37.55

23

200

0.0153

-36.32

0.00244

-52.24

0.00694

-43.18

24

250

0.00779

-42.16

0.00125

-58.09

0.00354

-49.02

25

315

0.00393

-48.10

0.000629

-64.02

0.00179

-54.95

26

400

0.00198

-54.08

0.000316

-70.00

0.000899

-60.92

27

500

0.000451

-66.91

28

630

0.000226

-72.91

29

800

0.000113

-78.91

47

A. Introduction
B. Theoretical Background
C. Experimental Part
D. Analysis of Results
E. Conclusions and Recommendations
F. Appendixes

G.Bibliography

48

G.

Bibliography

DIN EN 1032. (2009). Mechanical Vibration - Testing of mobile machinery in

order to determine the vibration emission value. DIN.
DIN EN ISO 5349-1. (2001). Messung und Bewertung der Einwirkung von
Schwingungen auf das Hand-Arm-System des Menschen. DIN.
Martins Gomes, H., & Savionek, D. (2014). Measurement and evaluation of
human exposure to vibration transmitted to hand-arm system during leisure

cyclist activity. Brasil: ENGENHARIA BIOMDICA.

VDI 2057. (2002). Human exposure to mechanical vibrations - Whole body
vibrations. VDI-RICHTLINIEN.

49

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