29

29.1.

,
,
.


, , , :
29.2.

1 4
+

 =  3


(29.1)

k , G
.
,

:

= 

(29.2)

(, ) (G = 0),
:

. (29.1) :

=

 

(29.3)

kad , , 1.
. (29.3) kad, ,
, ( C ),
.
/ /,
, ( , / = 1,8
ms-1/C / = 3,6 ms-1/C),
, + 2,5 ms-1/C. ,
1

( )
,
, , k
kad.

 , , 74 C,
(1557 m/s).
, .
29.3

(. 29.2 28).
. 29.1.

29.1 . ,
,
. ,
( ) ,
, z,
.
.

.
, ,
z.
, z,
.

.
( ), ,
, . ,
( ),
.
,
, .
,
, /2,
. ,
, , /2.
f ,
= f.


. , . 29.1
,
,
, . 29.3.
29.4

(. 29.1) :
( ).
800 kHz , ,
.
() ,
, (800 kHz).

.
.
He-Ne 2 3 mW ( ).
f = 2,0 cm.
, , ,
.
( )
( )

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

H. C. Ohanian, , : -, (
1991), .14: . 14.4, .16: . 16.6, .17: .17.2.
H. C. Ohanian, , : -,
( 1991), . 37: . 37.3.
H. D. Young, , : -,
( 1994), . 11: . 11.6, 11.7, . 19: . 19.5, . 20:
. 20.4, . 21: . 21.1.
H. D. Young, , : , ,
, ( 1994), . 34: . 34.2.
H. D. Young R. A. Freedman, Sears and Zemansky, :
-, ( 2009), . 11: . 11.4, . 16:
. 16.1, 16.2, 16.4.

29.5

1. , 1 cm .
2. 2 mm .
3.
, , 1 2 cm
.
4.
Amplitude.
: (!)
.
5. , ,

. ( ) ,

. ,
( ), .
6. , n, (.. 10 15)
n- .
7. .
8. l1, ( 2
cm ) , l2,
(. . 29.1). l1
l2.
9. ,
.
29.6

1. .
2.
(l1 + l2)/l1 , /2
, , ,
/. f = 800 kHz.
.
3. . (29.3) , kad,
.
4.
. ,
(. . 29.2).

 (29)

29.1
, n,
, .., z, dn/dz,

( , , z
).
(mirage),
. ,
( ), ,
.
,
,
(. 29.1).
z
d/dz

dn/dz

29.1 .

, ,
z.
L L
z (. 29.2).
S S (
), .
, n, z,
, c, , ,
, , ,
 =



=
 

c .

(29.1)

+d
L
dn/dz

dR

29.2 .

+ d L L, .
. 29.2
 
(29.2)
=


1 1   ln 
=
=
  


(29.3)

ln  = ln  ln  ln 

(29.4)

1
 ln 
1 
=
=


 

(29.5)

. (29.1), :

, . (29.3),

 ln  = 0  ln  = 0, co f ,
.
(. 29.3) l,
dn/dz .




29.3 ,
z.

 , d
a ,
, :
=




(29. 6)

a >> l. dn/dz
.

29.2.
( = c) 1 2 ,
1<< 2, (Gp = (Z2 Z1)/(Z2 + Z1))
1,
.
z !" , $ = ! sin'$ +  + 
!( , $ = ! sin'$  + ,  = 2*/,, , !-
,
z = 0.
., $ = !" + !( ,
= ! sin'$ +  +  + ! sin'$  + ,
= 2! cos sin'$ + 1

(29.7)

. (29.7) . ,
( = 0 cos  = 1) ,
!2 ( ),
(cos  = 0, ). , ,
2! cos .
,
3 = *

4 = 
5
(

(29.8)

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, , ,
6 = ( + *
7

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

6 = ( ( + 
5 "

(29.8)

29.3
, .
(29.7), ., $ = 2! cos sin'$ + 1.
z :
.
=  sin cos'$ + 


(29. 9)

 ,
. , , ,
, Lorentz, :

1
.
=
 ( 1( + 2
 6


(29.10)


= 9 sin sin'$ + 1


(29.11)

4 = ( + *

(29.12)

. (29.9) (29.10)

dn/dz sin(kz) ,
,
7

4 = ( ( + 
5 "

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

(. . 29.8). , /

1
 ( 1( + 2.:
6 

(29.13)

, (. . 29.8) /
.
, , ,
, ,
( ), (. 29.4).
P( z)

29.4. ,
, ,
, ( -)
, .