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Topic 5
T-Test
Facilitator
DR. SOON SENG THAH
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Objectives
Upon completion of this topic, you should be able to:
Explain the meaning of t-test and its use in
hypothesis testing;
Demonstrate use of the t-test for independent
means;
Identify the assumptions for using the t-test; and
Demonstrate the use of the t-test for dependent
means.
Introduction
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Introduction
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If the Levene statistic is significant, i.e less than .05 level (p <
.05), then you conclude that the variances are unequal or
there are significant differences. [The unequal variances is
used or Equal variances not assumed as in the SPSS output is
used.]
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Std. Error of
Mean=14.251 /
51 = 1.995
Mean Differrence =
60.37 59.73 =
0.64
t=0.638 / 2.981 =
0.214
(1.9952
2.2222)
= 2.98
df = 100 - 2 = 98
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SPSS Output
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SPSS Output
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between male and
female students in the English posttest (p > 0.05).
If you have a null hypothesis which states that:
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SPSS Output
The t-value tells how far away from 0, in terms of the number of standard
errors, the observed difference between the two sample means falls.
The "t" value is obtained by dividing the Mean difference (0.638) by the Std.
Error (2.981) which is equal to 0.214
If the p-value as shown in the Sig (2 tailed) column is smaller than your
chosen alpha level (p=.05), you reject the null hypothesis and argue that there
is a real difference between the populations. In other words, we can conclude,
that the observed difference between the samples is statistically significant (i.e.
p < .05).
However, in our example, the Sig (2-tailed) is larger than the chosen alpha
level (p=.05). In this case, we conclude that the observed difference between
the samples (male and female) is not statistically significant (i.e. p > .05).
Therefore, we do not reject the null hypothesis or the null hypothesis is true
(null hypothesis states there is no difference in the English posttest between
male and female students). So, despite the male students scoring a mean of
60.37 which is higher than the female students, this is not significantly
higher than the female students mean of 59.73.
Mean difference - this is the difference between the means (labelled "Mean
Difference"); i.e. 60.37 59.73 = 0.64
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Experimental Group
Control Group
Pretest
O1
O3
Treatment
X
-
Posttest
O2
O4
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df = 100 1
= 99
Mean Differrence =
50.05 60.06 =
- 10.01
t = -10.010 / 1.068
= - 9.373
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The Paired Samples Statistics table above shows the mean values
on the English pretest and posttest. The posttest mean is higher
(60.06) than the pretest mean (50.05) indicating improved
performance in English test after the treatment. The standard
deviation for the pretest is 17.37 and this is slightly higher than the
standard deviation for the posttest which is 14.83.
The question remains: Is this mean difference large enough to
convince us that there is a significant difference in the performance
of English, a consequence of using innovative techniques?
The t-value: This "t" value tells you how far away from 0, in terms
of the number of standard errors, the observed difference
between the two sample means falls. The "t" value is obtained by
dividing the Mean difference ( - 10.010) by the Std. Error (1.068)
which is equal to 9.373.
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What next?
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