12

cp/cv
12.1.
cp/cv
,
.
12.2.
12.2.1.
V,
p. ,
,
,
f (p, V, T) = 0.

(12.1)

.
,

.
pV = nRT

(12.2)

n V,
p R , ,
8,3149 J/mol, . R
( Avogadro, 0 = 6,02511023
/mol), , k = R/N0 =
1.380310-23 J/K, Boltzmann.
, v = V/n,
:
pv = RT

(12.3)

O , p, , v,
, , (), . 12.1.
, ,
( Van
der Waals). ,
, , , ..
.

.

. ,
,
.
107

 12.1.
() , p, , v, ,
, .
u .
() +d,
u u + du .
: (), ()
().

. . 12.1
u.
12.2.2. cp cv
mol , v,
, p, dq.
, dT, ,
() ().
, dq, mol,
dT,

dq
cp

dT p .

(12.4)

.
dq mol
dT,
dq
cv

dT v .

(12.5)

108

cp
cv

(12.6)

 .
, dq
mol dw,
du,
du = dq dw

(12.7)

, ,
+ d
u u + du ( . 12.1 ).
.
(12.4)
dq = cpdT

(12.8)

dw = pdv

(12.9)

dv . ,
(. 12.3), ,
pdv= RdT

(12.10)

. (12.7)-(12.10)
du = cpdT RdT

(12.11)

. . (12.5),
Dq = cvdT

(12.12)

. (12.12) dw = 0 . (12.7),
du = cdT

(12.13)

(12.5) (12.13)
du
cv

dT v .

(12.14)

du dT , (12.11) (12.13)
du = cpdT RdT = cvdT

(12.15)

cp cv = R

(12.16)

109

 cp > cv,
,
,
.
12.2.3.
,
,
.


.
, ,
, .

, ,
. , ..
,

.

:
,
, , , kT/2.
, ,
K = m (x2 + y2 + z2), , ,
K

1
1
1
1
3
m x2 y2 z2 kT kT kT kT .
2
2
2
2
2

(12.17)

,
P = Sxx2 + Syy2 + Szz2 Sx, Sy Sz, (
),

1
1
E K P m x2 y2 z2 sx x 2 s y y 2 sz z 2 6 kT 3kT .
2
2

(12.18)

,
3kT.

.
12.2.4. cp cv
,
.
,

110

, , 3kT/2. mol, 0
( ), :
u= N03kT/2 = 3RT/2

(12.19)

(12.14) (12.16)
,
cp = 5/2 R

cv = 3/2 R

= cp/c = 5/3

(12.20)

.
12.2.5. cp cv
,
.
2,
(. 12.2).

12.2. .

.

. ,
,
. .

, , ,
, , 7/2 kT.

7 ,

111

. . 12.3
cv .

12.3. cv/R,
cv
. .

.
3
50 , 5 500
7 .
, .

.

() .
, ,

. , , ,


. ,

.
.
,
.
,
,
. ,
112

u = N0(5/2)kT = 5/2 RT

(12.21)

cp, cv ,
,
cp = 7/2 Rcv = 5/2 R= cp/cv = 7/5

(12.22)

12.2.6. cp cv
, ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
u = N0(6/2)kT = 3RT

(12.23)

cp, cv
, ,
cp = 4R

cv = 3R

= cp/cv = 4/3

(12.24,,)

12.2.7.

, 20 0C
.

.
, ,
,
.

113



20 0C 1 atm

cp/R

cv/R

= cp/cv

5/2 = 2,5

3/2 = 1,5

5/3 = 1,67

He
Ar

2,52
2,52
7/2 = 3,5

1,52
1,51
5/2 = 2,5

1,66
1,67
7/5 = 1,4

H2
O2
N2
.
Cl2

3,42
3,52
3,50
3,50
4,12
4

2,44
2,50
2,45
2,45
3,02
3

1,41
1,40
1,40
1,40
1,36
4/3 = 1,33

CO2
NH3
CH4
C4H10O

4,40
4,48
4,42
16,60

3,38
3,42
3,27
15,40

1,30
1,31
1,31
1,08

12.3.

. .
dq = 0 (12.7)
du = dw

(12.25)

. (12.9)
du + pdv = 0

(12.26)

. (12.14) cv = (du/dT) v = . , ,
: du = cdT.
. (12.26) :
cvdT + pdv = 0

(12.27)

(12.3),
pdv + vdp = R dT = (cp cv) dT

114

(12.28)

 dT (12.27) (12.28) :

vdp

cp
cv

pdv 0

dp
dv

0
p
v

(12.29,)

lnp + lnv= . ,
pv = .

(12.30)

, . (12.30)
pv = .

(12.30)

1 < < .
. 12.4 (1)
(2) . (dp/d)
( ) , .

12.4. (1) (2)

12.4.
= cp/cv Torruchardt.
12.5. V

.
,

, .

115

 m S,
:
p p0

mg
S

(12.31)

p p0 .

12.5. = cp/cv
Torruchardt

z (
), p
. :

d 2z
S p
dt 2

(12.32)

( z
).
(
),
pV = .

(12.33)

V , p,
. (12.31). (12.33)
dp

116

p
dV
V

(12.34)

, , V p,
p

p
V
V

(12.35)

V = Sz, (12.35)
p

pS
V

(12.36)

p V ,
p v, .
. (12.32) (12.36)

d 2 z pS 2

z0
dt 2
mV

(12.37)

d 2z
2z 0
2
dt

(12.38)

pS 2
mV

(12.39)

(12.38)
,
Z(t) = Acos(t+ )

(12.40)

.
(12.39) ,
, = 2/ ,
, . , (12.39) (12.31),

4 2
mV
2
Sp0 mg S

(12.41)

p0 V0 p V
p0V0 = pV, , (12.42)

mp0V0
4 2
2
Sp0 mg 2

(12.42)

= cp/cv.

117

12.5.
(. 12.5),
,
.
1140 cm3.

.
.
, ,
.

1. . . . . 4: . (, 1957). . 6.
2. F. W. Sears. Thermodynamics, the Kinetic Theory of Gases and Statistical Mechanics. 2nd
ed. (Addison Wesley, Reading Mass., 1963). . 12 15.
3. , , , , ,
( 2010).

12.6.
.
.
.
,
, .
1. . .
,
.
2. , .
,
... V0
1140 2 cm3.
3. ,
.
4. ,
10 .
5. ,
.
6. .
.
7. 3, 4 5 9 , 10 ,
10 .

118

8. ,
p0.
.

12.7.
1. 10 , , ,
10 .
2. 10 ,
. .
3. . (12.42), = cp/cv .
(12.42)
.
.
4. ,
, .

119