17

17.1.

,
.
.
17.2.
,

. ,

, .
17.2.1.
( ),
, .
Snell:
n1 sin1 = n2 sin2

(17.1)

1 2 ,
.17.1(). n1, n2
c/ci
.

()

()

()

17.1. () Snell. ()
. ,
. ()
.

158

 , , ()
. ,
, . 17.1(). ,

, .
17.2.2.
, , ,
, (

). ,
, .
( ),
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, ,
, .
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.

17.2. : () ( ): ,
, . () ( ): , ,
.

.
, .
17.1 . ,
, ,
. , ,

.
, ,
, . 17.3
. ,
, ,
(. 17.3).

159

()

()

17.3. () . ()
.

17.2.3.


. .
( ),
.
(F, . 17.4) :
,
. , ,
, .
(
)
,
. f.

.

:
1 1
1
n 1
f
r1 r2

(17.2)

. (17.2), n ,
D (1 = 588,995 nm, 2 = 589,592
nm), r1, r2
.
,
.
(n) (r1, r2) ,
.
, ,
,

160

,
( ).
,
, (. . 17.4):
, ,
( 1) , , (F)

(F) ,
, ( 3).

17.4. , , , ,
s, , f, .

,
, ( 3),
. ,
, . 17.4. s s
, , , y
y , , ,
:

1 1 1

s s f

(17.3)

y
s

y
s

(17.3)

. :
s , s

161


, .
,
,
-, .
, (
), ,
,
.

17.5. () , ,
s, f, . ()
, .

, (. 17.4).

(. 17.5)
(. 17.5).

162

 P ,
P = 1/f. D,
, 1 D = 1 m-1.
17.2.4.
, , :

,
( ).
, n,
,
.

.
17.2.4.1.

.
, ,
.

, .17.6.

()

()

17.6. () , ,
. ()
.

. 17.6, , ,
, ()
(). ,

(. 17.6).
(. 17.2)
, f,
, (n1).
,
: C ( =
656,28 nm) , D ( = 589,59 nm, 588,99
163

nm), F ( = 486,13 nm) .

70%
.

nD 1
nF nC

(17.4)

nD, nF nC D, F, C ,
.

, 1 m nC = 1,45640,
nD = 1,45845 nF = 1,46318,
1,5 cm .
17.2.4.2.
,
,
.
: () , () , ()
, () () (. [4] .9).
,
.

,
. 17.7. ,
( ).

17.7
. .

,

, , 50%.
, .
, ,

164

 5% 50%, r1 , r2
.

,
( ).
17.2.4.3.

, ,
(. , 2, . 3.2.4).

.
17.3

, . (17.1),
, , .
.

, s s,
. (17.3).

.
,
,
.
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.
17.4.
:

,
.

:



-




.

165

E. Hecht, , Schaum's Outline Series, , 1979.

M. Young, , ..., 2008.
.. , , , ( 1976).
F.A. Jenkins H.E. White, Fundamentals of Optics, Mc Graw-Hill, 1976.
D.R. Khanna H.R. Gulati, Fundamentals of Optics, ed. R. Chand & Co., New Delhi
1985.
6. F.G. Smith - J.H. Thomson, Optics, John Wiley 1971.
7. , , , , ,
( 2010).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

17.5.
17.5.1.
1.
( ), 0-0
.
2. , ,
,
0-0 .
3. ,
,
COMPONENT.
4. 5 85 5 10,
. (2) .

1

(2)

sin(2)

(2)

sin(2)B

0
5
..
..

5. 4,
, ,
(2) .

166

17.5.2.
1. .
2. - ( -)
, .
3. .
4. ,
- .
5.
.
6. s s.
7. , () s 1 cm, 2
cm 3 cm, s 9 cm 39 cm,
s. .

s(cm)

s (cm)

1/s + 1/s (cm-1) 1/f(cm-1)

f(cm)

9
10
12
15
18
..

17.5.3.
1. 60 cm,
.
2. , 2 mm,
(, , , )
. .
3. -
, 60 cm.
4. , , ()
.
s = s =
5. ()
,
sK = .. sK= .

167

17.5.4.
1. -
.
2.
.
3. , ,
2-3 mm, .
4. ,
.

17.5.5.
1. -
55 cm.
2. ,
.
3. -:
D = ................ ..........
4. , , .
5.

D = ................. .............

17.6.
17.6.1. .
1. . 17.5.1, sin(2)
sin(2) 1,
.
2. sin2 sin1,
, 1. : ,
( x) sin1 ( y) sin2
[(sin2) (sin2) ] .
3. , ,
, n, ,
n ( ) ,
, n [. . .5. . (.30)]. n
n.
17.6.2. .
1. ;
;
2. ; .
3. s , s ;

168

4. , s ; , .
(17.3) .
5. s s ;
.
6. ,
f, f [. .3.5, . (.10)].
f f.

17.6.3.
1. ,
.
,
;
2. s s ,
() () ,
,
, f f f f.
17.6.4.
1. ;
2. ;

17.6.5.
1. ;
2. ;

169