21

-
21.1

RLC .
, (
), ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
21.2

21.2.1

21.1 RLC .
. 21.1
R, L, C .
U, ,
.
, .
R,
, .

21 .
(R = 0)
:
=

1
LC

(21.1)

L C .
, L, C .

: f, ( )
, = 2f . ,
, ,
, , .
21.2.2
U
= U0cost (. 21.2), , ,
, , ,
.
= 0 cos(t + )

(21.2)

0, ,
0 =

Uo

(21.3)

R (L 1 / C )2
2

U0

21.2

RLC , U = U0cost.

, ,
, :
1
L
tan = C
R

(21.4)

= R 2 (L 1 / C )2
, Y = 1/,
. , Siemens (S) (1 S = 1 -1)
. (21.3),
L = 1/C, = R . ,
L = 1/C . (21.1), :
= =

1
LC

= 0

(21.5)

,
, 0, .
. 21.3 RLC ,
0, , f = /2,
, R. R,
.
. (21.5)
I0 max =

Uo
R

(21.6)

 21.3 RLC
, R. H f0 = (106 /2) s-1. f = f2
f1, f1 f2
1/

2 = 0,707 , I0 max.

H o f = f2 f1,
f1 f2 ,
1/ 2 = 0,707 (.
21.3). , ,
, .
, f1 f2 50%.
, ,
f, .
21.2.3 Q,
,
. Q (
) :

Q = 2 ---------------------------------------------------------

Q = L0 / R

(21.7)

Q
f = f2 f1, (. 21.3)
Q=

f0

0
f

(21.8)

 . (21.8) ,
Q. ,

.

:
U OL = 0 LI0 = I0/0C = U OC

I0 = U0/R,
U OL = U OC = QU0

(21.9)

Q
. (21.9), U0 U OL U OC .

21.4 U ( ) ( )
RLC , t. () < 0 . ,
. () > 0
.

. (21.4), ( = 0)
( = 0), ,
. '
( > 0), (L >
1/C) . (21.4) tan < 0, (.
21.4), ( < 0)
(1/C > L), tan > 0
(. 21.4).
, ,
. 21.5, 3 Q.

 21.5 ,
RLC . 21.3, /0, 0
. ,
. > 0 , ( ), < 0 ,
.

Q,
RLC, , n,
e.
,
Q .
, n,
e1/2 60% , Q
Q = 2n,

(21.10)

2 .

21.3
RLC,
,
f, 0
, U0. ,
0, f .

:
0 f0.
0 R,
. R , R (. . 21.6),
R, .

R = R + R

(21.11)

 f . (21.8)
( ), Q.
, t,
, U, , , , ,
. ,
t, :

t
3600 t f 3600
T

(21.12)

, C, R 0
. (21.7) L.
21.4
: (. . 21.6):
,

RLC

21.6 RLC.
, RLC (
).

21.4.1

MPLITUDE,
FREQUENCY RANGE FREQUENCY,
. 0 10 V,
0 2 MHz. ,
FUNCTION, ,
, ,
.


,
.
ON/OFF .
21.4.2 RLC
(. . 21.6)
, , ,
R, L C. R, ,
, (.
21.4.4) R.
R = 100 , C = 4,7 nF , L,
,
RL, .
21.4.3

RLC,
.
15, .
21.4.4 RLC
U0, ChI
, . 21.6. (. .
21.5.1)
0, ,
ChII R =
100 ( ), ()
R (
), U OR1 (. 21.5.1).
0,
0 =

U OR1
R

, (. 21.5.2).
, UC, ,
, R, , C,
, ChII
( ()
C) (. 21.5.3).

1. E.M. Purcell, Berkeley, 2:

, . 8: . 8.1 8.2, ... (
2004).

10

2. Ohanian, , : -, . 34,
( 19910).
3. H.D. Young, , : , ,
, . 32: . 32.2 32.5, ( 1994).
4. .J. Pain, , 2,
( 1990).
5. H.D. Young R.A. Freedman, Sears and Zemansky, :
-, . 13: . 13.8, ( 2009).
21.5
RLC . 21.6,
.
ChI .
: ()
(), , ,
.
21.5.1
1. ChI ,
. 21.6, 20 kHz
1 kHz.
2. U0,
RLC 1 V, .
3. R ChII
, U 0R , . (
, , ).
(f U 0R ) .
.
R = 100
f
(kHz)

U0 = 1 V

U 0R

(V)

I0
(mA)

1
2
..

4. U0,
3 4 f, 1 20 kz, 1 kz
. : (8 12 kz,
U 0R ) 0,2 kz.
5. , , ,
.
f0 = . ..
11

21.5.2
1. ,
U, ChI,
, U R (
), ChII,
t, .
2. 2 20 kHz t, (
, )
. ,
8 12 kHz, 0,5 kz. t

.
3.

, t = 0.

f
(kHz)
2
3

t
(s)

f/f0

()

f0 = . ..
21.5.3
1. . 21.6,
, R, , C, (
).
2. ChII
, U 0C , ,
f, 1 20 kHz. ,
8 12 kHz, 0,5 kz. .

f
(kHz)

U 0C

(V)

2
3

21.5.4
1.
(FUNCTION) .
0,2 kHz
(0,2 0,5 ms/div) .
12

 ChII,
.
.
2. , n,
e1/2, 60 %
. Q
Q = 2n

(21.10)

3. 12 kHz
,
.
4.
.
21.6
21.6.1
1. , 0 = U 0R / R, R = 100 ,
, f, .
2. (0 f)
, f0, f0.
T ' .
3. , , f = f2 f1 (. .
21.3) Q Q (.
21.8).
Q Q = .
4. 0 U0,
(E, 21.6) , R , ,
(. 21.10), , RL. RL RL =
21.6.2
1.
, ( = 2t / ) .
2. , ,
f / f0
(. 21.5).
3. , f0,
, f0. 21.6.1,
2.
4. C, (C = 4,7 nF 5%) ,
f0, , , L, L.
L L = .
5. T R, ,
, Q (. 21.7).
21.6.1, 4. R
;

13

21.6.3
1. , ,
, U 0C ,
, f.
2. f0, (
U 0C ) , U 0C , , Q
Q (. 21.9).
3. f0, .
, , ;
21.6.4
1. , n,
e1/2, Q
. 21.10.
2.
.
3. Q,
(. 21.8 . 21.9)
(. 21.10). ;

14

 21 (21)
-
21.1. RLC
L.
C,
L,C,
.
R,
, .
, f < 20 kHz,
, R = RL.
,
. , L,C,
( RL )
(. 21.1) (. 21.1).
.

,
.
,
, .
0 = 1/(LC)1/2,
.
U(t) = U0 cos(t),
.
,
.
21.2. RLC
RLC (. 21.1),
,

.
15

 .
:

U (t ) U 0 cos( t )

(21.1)

U0
. ,
, .
.
U0 , :
= ()
= (),
, UL = UL(), , UC = UC().
21.2.1 .

, U0 R,
,
, jL 1 / jC , j .
j : j 2 = 1.
Kirchhoff

U L U C U R U 0 I RL I RC I R U 0

j I L

I
j C

I R U 0 (21.2,,)

U0

(21.3)

1
R j (L
)
C

. (21.3) ,
Ohm, .
,
.

( ) (21.3)

I ( )

U0

R 2 L

(21.4)

, 0

16

0 L

1
0
0C

(21.5,)

LC

0 ,

, ,
. ,
, (21.4), ,
RLC
.
. (21.4)
I

U0
R

(21.6)

L C,
.
. 21.2
L C, .

1.0

U0 =1 V
R1 = 1

0.8

curent (A)

R2 = 2,5
0.6

R3 = 6,25
f0 = 1000 Hz

0.4

0.2

0.0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

f (Hz)

21.2 .
R 1 , 2,5 , 6,25 .

:

.
17

 ,
0 (2 1000 rad/s)
(0) = () = 0.
, ,

I (t ) I ( ) cos(t )

U 0 cos(t )
1

R 2 L

(21.7)

. : ,
,
.
U0 R
= 0, RLC
.
21.2.3.

21.3
.

.

. (21.3) .
:
.

1
L

tan
R

18

(21.8)

 . 21.3 . (21.8)
. 21.2. :
(1000 Hz),
,
0,

< 0, > 0,
( ).
> 0, < 0,
( ).
- ,
1/C (
), L ( ).
21.2.4. Q
,
, Q, ,
, , , ...,
, , ,
RLC . Q,
. , , Q 105-106
(!), 102.
Q,
. .

21.2.4.1.
Q

e.
,
. ,
,
Q . ,
n, e1/2
60% , Q
Q = 2n

(21.9)

2 .

21.2.4.2.
Q
Q 2

EL
ER

(21.10)

19

 L
ER R .

Q

0 L

(21.11)

, 0, R L,
Q . (21.11).

21.2.4.3.
, Q, ,
, , f1 f2 ,
, f0, 2.

Q

f0
f

(21.12)

f0 f = f2 f1,
RLC. f .
, , -,
. , f, Hz, 1/21/2 0,7
(.21.2),
0,7. , .
21.2, 0,4 , f 100 Hz.
Q f0/f = 1000Hz/100Hz = 10.

21.2.4.4.
,
Q.
: U0 UC
. Q
, ,
Q

UC
U0

(21.13)

. (21.13) .

21.2.5.
Ohm Kirchhoff

UL U C U R U0

20

U C U 0 I ( R j L ) U 0

U 0 ( R j L )

R j L
C

(21.14,)

 . (21.14) UC :

UC

U0
(1 LC ) R C
2

, tan

RC
RC

arctan

2
2
1 LC
1 LC

(21.15)

.21.7 .21.8 .

. (21.15)

r2 02

R2
1

02 1
2
2
2L
2Q

(21.16)

Q = L/R.
0!
.
. (21.11), (21.15) (21.16)
U Cr

U 0 2Q 2
4Q 2 1

U 0 Q , Q 3

(21.17)

(. 21.4)
,
1/(LC)1/2.

:

.

, = 0 ,
U0
, , Q
.

21

 , ,
Q, :
, ,
.
Q (. . 21.17). , . 21.4,
, Q 25, 10, 4.
f0/f.

21.2.6.
(. 21.5)
. :

( < 0 , . 21.5).
(f << f0)
( 0).
( ), f0, 90
Q ( = 900 ).
, (f >> f0),
180 ( 1800).
21.3.

.
, R = 100 ,
C = 4,7 nF.
R,L,C , ,
. L
RL .

(amplitude frequency). H 0 10 V,
0 2 MHz.
. ,

22

 (function),
, , .
. 50,
600 . ,
50 RLC
(5 mA) .
, ,
50 , 600 ,
10 m,
.
RLC,
, , 40 mA. , 40 mA,
, .

50 . , 10 m,
(max = 40 mA),
5
. E,
.
. ,
.

23