22

22.1


, .

,
. , ,
( )
.
22.2

, .
()

.

22.1 , ,
. ,
. x .

22.2.1

,
. ,
k x = 0
(. 22.1). (. 22, . 22.1,
) x

x x0 sin(0t )

24

(22.1)

 x0 0,
k
0

(22.2)
M
.

1
k
f0 0
f0
(22.3)
2 2 M
,
k .
22.2.2
- .
,
, .
22,

.
,

F b

dx
dt

(22.4)

b .

b
2M

(22.5)

.
,
22.2,
f0 0
. :
1. : < 0
2. : = 0
3. : > 0
22.2.2.1 ( < 0)
( 22.2.1)

x(t ) Ae t cos( t )

(22.6)

, . (22.6), .
,
1/e = 0,37 (. . 22.2). . (22.6)
1/.
, , 0,

1 2 / 02 (. 22.2.1),

25

 02 2 0 1 2 / 02

(22.6)

. 22.2.
= /2.

22.2 .
, , 1/.
0 . (22.6) ,
, .
22.2.2.2 ( = 0)

22.3 ( = 0)
.
.
, () () .
(. 22.2.2)
,
, . . 22.3
.

22.2.2.3 () ( > 0)

.. .
26

 (. 22.2.3) , x,
. ,
, ()
() . 22.3.

= 0 > 0,
.

22.2.3
,
.
(. 22.4)
, .
.
,
.

22.4 . 22.1
F(t), . x
, , , x = 0.

F F0 cos(t )

(22.7)

(. 22.3.)
,
x A cos( t )

(22.8)

, ,
A

F0 / M
( 2 ) 2 4 2 2
2
0

(22.9)

27

 , ,

tan

2 02
2

(22.10)

. (22.8), (22.9) (22.10) ,

. (21.2), (21.3) (21.4) 21,
.
,
0, , 0,
(. 22, . 22.3).
. . (22.10)
, = 0,
.
,
21.

Q ,


e .
Q = 2

(22.11)

.
,
e1/2 (. 21, . 22.1). , , Q

Q

, ,

0
2

(22.11, )

21 Q
f
(. 22.5):
Q

f0

0
f

(22.12)

f , f = f2
f1, f1 f2 (. 22.5)
1/ 2 = 0,707
(. 21, . 21.3). . (22.12)
( ), Q.
,

( 21, . 21.3).

28

()

()

22.5 () ()
, , 0,
Q, Q2 > Q1. ()
()1 = 2 1, Q = Q1., 2 1
1/
.

2 = 0,707

. 22.5
()/max , , ,
0 , Q.
[. 22.3, . (22.36)], ,
, max, Q
, F0,
Amax

F0
F
Q 0
2
M0
k

(22.13)

k .

22.3

,
, (. 22.6).
, ,
.
,
, .
,
(. 22.6).

29

, (. .
22.4.1).

.

22.6 .
k1 = k2 ,

. .
, . x
y
(x =0 y = 0), .

,
,
, max,
y0,

Amax Q

y0
2

(14)

max y0 , . (22.14)
, , , Q.

22.3.1
Q

e1/2 . (22.11).
() 0 f0 ,
f (
) ,
. (22.11) (22.6), , 0 Q.
22.3.2 , Q
Q 40. .
(22.14), , Q / 2
. Q,
,
y0, .. 1 mm ,
30

 max, Q / 2 = 20
y0, 20 mm. Q = 2 max/y0 = 2 20 = 40.
22.3.3 Q
Q,
, max, , ,
,
, (22.36) f f 0 1 1 2 . ( 0 10 Hz
2Q

).
22.3.4
()
. 22.5 (), ,
, ,
F, (. 22.10).
( ) .
t,

. t ,

t
360
T

(22.15)

= 2/ .
, , ( = 0). t
, . 22.4 (
).
22.3.5
O
,
, .
, . 22.4.
22.4
. 22.3 . 22.6,
,
, .
, 7 ( , , ,
. 7.3.1).
,
,
. ,

.
.

31

 ,
. ,
.
,
.

, .

,
.
.
1 (0,35 mm) (. . 22.7)
2 (2 mm), (. . 22. 7 22.8).

,
, .
.
, , . 22.7 22.8,
, .

.
, .
1, (
), 2,
, .
7 (
, , , . 7.3.2).

22.7 ( 1)
( 2) , (
) .

( PULSE).
, t,
. () ()
() .

32

:
. .
PULSE,
t,
( 1)
( 2).
PULSE (.
. 22.7).
GATE,
,
.

GATE, 2,
(. . 22.8).
l t, , ,

l
t

(22.17)

22.8 ,
. 2
. , , ( GATE)
, t,
. () , () .

33


1. H. J. Pain, , 3 . 2: . 2.4
2.6. ( 1990).
2. F. S. Crawford, . Berkeley, 3: . 3:
. 3.2. ( 1979).
3. H.D. Young, , : -, . 13:
. 13.8. ( 1994).
4. Ohanian, , : -, . 15: . 15.6.
( 1991).
5. C. Kittel, W. D. Knight, M. A. Ruderman, A. C. Helmholz, B. J. Moyer,
Berkeley, 1: , . 7. .
( 1998).
6. M. Alonso, E.J. Finn, , :
, . 12: . 12.12 12.13. ( 1981).
22.5
:
() ,
( , .
22.3). ,
,
,
Q. ,
.
() . 22.5.4 22.5.5
(.. 3 4
). , .
22.5.1
1. 220 V.
.
( 2 ).
2. ,
,
() 40 (160) cm.
3. ,
. 5 cm
, . 100
, 100, , 100.
:
100 = ..
f = 1/,
f , = 100/100
f = ..

34

22.5.2

1. 5 cm , ,
,
e1/2 ( 60%
) . (22.11) , Q,
.
Q = ..
2. . (22.11) , ,
, , . (22.6),
, 0 f0,
=.. ,

f0 = .. , 0 = ..

22.5.3

1. 5 cm ,
,
1/e = 0,37 (.
. 22.2). :
= ..
, , :
= ..
22.5.4 Q = 25
: 30 s.
, ,
30 .
1. (
). , 1000 Hz.
. ,
Range ( ), .
10 Hz. AMPLITUDE .
, y0, 2,0
0,1 mm.
2. Q 25,

, max, 12,5
y0. . (22.14), Q 25 (.
. 22.3.2).

3. f0 22.5.1, 2, Q = 25, ,
, (22.36) f f 0 1

1
2Q 2

, , f,

.
f = ..
4. M ADJUST
f, .
.
35

5. 0,6 1,4
Hz, ( ),
. ,
f, 0,005, 0,01
0,02 Hz , .
(f 0,6 Hz),
, f.

(f 1,2 Hz),
, f.
.

f = .. s-1
f (Hz)
f = .
f 0,005 =

Q = 25
A(cm)

f = .. s-1
f (Hz)
f = .
f + 0,005 =

Q = 25
A(cm)

22.5.5 Q = 25 ()
: 30 s.
, ,
30 .
1. .
. PULSE
(Memory) , . 1,
,
. ,
1 ,
.
. ,
,
.
2. .
2,
. , 1
.
3. ,
. .
, Reset
. .
1,
. ,
, ,
36

 . ,
. t,
(. . 22.7). t
IV.
4. 0,6 1,4
Hz,
(. 22.5.4, 5)
IV.
II
f = .. s-1
Q = 25
f (Hz)
t (s)
f = .

f 0,005 =

IV
f = .. s-1
Q = 25
f (Hz)
t (s)
f = .

f + 0,005 =

, PULS,
(~ 30 ms).

. .
.
22.5.6 ,
()
1.
.
~1 mm.
10 cm.
2. GATE.
(Memory) , N,
0,1 ms.
3. ,
2, . 2,00 0,01
mm. 2
. ( , , ,
2 3
).
4. 1 .
10 cm ,
. ,
, ,
,
.

, , .
37

5.
10 cm .
, .. 4 cm ,
4 cm ,
2.

, ,
.
6. 10 cm .
, t,
x = 4 cm (. . 22.8). .
0 10 cm
0,5 cm V.
7. 0,25 cm
0 10 cm. (x = 0)
, .
x (cm)
4,0
0,25
0,5
1,0

9,75

V
t (s)

= l/t(cm/s)

8. . :
, .
2 3
, .
22.6
22.6.1 ,
,

1. f0 ,
22.5.1 , . (22.3),
, k
k = ..,
, ,
, , k1 = k2 = k/2 (. 22, .
22.4.2)
k1 = k2 = ..,
2. , 22.5.2 = 1/,
, .
= ..
3. . (22.11), ,
Q, :
Q = ..
4. Q,
. 22.5.2. ;

38

22.6.2 [ ]
Q = 25
1. ,
, , , , f,
Q = 25.
, f ; ( )
f0;
2. . (22.12)
, Q (. . 22.5).
Q = .. ..
, 25;
3. : IV,
, , ,
f, Q = 25.
4. [ ]
, f, . 22.5 () [ ()].
22.6.3 ,
()
1. V =
l/t ( l , 2, l = 2 mm),
, x, V.
2. = f(x)
22.2.2, . 22.2.
3. () ; (. . 22.2.2)
= .. ..

39

 22 (22)

22.1
, k,
x = 0 (. 22.1).
(
) ,
.
:
M

d 2x
kx
dt 2

d 2x k

x0
M
dt 2

d 2x
02 x 0
2
dt

(22.1)

k
M

(22.2)

. (22.1) :

x x0 sin(0t )

(22.3)

x0 0,
. (22.2), .
22.2
- .
, ,
.
, Stokes,
.
, .
, Foucault
. ,
, ,
.

.
.
,
F b

dx
dt

(22.4)

b .
Stokes :
M

40

d2x
dt 2

dx
kx
dt

d 2 x b dx k
d 2x
dx

0
2
02 x 0

2
2
dt
dt
M dt M
dt

(22.5)

b
.
2M
x(t) = Aept, . (22.5) :

p 2 2 p 02 0

(22.6)

1 2 02

2 2 02

(22.7)

.
:
1) : < 0
2) : = 0
3) : > 0
22.2.1 ( < 0)
, :

1 i

(22.8)

2 i

02 2 0 1 2 / 02 .
:
x(t ) Ae t cos( t )

(22.9)

, .
0

1 2 / 02 .

t = 0 x = x0 = 0,
x0 A cos

0 A( cos sin )

(22.10)

x
2

2
0

( 0 x0 ) 2 /

tan ( 0 x0 ) / x0

(22.11)

Q, ,
n,

e .

Q = 2n

(22.12)

,
e1/2 (. 22.1).
Q

41

, ,

0
2

(22.13)

LC, 102 103,

103 104, ,
, 105 106.
, , , t,
. 22.1
A (cm)

10

n=8
A = 10/e0.5
(cm)

0
0

10

15

20

t (s)

-5

Q =Q28
=2*8
=50,2

-10

22.1 H , , t,
. n = 8 , e1/2
, Q = 28.

22.2.2 ( = 0)
, ,

.

1 2 0

(22.14)

x(t ) (C1 C2 t ) exp( 0 t )

(22.15)

x = 0 t = 0, x( 0) = x0
(0) = 0,

x(t ) x 0 (1 0 t ) exp( 0 t )

42

(22.16)

 x(t) t 0,
,
.
,
,
, . 22.2.
. (22.16) .
, ..
.

22.2

, = dx/dt, , x,
, .

22.2.3 ( > 0)

.. . ,
.
:

1 ( 2 02 ) 1

1 ( 2 02 ) 2

(22.17)

. (22.5)
x (t ) C1 exp( 1t ) C 2 exp( 2 t )

(22.18)

C1 C2 , x(0) = x0 (0) = 0.
:

C1

2 x0 0
2 1

C2

1 x 0 0
1 2

(22.19)

(0) = 0, . (22.18)
43

x (t )

x0
1 exp( 2 t ) 2 exp( 1t )
1 2

(22.20)

,
:

x (t )

x 0 1
exp( 2 t )
1 2

(22.21)

= 0 > 0,
.
22.3 -
,
.
(. 22.4)
, .
.. .

.


M

d 2x
dx
b k x F (t )
2
dt
dt

d 2x
dx
2
02 x F (t ) / M
2
dt
dt

(22.22)

F(t) .
,
, [F(t) = 0],
, (
). :
x(t ) e t C1 exp(it ) C 2 exp(it )

(22.23)

,
F(t) , , F(t) = F0 cos(t),

:
x(t ) cos(t ) sin(t )

(22.24)

x(t) . (22.22) :

a(

2
0

2 ) 2 F0 / M cos( t ) ( 02 2 ) 2 sin( t ) 0

(22.25)

44

k
M

b
2M

(22.26)

 . (22.25) .
.

( 02 2 ) 2 F0 / M

( 02 2 ) 2 a 0 .

(22.27)

( 02 2 ) F0 / M

2
0

2 2

4 2 2

2 F0 / M

2
0

2 4 2 2
2

(22.28)

x(t ) cos( t ) sin( t )

(22.29)

x A cos( t )

F0 / M

tan

( 02 2 ) 2 4 2 2

2 02
2

(22.30,)

.
(22.30)
02 2 2 (rad/s)

f 02

2
(Hz).
2 2

(22.31,)

, ,
0 . ,

, ,
(22.32)

02 2

,
. (22.30) = .
Amax

F0 / M
4 2 ( 02 2 )

F0 / M F0 / M

2 f
b f

(22.33,,)

0 M0
~

2
2
b

(22.34)

F0
F
Q 0
2
M0
k

Amax

(22.35)

, 0 Q. ,
. (22. 32) (22.13), :
02 2 2 0 1

1
2Q

f f 0 1

1
2Q 2

(22.36)

45

22.4
22.4.1
,
(. 22.6).

, .
, :
x = 0
y = 0. t,
x x > 0 y > 0 (. 22.6).
y = 0 y = y0 cos(t) ,
,
M x bx k1 ( x y ) k 2 x

F
b
k
x
x 0 cos( t )
M
M
M

(22.37)

k = k1+k2 F0 = k1y0
. . (22.37)

x 2 x 02 x

F0
cos( t )
M

(22.38)

2 = b/M 02 = k/M. . (22.38) .

(22.22), .
. 22.3

.
22.4.2

: .
, k1 = k2 = k / 2. F0

F0 k1 y0

k
y0
2

(22.39)

. (22.39) . (22.35) :

Amax Q

46

F0
y
Q 0
k
2

(22.40)