23

23.1

,
. ,
. ,


.
23.2
23.2.1
( )
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
(),
,
0o
180o.
. , ,
"" ,
0o 180o .
n n
, , , i,
, t,
yi(t) = Ai cos(t+),

i = 1,2,3n

(23.1)

(.. k ).
(
.
3 ,
23, .
23.2.2.

. 23.1 , , , ,
k.

47

 23.1. ,
k . ()
, () y, y y,

(. 23)
3
1 = 2 2

k
,
M

2 = 2

k
,
M

3 = 2 2

k
M

(23.2)

, 1 , 2, 3, ,
, :
1o (1) : = , = + 2
2 (2) : = , = 0
3o (3) : = , = 2

t=0

t = T/2

1o

(23.3)
(23.3)
(23.3)

23.2. 3 ()
. 23.1, t = 0 t = T/2, T
. ,
. , 2 , .

. (23.3) , (i =
1, 2, 3), , , ,
(. 23.3). . 23.2, t = 0
t = T/2 , . To
T = 2/ ,

48

23.2.3 .

23.3. ,
k ( ) k ( ) . ()
. () , () 1 () 2
.

. 23.3 , , ,
k,
k.
. 23.1.1 (. 1)

1 =

k
M

2 =

k 2k
M

(23.4)

1o (1) : = (. 23.3 )
2 (2) : = (. 23.3 )

(23.5)

. 23.3, (. .
23.1) :
1o (1) :

y(t) = A cos(1t + 1)

y(t) = A cos(1t + 1)

2o (2) :

y(t) = A cos(2t + 2)

y(t) = cos(2t + 2)

(23.6)

() , y(t)
y(t) 1 cos(1t
+ 1) 2 cos(2t + 2 ) :
y(t) = 1 cos(1t + 1) + 2 cos(2t + 2)
y(t) = 1 cos(1t + 1) 2 cos(2t + 2)

(23.7)

. (23.7) , 1
2 .
49

 1 2
/2 (1 = 2 = /2), . (23.7)

y(t)= 2 A1 cos
(23.8)
t sinav t
2

y(t)= 2 A1 sin
t cosavt
2

= 2 1

av = (1 + 2) /2

(23.9)

y(t) y(t) . 23.4 .

15
, ,
.
, av
. , . 23.4,
, av,
, .
, , 2/,
(modulation)), mod, 2 .
:
:

= 2/ = 2/(2 1)

mod = 2 = 4/(2 1)

av = 4/(2 + 1)

(23.10)

av

23.4 ,
, ,
( = 1 2 << av = (1 + 2).
. = 2/(2 1), : av
= 4/(2 + 1). mod = 2 .

av, cos(t / ) sin(t / )
. 23.4 (
, t).
/2 ,
50

 ,

:
,

, ...
, ,
(1 + 2)/(1 2)
. .
23.3

,
. ,
, k (. 23.1
23.5). ,

.

23.5

( ).
, , , 4 ,
k.

( ) k,
. , ,
(E. 23.2).

(E. 23.4).
( ),
"" ( k) ,
(. 23.3). ,

.
, , k k
.
, , ,
.
. ,
,
(E. 23.2, 23.4 23.9).

51

23.4.
(. 23.5)
, .
, 4 "" 2 "" ,
, .
, ( )
, 0,1gr.
: ,
.
, ,
.

1. F.S. Crawford, Berkeley. 3: , . 1:

. 1.4 1.5 ( 1979).
2. H.J. Pain, .3: . 3.2 3.4,
( 1990).
3. M. Alonso E.J. Finn, , :
. 12: . 12.10 ( 1981).
4. Ohanian, , : -, .16: . 16.5,
( 1991).
5. H.D. Young R.A. Freedman, Sears and Zemansky, :
-, . 16: . 16.6, 16.7, ( 2009)
23.5
23.5.1
1. 220 V AC.
.
( 2 ).
2.
( ).
,
,
.
( ).
3.
( , ).
4. ""
. ,
.
5. ,
, .
. -,
.

52

6. ( )
( ).
, y01,
y02, y03 ( ).
7. , ( 5 cm) ,
, 2 5 cm, ,
(. 23.3). .
1 (. 23.2).
8. n = 10
nT1.
9. 8 4 , ,
nT1 . T.

n = 10
/

n1

n2

n3

(s)

(s)

(s)

nT1 =

nT2 =

nT2 =

T1 =

T2 =

T3 =

1 =

2 =

3 =

1...

10. , 2 :
.
,
(. 23.3), 5 cm.
.
2 (. 23.2).
11. , n = 10
nT2.
12. 10 11 4 ,
nT2 .
13. 3 .
.
, 5 cm, .
. (
) 2 5 cm (. 23.3).
. 3
(. 23.2).
14. n = 10
, nT3.

53

15. 13 14 4 nT3
.
16. .
.

, . (
).
( ),
:
= .. .. , = .. .. , = .. ..,
23.5.2 : .
1. ( ""
) ( ""),
. ,
( ).
.
2. - -
110 cm
. ,
.
.
.
3. .
, y01 y02 ( ).
4. ,
( o 1 cm) . ,
.
1 (. 23.3, ). n = 10
. n1 .
5. 5 4 , ,
n1.

n = 10,
/

n = 8,

= .. .. , = .. ..

n1 (s)

n2(s)

n(s)

nT1 =

nT2 =

nT =

T1 =

T2 =

T =

1 =

2 =

1
2
.

54

7. , 2 :
.
. .
.
2 (. 23.3, ).
8. n = 10 .
n2 .
9. 7
n2.
10. .
.
3 cm.
,
, .
11. n = 8 (
).
.
12. 10 4 , ,
.
23.5.3 k k'
1. .
,
.
.
2. - ,
60 cm. ,
. ( )
- .
, .
3.
5 cm. n
= 10 . nT.
4. 3 nT.
5. ,
.
6. ,
3 4
. n.
7.
.

.. .. ,

.. ..

55


n = 10, = .. .. , = .. ..
/

n (s)

n(s)

nT =

nT =

T =

T =

1
2
.

6. ,
.
7. ,
.
23.6
23.6.1
1. nT nT ,
, T T ,
, .
, , 9 . 23.5.1,
( ), .
= .

= ..

2.
, .
3.
=

2k
M

(23.11)

k, ( )
, k k' , .
k k' ( k
)
:
k = .

k = ..

23.6.2
1. k ( )
, ( , , )
56

 , 1, 2, 3 (.
23.2) , .
2. I, (
T ) .
, 1 , 2 , 3
1.
3. 1 2 ,
. (23.4) ( M ).
4.

, T ,

, , , ,
, (. 23.9).
5. ; (. .
23.4).

57

 23 (23)

23.1
,
, ,
, i, , ()
,
N

yi(t) =

j 1

Aij cos(jt + j), i = 1, 2, ..., N

(23.1)

yi(t) i,
t, ()
, j ij
j. T ij j ,

t = 0.
. (23.1)
, .
23.1.1

23.1. ,
, k, . () , ()
y, y y,

. 23.1 ,
k .
. y, y y
, ,
t, 2 ,
M

2 y
= ky + k(y y)
t 2

2 y
t 2
2 y
t 2

= k(y y) + k(y y)

(23.2)

= k(y y) ky

M = M = M = ,

58

2k
k
2 y
=
y +
y
2
M
M
t
2 y
t

2 y
t 2

k
2k
k
y
y +
y
M
M
M

k
2k
y
y
M
M

(23.3)

,

t
i = , ,

yi(t) = Ai cost,

(23.4)

. (23.4) 0o 180o
i. . (23.4) (23.3),
,
,

2k
2
M
k

M
0

k
M

2k
2
M
k

k
M

(23.5)

2k
2
M

. (23.5) ,
:
1 = 2 2

k
,
M

2 = 2

k
,
M

3 = 2 2

k
M

(23.6)

. (23.4) (23.6) (23.3)

, :
1o (1) : 1 = 3, 2 = + 2 1
2 (2) : 1 = 3, 2 = 0
3o (3) : 1 = 3, 2 = 2 1

(23.7)

. (23.7) , (i),
, i, . (23.7).
. 23.2 23.

59