25

25.1

,
.
, -
, , .
,
.

.
25.2


25, .
,
. ,


( Fraunhoffer).

26.2.1

, S 1, S2,
d (. 25.1).

.

. 25.1
. ,

. 25 (.
25.4), r,
d, ( Fraunhoffer), y,
,
, , y, , ,

70

 25.1 ()
, S 1 S2. ()
, ( Young).

:
:

d sin = m
d sin = (m + 1/2)

r
m
d

(25.1)

r
(m + 1/2)
d

(25.2)

m = 0, 1, 2,....
, y,
, d, .
H ( )
. (25.1) (25.2)
y

(25.3)

25.2.2


D (. 25.2). Huygens,

, . ,

,
, , .
, ( )
.

71

 23 (.
23.5)

n = D sin , n = 1, 2...

(25.4)

r >> x, (. . 25.2), . (25.4)

xn =

r
n
D

(25.5)

xn, , , ,

25.2 () , , D,
, r, . x
(n = 1). () .
.

, , D . A . (25.5)

x =

(25.6)

E.
(25.5) n1 = 1 n2 = 1
W = x n 2 x n1 =

72

2 r
D

(25.7)

O n,
[. . (25.20)]
n

(25.8)

25.2.3 -
D, d,
, ,
r >> d > D, ,

.
27 (. 25.7)
,
,
d/D (. 25.4).
- ,
, D, , d,
. > 2 ,
. ,
,
( d), ,
2d, 3d, 4d,...
(. 27, . 25.7)

d sin = m (m = 0, 1, 2,...)

r
m
d

(25.1)

, 1
, ,
. ,
2 (. . 25.5),

, . , W,

2 r
Nd

(25.9)

, , .
, .

73

 25.4 (a) , D, (b)

,
d, (c) - d = 5D.
,

.

25.5 -
, , : () (4), () (8) () (16)
, d .
(d sin = m), ,
. ,
.

74

25.2.4
, ,
, D, , , ,

,
, . 25.5 ().
, ,

d sin = m (m = 0, 1, 2,...)

r
m
d

(25.1)

( )
. , ( ), . (25.1)
, ( , .. m = 1),

, , (. 27, ).
, ,
, 0,
0 = 1/d

(25.10)

.
25.3 M

, (slides) , , ,
.
(
) ( ) .
, , xn,
( , n) ,
, W, ,
. (25.5) (25.7)
. , , D, ,
, xn, , W,
.
.
, ym, ( m)
, W, ,
. (25.1) (25.7) . =
d/D .
.
, 0, ,
, ym,
sin. ,
0 = 1/d, . (25.1)
m0 = sin

(25.11)
2

sin = y/(r + y )

(25.12)
75

 . (25.12) sin y/r

,
y r.

, ,
() .
( )
, , , ,
.
25.4
(. 25.6)
:

25.6

. : , L: , 1: , : (slide), O: .

1. : O He-Ne 13
( , ). ( 2 3 mm)
= 632,8 nm 0,5 mW.
! .
,
, , , . ,
,
.
2. : 1 m,

( ), .
3. : ,
.
.
4. :
,
.
5. :
.
:
, , D
, D

76

 4 .
, D, , d, .

( 2 5 )

()
( )
48 mm,
, .
! ,
.
, (
) .
, .

1. H.J. Pain, , 3 , . 10: . 10.13

10.15 10.23 10.29, ( 1990).
2. H.D. Young, , : , ,
, . 37: . 37.1 37.3 . 38: . 38.2 38.5,
( 1994).
3. M. Young, , . 5, ... ( 2008).
4. Ohanian, , ': -, . 39: . 39.4 39.5,
. 40: . 40.1, ( 1991).
5. F. S. Crawford, Berkeley. 3: , . 9:
. 9.6, ... ( 1979).
25.5
25.5.1
1. . 25.6.
() (L) (1), .
( 1 m) , ,
()
. ,
,
. .
2. () .
,
.
, ,
.
.
25.5.2
1. , r,

r = . .

77

2. M , xn, n (
n , xn )
, , W, , xm
W, . (
). ,

.
.

/

D (mm)

0.02

0.04

0.08

0.16

xn (mm)

xn (mm)

W (mm)

W (mm)

xm = . W = .

3. M
D = 0,08 mm.

n =

4. .
, W, ( , xn,
) .
W = . . xn = . .

n = .

25.5.3 -
1. .
, ym, m ( ,
m, ym ) , W,
d D.
, ym W, .

/

d (mm)

ym (mm)

ym (mm)

D (mm)

W (mm)

0,250

0,04

0,500

0,04

0,500

0,08

ym = . W .
78

W (mm)

2. d D.
, ym, ,
W,

ym = . . , W = . .
3. To D
-,
. ,
.
25.5.4
1.
, ym, .
.
ym = . . m =
2.
.
26.5.5
1.
.
2. ()
.
3. , 2,
2.
4. 2 ,
.
5. 1
.
6. , ,
.
25.6
25.6.1
1. xn W 4
D . (25.5) (25.7), 3 5 ,
, . =
632,8 nm ( ), , r, ,
xn W.
. ;
2. . (25.8)
D = 0,08 mm
, n, .
3. , D, , W,
( , xn, )
. (25.5) (25.7). D,
79

 r W (
xn).
D = .. ..
26.6.2 -
1. ym W 3
d D . (25.1) (25.7)
4 6 , , .
, ;
2. , r, , , ym,
, W,
, , . (25.1) (25.7), d
D = d/D
=

d
= .
D

3. -
2, 3, 4 5 .
3, 4 5 ;

26.6.3
1. , r,
, ym, , . (25.11) (25.12),

0 = .. ..
2. ;
26.6.4

, .

80

 25 (25)

25.1

,
Maxwell. , ,
( )
.
.
,
( , ).
( ) ,
.
,
. ,
( ),

. ,
.
( ), ,
.
, , , ,
.
25.2
,
.
, , ,
,
, ,
t .
() .
, ,
(
) =
/2, ,
( ,
Doppler .).
( )
, t,

t = 1/

(25.1)

l = c t

(25.2)

t, .

81

 , ,
t l,
, t > t ,
, , .
( ),
,
( ).
,
.
25.3
,

. ,
, :
()
()
, ,
, ,
.

.
,
. ,

(.
). ,
,
( )
( ).
, .
.
,
, .
, ,
, , (
), ( )
. ,

() ,
, , .
( )
, ,
, ,

= 1 + 2 + 2

I 1 I 2 cos()

(25.3)

1, 2
, .

82

 ( = 0, 2, 4)
:
max = 1 + 2 + 2

I1 I 2

(25.4)

() .
( = , 3, 5)

min = 1 + 2 - 2

I1 I 2

(25.5)

() .
. (25.5) (25.6) , ,
,

max = 40 ,

min = 0.

(25.6)

,

.
25.4
,

, d (. 25.1). Huygens,

.
,
.
,
,
,
r , .

25.1 ()
, ,
S1 S2, d. ,
r , (, y) ()
, ( Young).

83

 , y 0
(. 25.1). r
d, ( ),
y << r sin y/r,

r1 r2 = d sin

d
y
r

(25.7)

,
,
r
:
d sin = m y = m
(25.8)
d
:

d sin = (m + 1/2)

y =

(25.8)

r
(m + 1/2)
d

m = 0, 1, 2,....

d .
(
)
=

( r1 r2 ) =

d sin

(25.9)

, (E. 25.3) 1 = 2 = 0,
, y,
= 4 0 cos2(

d sin) = 4 0cos2(
=

d
y
r

d
y) = max cos2
r

(25.10)
(25.11)

. (25.10) . 25.2 dsin,

,, y.

25.2
( ). , , , y,
(y = 0), , , (. . 25.1)
, . T
dsin .

84

H ( )
. (25.8) ( 25.8)
y =

(25.12)

25.5
( )
(.. , ),
, ,
() .
, :

,
.
, ,
.
, ,

. , : H
() ,
,
. ,

.
Fresnel, ,
. 25.3.

25.3 Fresnel ( )
. , ,

.

- ,
Fresnel ,
85

, ,
.
.
Fraunhofer,
.

, .

,

. ,

,
. ,
(Fabry-Perot) , ,
.
25.6
, ,

D (. 25.4).
Huygens,
,
. , , ,

.
(Fraunhofer),
() .
,
.
max = r1 r2 D sin. >> D, >>
max, ,
, . << D,
180
. ,
. , ( )
(
) .


x ( ). ,

sin

() = max

max

86

(25.13)

D sin

D
x
r

( x << r)

(25.14)

(, y)

25.4 () , , D.
, r >> D ,
(, y). n,
( ) () .
o .

A . (25.13)

sin = 0 ,

(25.15)
= n ,

n = 1, 2...

, (25.14)

n = D sin, n = 1, 2...

(25.16)

87

 , xn, .
(25.14)
xn =

r
n
D

(25.17)

,
, xn, ( )
D .
. (25.17)

x =

(25.18)

E. (25.17)
n1 = 1 n2 = 1
W = x n 2 x n 1 =

2 r
D

(25.19)

O , n,
D , |sin| < 1, . (.25.16)

|sin| =

|n|
1
D

|n|

(25.20)

. (25.20)
.
>> D ( ), . (25.19)
, . (25.20) |n| << 1,
,
.
, ,
, ,
x , () ,
.
, >> D, . (25.14) ,
sin . (25.13) () = .
25.7 -
, D, d
, ,
r >> d > D, ,

.
d << r,
. d D ,
. (25.8), (25.12), (25.17), (25.18) (25.19),

,
,
d/D (. 25.5).
88


- .
(25.10) (25.13)

25.5 - ,
S1 S2, D d ,
, . ,
r (, y),
.

sin

cos2

(25.21)

. (25.11) (25.14) .
- ,
D
d . > 2 ,
. ,
,
( d), ,
2d, 3d, 4d,...

- .
89

 sin

sin N

N sin

(25.22)

. (25.11) (25.14) . . (25.22)

. = 1 . (25.22) . (25.13),
= 2 (25.21).
sinN/sin = 1, . = 0,
, 2,... , . (25.10),

d sin = m d sin = m (m = 0, 1, 2,...)

(25.23)

H .(25.8)
d .
sinN/sin = 0 sinN = 0 =
0,
=

( N 1)
( N 1)

2
,
, 3 , ...
,
N
N
N
N
N

(25.24)

E, , 1
. , ,
, ,
2 ,
sinN/sin
, . sinN = 1.
,
=

3
5
m
,
, ...
(m = 3, 5, 7...)
2N
2N
2N

(25.25)

. (25.22)
,
, . , W,

. . (25.8)
(25.25)
W

2 r
Nd

(25.26)

, ,
. , ,
, . .
25.6 1, 2, 3, 4 5
.

90

 25.6 - () , () , () , () ()
, . ,
,
, .

,
.
, , .

91