27

27.1

,
.
Rydberg.

27.2
27.2.1
(. 27.1)
:
n

Z 2e 4
8h2 0 n2

(27.1)

Z 1, 0
, h Planck, e n
, 1,2,3,... ,
-,

me mp
me mp

mp me .
1836 , ,
, me . (27.1),
eV:

13,6
n2

eV

(27.2)

. 27.1.
, n = 1,
.
, , , . .
27.1, , n = 1,
Lyman, 121,6 91,2 nm .
, n = 2, Balmer,
656,3 364,5 nm ,
, n = 3, Paschen, 1087,6
950,0 nm , ...
= h = c/,
c , . (27.1),
2

 ,
n2 n1,
:

mee4 Z 2 1 1

8 02 h3c n12 n22

(27.3)

mee4 Z 2
Rydberg R = 1,097 107 m-1.
8 02 h3c

()

()

27.1. () ,
Bohr, . ,
. () . (
[1]).

, ,
( Balmer, n1 =
2), :
= 656,3 nm, = 486,1 nm, 1 = 434,1 nm 2 = 410,2 nm.
27.2.2

.
, .
,
,
. ,
,
.
3

 :
.
.

27.2.2.1
(. 25)
, , .
300 600 mm, 2400
mm. : .

,
. .

, ,
(0, 1, , . . 27.2).
, ..., .

(. 25).

.

d sin n = m m = 0, 1, 2, .....

(27.4)

m d ,
.
, 0,
0 = 1/d

(27.5)

.

(m = 0), 27.2,
2m.
.

, m, , n,
. (27.4) (27.5) , ,
, , d.

27.2. .
. m,
(m = 1), (m = 2), . , . m = 0,
1() 1()
.

27.2.2.2

(
), Snell:

n=

sin 1
c
=
sin 2
c

(27.6)

n , c (
), c , 1, 2 ,
. , ,
, 2,
n .
. . 27.3
.

27.3.
. . D
D .
( ).

, D, . E
, .. , ,
, , Dmin,
.
, ,
, .
, Dmin, , n,
(. 21, ).
A Dmin
sin

n
A
sin
2

(27.7)

, , Dmin,
, , n, . (27.7).
, , n = n(),
, , ,
(. 27.4).

27.3


Balmer, , .
.
, m, , o
. (27.4).
, .
,
6

 n = n() (. 27.4)
,
, .

27.4 , n, Flint Glass ( Schott F2),

. , .

, Balmer,
. (27.3) n1 2 n2 3, 4...,
Rydberg .
,
, , ,
...,
.

27.4
- (. 27.5) :
( ).
,



.
:
1.
, 175 mm, . ,
7

 .
.
2. ,

, Dmin. ,
, m.
3.
,
. O
,
( ).
4. , ,
.

27.5 . , , ,
, .
.
, ,
, . (
[1]).

1. H.D. Young, , , , ,
, . 34: . 34.4, . 38: . 38.5 . 40: . 40.3,
( 1994).
2. F.S. Crawford, Berkeley. 3: , . 9:
. 9.6, ( 1979).
3. .. Wichmann, M Berkeley, T 4, ,
. 3: . 1 13, ( 1985).
4. M. Young, , . 6: . 6.1, ... (
2008).
5. Ohanian, , ', - . 37: . 37.3 . 39:
. 39.5, ( 1991).
6. H. J. Pain, , 3 , . 10: . 10.27,
( 1990).
8

27.5
27.5.1
1. , 0,
. 0 = ..
2. ,
.
3.
, ,
, , .
4. ,
.
5. , I,
,
.
.
I
m=1

(nm)

sin

sin

(deg)
(nm)
(deg)
(nm)

6.
(m = 2 3) II III.
,
.
II
m=2

(nm)

sin

sin

(deg)
(nm)
(deg)
(nm)

III
m=3

(nm)

sin

sin

(deg)
(nm)
(deg)
(nm)
9

27.5.2
1. , ,
, , . 27.6.
2. , , ( ) .
3.
.
.
4. , - ( - )
,
, .
.
, Dmin, .

27.6 .
, .

5. ,
, 1, II.
6. ,
, , 0. 1 0
, Dmin, .
IV

(nm)

1
(deg)

0
(deg)

Dmin
(deg)

(nm)

7.
1, 0 Dmin IV.
10

8. , ,
. :
,
.
9. .

27.6
27.6.1
1. , sin ,
, . (27.4),
Balmer I .
2. , ,
, , :
( ) = , ( ) = , ( )1 = ... , ( )2 =
3. , , ,
, . 27.2.1.
2.
4. , , 2 . (27.3),
Rydberg, R,
(. 27.2.1).
R =
5. , , ;
6. , ,
;
7.
;
27.6.2
1. V, . (27.7), , n,
, . , ,
60o.
2. . 27.4,
, , n IV.
, .
3.
, ,
. 27.2.1.
4. .

11