28

28.1

. ,
,
.
:
radar.
28.2

,
,
.

.
,
.
, ,
,
. , , ..
(. 28.1),
(
).
.

28.1 .
, , ,
.

, , ,
, . ,
,
, ,
,
, .
. 28.1

. ,

.
28.2.1
y1 y2
,
, , , , , y.
.

, ,
x (x 0),

=  +  = 2 sin  cos( + )

(28.1)

 = 

(28.2)

k = 2/ , = 2f
x = 0, . ,
f

.
, x, . 28.2.
, .
y
2yo

t=0

/k

- 2yo

2/k

3/k

4/k

6/k

t = /2

t = /

28.2
. n/k ( ),
(2n + 1)/2k ( ).

,
. ( . 28.2 28.3)
.

28.2.2

,

. ,
, ,
.
,
, , . ,
1000 Hz, 33 cm,
3 5 cm.
3 5 m,
.

, .

, .
..
, .
, ,
() (. 23),
.
: () , ()
() .

, n, n :
()
.
.
/2,
L (. . 28.20). ,
2La.
, L, ... ,

 =

2


(28.3)

n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
(. 28.6) ,
, , L,  + (2 0,63!), L
R , .
, , ,
, . 28.3().

()

.

4
(28.4)
 =

n = 1, 3, 5, 7,
,  =  + 0,63! (.
28.20). , ,
, , .
28.3().
() ,

.

2
(28.5)
 =

n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
, ,
.
L

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

1
0.5

0.0
0

10

15

20

-0.5

25

30

-0.5

10

15

-0.5

20

25

30

2
3

3
-1.0

-1.0

-1.0

1 1
2 2
3 3

()

()

28.3 , ,
L = 30 cm: () ()
.

28.2.3 .
,
.


. (, )
Q , Q .
, ,
n = 2L/n,
Q.

n = 2L/n. ,
,
, Q = .
28.3

, .

.
,
,
.
.
,
(. 28.8) .
,
, ,
.

, .
.
(
),
,
.
,

, .
, ,

, radar,
, . 28.4.3.
28.4

(. 28.4):
(. 21, .
21.4.1).

.
, 90 cm
3,2 cm, ,
.
.
,
, .
2 (. 15, ,
).

ON - OFF

5 Vp-p

28.4
.

28.5 .

, ,
, .
. ,
, ,
,  () =  sin . ,
,
1 m,
,
.
,
. ,

 ( ) .
,
.

1. H. D. Young, , : -,
( 1994), . 20: . 20.2, 20.4, 20.5.
2. H. C. Ohanian, , : -, (
1991), .16: . 16.6, .17: . 17.2.
3. H. J. Pain, , 3 ,
( 1990), . 4: . 4.11, . 5: . 5.2, 5.4, 5.8.
4. F. S. Crawford, Berkeley, 3: ,
... ( 1979), . 2: . 2.2, . 4: . 4.2, 4.4, . 5:
: 5.3.
28.5

28.5.1
: ,
, .
. 28.4. ,
:
1. . 28.4. Ch
, , Ch
.
2. .
(Ch) 50 mV/div. H
5 Vp-p, 50 Hz.
3. .
28.5.2
1.
,
.
2. 50 Hz, , f,
, ,
, f1, f2, f3 f4, .
4 .
3. (0 90 cm), 5 cm,
(Ch) x
(f1) (f2) ,
.



x
(cm)
0
5
10

1
f = f1

2
f = f2

4.
1, 2 3, .


x
(cm)
0
5
10

1
f = f1

2
f = f2

5.
.
(Ch) Ch
.
6. .
28.5.3
radar
1. ,
f = 10 Hz 5 V.
( ) .
, (Ch)
(Ch) ,
. ,
(. 28.6).
0,05 s
5V

II
t

28.6. ,
, .

 :
, 5 V,
(. 28.5)
() .
.
(.. ) .
0,05 s, 5 V ,
() .
.
, () .
,
(1 cm) .

, ,
, .
,
, ... ,

,
, , .
(. 28.6).

radar.
-,
.
, .. 10
. , ,
- (1,800 0,002) m.
2. 8-10
. .
3. .
. 28.7.

5V
10 Hz

28.7 ,
, (. 28.6).

4. ,
.
28.5

28.6.1
1. .

.
; ,
.
2. ,
.
3.
, .
4.
(. 28.6, . ).
, ,
. .
28.6.2 -
radar
1. 8-10
-, (
) radar
(. 28.6).
2.
, (. 28.7).
: , , ,
. (.
. 28.4), ( ) ,
, :
# = $ + 0,606%

(28.6)

0C. ,
, 331,8 m/s.

 (28)

28.1
x
, x = 0, ,
. .
 ( , ) =
 sin( +  + ), y0 , , k = 2/
x = 0,
 ( , ) = !&  ( , ) =  sin(  + ),
Ry (. . 28.5).
:
( , ) =  +  =  sin( +  + )  sin(  + )
= 2 sin  cos 

(28.1)

. (28.1)
. x t:
( , ) =  +  =
( )()

(28.2)

f(t) (x)
.

Ry = 1
: y1(x,t) = ysin(t+kx+)
: y2(x,t) = ysin(tkx+)
x
x=0
2

0
0

-1

10

12

14

16

18

20

=1

-2

28.1 t = 0.
. t = /
x.

 . 28.1 t = 0.
.
, t = /,
x. ,
( ).
( ).
:

( ) = 2  sin 

(28.3)

, ,
 * =
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

+
+ +
2

,
 , = +
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

(28.4)

(28.5)

28.2
.
.
0 < < + (. 28.1),
,
( ) = 0. ,
.
+ < < 2+,
( ) < 0,
1800. ,

( ) = 0 1800. ,
t = /, . ,

( ) :

( ) x.

( )
.

(. 28.1). (),
(). ,
. . 28.1, x = 3,2,
,
, x = 6,4
.

.

.
( . 28.1), (

 ) ( ).
, ,
.
, ... ,
.

.
, ,
, ...
28.3

: . ( , ) = /0 sin( +  + )
. ( , ) = / sin(  + ) .
1 (. . 28.5),

( , ) = . + . = / sin( +  + ) + / sin(  + )
= 2/ cos  sin( + )

(28.6)

. (28.6) :
( , ) = . + . = .( )()

(28.7)

.( ) = 2/ cos 

(28.8)

f(t) (x)
. ,
( ).
( ).
,

. ,
,
 * = +
(28.9)
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
,
+
 , = + +
(28.10)
2
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
, ,
,
.
28.4
, , ,
.

3
4

(28.11)

39 = !:

(28.12)


:
=1

:0

(28.13)

 = 12

2 = 56 857 (, ,
), P . = m/V, m
V ,

n ,
, 0 2,

0oC 331,8 m/s. , 0

0oC (273 ) 0 ,
;
;
273 + %
 =  1 = 331,81
= 331,81
;
273
273
= 331,811 +

%
m s A
273

(28.14)

, = 273. (
) . (28.14) (
Taylor):
(28.15)
 =  + 0,606%  = 331,8 + 0,606% m s A
B

28.5
(P)
() c,
c .
(
) ,
D = 45.

D = 4 5
D = 4 5 , . 28.2.

1, c 1

2, c 2

28.2 ,
.

.
,
.
(Ry)
E E
E + E

(28.16)

E E
E + E

(28.17)

:& =

2E
E + E

(28.18)

:6 =

2E
E + E

(28.19)

!& =

(Rp):
!6 =

,
(Ty) (TP)

, , 1 < 2
,
180o. ,
, .
.
20C 1 = 1c1 = 1,20 kg/m3x344 m/s = 413
kg/m2s, 2 = 2c2 = 1180 kg/m3 x 2550 m/s = 3,01x106 kg/m2s.
2 7,3x103 1,
1 << 2.
(Ry = 0,9997 RP = 0,9997).
,
.

28.6
. ,
, R,
1 +1 . , ,
, ,
. ,
, . ,
.
,
, . ,
0,63R, R ,
, ,
. ( ,

. .)
,

, 0,63R
. , , L, 0,63R,
, L. :
 =  + 0,63!

(28.20)

, ,
0,63R
,
(2 << 1). 0,63R 2 0,

+1 1 . ,
,
, ,

.
(. 28.6 28.7).