31

31.1

, Langmuir 3/2 ( )
Richardson.
Richardson.
31.2
31.3
31.2.1
, .
,
, , ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
. , ,
,
, , ,
, , , ...
31.2.2 -
, (. 31.1),
, 6,3 V ac.
(BaO)
. 1000 1100 oC, BaO
, 100 mA/cm2,
.
,
,
A, ,
(.31.1) .

125

 31.1 .
.
(U) (0 300 V).
(e) o (I),
().

31.2.3 - Langmuir 3/2

, U,
. . 31.2
, IA, , U, ,

. I = I(U)
:
(U < 0),
(0 < U < U), U

(U > U).

I.
, .
,
, eU
.
I = I0 exp (U/kT).
II.

:
I A I 0 B U A3 / 2 B U A3 / 2 , I 0 0

(31.1)

B . . (31.1)
Langmuir "3/2" (
). Langmuir ,
. (. 31, . 31.3).

126

I=0 exp(-U/kT)

I ~ U 3/2

0
U

31.2. - , , .
, Langmuir,
, , .

. , , ()
.

. ,
,
Schottky (. 31, . 31.4).

31.2.4 - Richardson
, ,
, , ,

. 31, ,
, .
, ,
, , Richardson Dushmann
( ).
Richardson-Dushmann Richardson.
:

I A C T 2 exp

kT

(31.2)

Kelvin (), , k
Boltzmann C , [.
31, . 31.2, . (31.4)].

127

31.2.5 - Schottky
, . 31.2,
(. 31, . 31.4, . 31.33):

e3
4 0

(31.3)

0
. Richardson
, ( = 107 V/m = 0,12
eV) .
, X,
107 V/m.
( = 4,5 eV, = 2500 ),
80% , ,
. ,
Richardson :

I A C T 2 exp

kT

(31.4)

31.3
,
. 31.1 31.3.
O 3/2 Langmuir
. , . (31.1), :
ln I = ln B + (3/2) lnU

(31.5)

, , , I,
, U, ln I lnU,
3/2.
,
, .
Richardson (. 31.2),
, , ,
, , . , ,
1
I
.
ln A2 ln C
kT
T

(31.6)

. (31.6) y ln

1
IA
x ,
2
T
T

y ln C, /k.

/k . (31.6) ,
, , . Boltzmann

k 8,617 105
eV.

128

eV
K

31.4
,
,
- (. 31.3).
,
. ,
70 mm 0,16 mm ,
2 2,5 .
, , ,
, (. 31,
).
:
, , 0 50 V DC 0 300
V, DC ,
, , .
( 50 V )
(, V), , UA.
(),
, ,
( ),
, A.
(),
, , .

()

()

31.3. () . () ()
, () (A).
. , UA, (V),
, , () () ().

1. F. Mandl, , . 11, . 11.4.1, ()

2. A.C. Melissinos: Experiments in Modern Physics. . 65-78, (Academic Press, 1966)
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission
4. A.J. Dekker: Solid State Physics. . 9. (Macmillan 1964)

129

31.5
300 V,
. , ,
,
.

.
31.5.1 Langmuir
1.
.
. 31.3().
2. ,
.
3. , ,
2100 ,
.
4. , , U, ,
,
(. ).
5. , A, UA,
6 20 V, 2 V .
I
= 2100 K,

= ..mA,

U = ..V
ln [UA (U/2)]

UA

UA (U/2)

(V)

(mA)

(V)

ln A

6
8

: , , UA,
U/2,
, ,
U/2. ,
UA, V, UA
U/2. U 5 6 V, 6 20 V, U/2 .

130

31.5.2 A = f(UA)
2100, 2050 2000
1. ,
, A, , UA,
0 300 V, 10 V .
I
T = 2000 K
UA
IA

T = 2050 K
UA
IA

(V)

(V)

(mA)

(mA)

T = 2100 K
UA
(V)

IA
(mA)

0
10

2. 2050 2000

31.5.3 Richardson
1. 300 V.
2. , ,
, , 2100 1700 , 50 .
I
UA = ..V
T

1/

I/T 2

(K)

(mA)

(K1)

( K2)

ln(IA/T 2)

2100
2050

131

31.6
31.6.1 N Langmuir
1. , ln(IA), UA U ln (UA U)
.
2. , ln (IA) ln (UA
U) ,

, , . 7.
3. Langmuir,
. (31.1). 3/2, ,
, ;
31.6.2 A = f(UA)
1. IA UA,
0 300 V, . (
U/2 ).
2. . 31.2.
. ;
31.6.3 Richardson
1. 1/, ln(IA/T 2)
.
2. y = ln (IA/T2)
x = 1/T. . (31.6),
, /k.
3. ,
( , . 7).
, , ,
, .
4. 4,5 eV.
, ,
, ;

132

 31 (31)

31.1 U, Fermi, F,
, ,

.
Pauli ,
= 0 ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
Fermi EF. Fermi EF,
:
EF

h 2 (3 2 n) 2 / 3

(31.1)

8m 2

h Planck, m n
.
:
(E)

dN 8

( 2m 3 ) E
dE h 3

(31.2)

, dN,
+ dE ()
f(E) .
Fermi-Dirac
1

f (E)
e

( E EF ) / kT

(31.3)

, dN :
dN ( E ) f ( E ) dE

8
h3

2m3

E dE
e ( E EF ) / kT 1

(31.4)

,
, ,
U, U (.
. 31.1). [
( )].
,
Fermi, EF, 0 ,
, , ,
U = EF +

(31.5)

, , U = 10,2 eV, EF 0 5,7 eV.

= 10,2 5,7 = 4,5 eV.
. 31.1 ,
. 31.1 . (31.4),
.

133

 31.1. ()
= 0 . () , 1
= 0 2 > 0. : EF, Fermi, ,
U .

, > 0,
, . ,
,
EF + .
(. . 31.2)
Richardson:

I (1 D)4emk 2 2 kT
J
T e
S
h3

(/m2)

(31.6)

D
, 4emk2/h3 120,4 104 A/m22 (
).
, , U, EF ,
.

134

Li

Na

Cu

Ag

Au

Ca

Al

U (eV)

6,9

5,0

3,9

11,1

10,2

10,3

7,5

10,2

14,7

EF (eV)

4,7

3.1

2,1

7,0

5,5

5,5

4,3

5,7

11,7

(eV)

2,2

1,9

1,8

4,1

4,7

4,8

3,2

4,5

3,0

31.2 Richardson
x
x, y, z. dN x
x x + dx.
.
, , Ef + , [.
31.3()]
,
dJx :
(31.7)

dJ x e x dN

e .
p :
2
2
2
p 2 px p y pz

2m
2m

(31.8)

p 2mE

(31.9)

, Fermi-Dirac, dNp
px, py, pz px + dpx, py + dpy pz + dpz , :
dN p

dp x dp y d p z

2
h

p x2 p 2y p z2

EF

2m
exp
kT

(31.10)

dN p x x px
px + dpx, py pz
dN px

2
h

dp x

dp y

dp z

exp

1/ 2

p 2y

p z2

2m
kT

EF

(31.11)

p x2
Ex, :
2m

2m 2m

dNp x 3
h E x

p x2

E E x
kT ln 1 exp F
dE x
kT

(31.12)

d x dN p

1/ 2

2E

d N Px

(31.13)

4m
h

E E x
kT ln 1 exp F
dE x
kT

(31.14)

,
, :
135

 >> kT,

Ex EF >> kT

(. 31.4).

, . (31.14) .
ln(1 + x) x . (31.14)
d

4m
h3

E EF
kT exp x
dE x
kT

(31.15)

E
U (. . 31.1). ,
:
Jx e

d
U

4em

h3

E EF
kT exp x
dE x .
kT

(31.16)

, U EF = (. 31.1),
J

4em
h

k 2T 2 exp

kT

(31.17)

, , J . A0 =
4emk2/h3 Sommerfeld 120,4 104 A/m2K2.

(. 31.1),
. ,
, . D
, Richardson :

J (1 D) A0T 2 exp

kT

(31.18)

D
0,15.
31.3 Langmuir "3/2"
' ,
d, .
.
,
, . x
x = 0 .
,
x , U(x)
Poisson :
d 2U ( x)
dx 2

( x)
0

(31.19)

( ).
x, e
n, ( ), Jx,
(31.20)
J x ne x
, , , n,
(31.21)
ne
x, U(x),
136

e
m

x 2 U ( x)

(31.22)

. (31.19) . (31.20 31.22)

d 2U ( x)
dx

Jx

m
U ( x)
2e

(31.23)

dU ( x)
:
dx

J
dU

4 x
0
dx

m
U const .
2e

(31.24)

(x = 0) U(x) = 0 dU/dx = 0,
. (31.24) .
4 3/ 2
x
U
Jx
9
0

m
2e

(31.25)

x = d U.
. (31.25)
:
J x d

4 0
9d

2e 3 / 2
UA
m

(31.26)

, ,
, :
J xd

8 0
9rA 2

2e 3 / 2
UA
m

(31.27)

r ,
r r. r > 10r, 1. . (31.27)
Langmuir,
"3/2".
, ,
3/2,
1100 .
31.4 Schottky
, e, (.
31.2),
+ e
, :
e2
F ( x)
(31.28)
4 0 (2 x) 2

137

 31.2 , e, ,
.
, , , ,
, , x0,
,
e2
e
4 0 (2 x 0 ) 2

(31.29)

x0,
1 e
x0
2 4 0

1/ 2

(31.30)

,
F(x) . (31.28)
.
, .
,
.
, ,
x0:

( )

x0

( F ( x) e ) F ( x)dx

x0

F ( x)dx e x0 .

(31.31)

. (31.31)
. ,
x > x0, F(x) . (31.28) (
105 V/m, x0 60 nm) :

( )

x0

e 2 dx
4 0 4 x 2

e2

(31.32)

16 0 x0

x0 . (31.30),
e3
e3

( )
( )
(31.33)
40
40
, , (. 31.2)
Schottky.
1/ 2

138

1/ 2

31.5
,
2 2,5 .
.
,
L d .
, . dx
" " ,
,
I2 (T ) dx
d (T )T 4 dx ,
2
d
4

(31.34)

(T) (T) [. 35, .

(35.4)] , T, StefanBoltzmann. . (31.34)
I
d

3/ 2

2 (T )
T
2
(T )

(31.35)

. (31.35) .
, T
II ( 1 cm "" ), III
0,16 mm
.
, , ,
,
, .
,
.

0 ()
(d = 1 cm)
580,6
662,2
747,3
836,0
927,4
1022
1119
1217
1310
1422
1526
1632

(A)

0 ()

(d = 0,16 mm)
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600

1,3402
1,5124
1,6022
1,6919
1,7844
1,8769
1,9726
1,0684
1,1666
1,2674
1,3639
1,4630

1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200

139

 31.3 , T(x) , 70
mm 0,160 mm, , x, ,
. To T0
, (. ). ,
, .
. 31.3 (31.34)
,
70 0,160 mm ,
.
. 31.3 :
, ,

70 mm 0,160 mm,

0, "" ,
0 > 1600 .
, , 0,160
mm,
.
31.6
:
, ,
.
.
, -.
.
,
,

. , ,
, ...

140

 .
,
,
.
. , ,

, -

(. . 31.4).
,
3/2, Richardson,
,
,
.

31.4 , .
, e,
, K, ( , A) .

141