32

32.1

,
Chromel-Constantan.
32.2
32.2.1.

, . ,

( ,
Seebeck) , ,
,
( Peltier).

,
, , .

.

32.2.2. Peltier
1834, J. C. Peltier , , 0,
, Joule
, ,
, (. 32.1).
( Peltier), QP,
,
0 , Joule.

QP = P0 t,

(32.1)

t P Peltier.

. , Joule
, Peltier , ,
(.. , . 32.1)
142

, , .
. (32.1) Peltier Volt.
, ,
10-2 10-3 V, Peltier
Joule.

32.1. , , ,
.

32.2.3. To Seebeck -
1821, T. J. Seebeck
,

, .

. ,
,
. ,
Seebeck , , Peltier.

32.2. , , ,
, ,
1 2. 1 > 2.

Seebeck . 32.2,
, ,
1 2. 1 2 ,

143

 . , U,
, -
U C (T1 T2 )

(32.2)

C .
C U .

32.2.3.
, ,

.(. 32.3) Seebeck,

.
(V),
.
, T1,
( ),
( , )
, T2 (.. 0 C). ,
, .

32.3 ,
, ,
T1 T2, .

, T1,
, V,
T2 T1 ( 2 1 C) .
T2 2 ( )
0 C.

,
.
, 2
3000 , ,
,
.

144

 32.4. . U (
- ) ,
0 C .
0 100 C.

32.2.4.
. 32.4
.
,
(Reference Junction) 0 0C.
- , U, mV , , 0C.
,
,
. C . (32.2) .

32.3
, C, .
(32.2) , U,
, , .
, .
, , (2 = 0 0C),
( ), , 1,
.
,
0 0C ,
145

 . ,
(20 90 0C), 0 0C.
, . 32.4,
0 90 0C 20 90 0C , ,
. ,
,
. , ,
, U, = .
U = f (), , C, . (32.2)
, .
, (
. 32.5) (Cu),
,
= . ,
, .

,
.

32.4
(. 32.5):
() ,
.
, ,
... ,
90 0C, , ,
.
Chromel-Constantan (Chromel: 90% Ni - 20% Cr
Constantan: 55% Cu - 45% Ni)
,
.

.
, (0C)
0,1 C. 0,5 0C.
,
, ,
.
= .
.

146

 32.5
Chromel-Constantan.
.
( ),
.
, , .
,
.

20 W, ,
3,5 mm,
, .
, 200 mV, 10 V
.

1. H.D. Young, , : - . 15:

. 15.1 15.2, ( 1994).
2. .. , , : , . 191 193,
( 1993).

32.5.
1. , 200 mV DC,
.
,
.
2. ,
.

147

: 35, 50, 65, 80

90 0C (. , ?, ).
3. , ,
.
:
.
4. ,
, , , U,
. 90
0
C,
.
5. .

(0C)

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

U (V)

(0C)

(0C)
32.6
1. , = .
, U, ,
, ChromelConstantan 0 70 0C , C,
(. ,
. ).
2. U = f ();

148

 32 (32)

32.1 Peltier -
Peltier

. , ,
.
, , (. 32.1).
,
,
(Ui).
,
(. 32.1)
.
, , ,
, nA, , nB,
nA > nB. ,
,
. ,

.

32.1. () , , ,
. () , nA,
, nB,
, . ()
.

, ,
Ui, eUi, (
Boltzmann), , n n,
:
eU
nA nB exp i
kT

(32.1)

k Boltzmann .
, Ui,
Ui

kT nB
ln
e
nA

(32.2)

149

 kT/e 2,5 102 V,

n/ n . ,

Peltier.

. (32.1),

.
.32.2. ( Seebeck)
Seebeck (1826) .

.

,
(. 32.2). ,
1 2 . H
.
Ui1 Ui2, (. 32.24)
. ,
, 1 =
2. , , 1 > 2,
U,
. ,
k n
U U i1 U i 2 (T1 T2 ) ln B
e nA

(32.3)

U C(T1 T2 ) ,

(32.4)

C .
Seebeck
Peltier.
1

,

.
. ,
2 3000 .
,

, ,

.

Seebeck

. ,
32.2
15 %,
:
-- - .
2

150