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6.4 Plan
nar array
A planar array providees a large apeerture and maay be used forr directional bbeam controllled by varyinng the
hase of each element, sym
mmetrical patteerns with low
w side lobes, m
much higher directivity (nnarrow
relative ph
main beam
m) than that of
o their individ
dual.
Array Factor
F
AFx1
m1e
j m 1 kd x sin cos x
((6.58)
m 1
It is assum
med that all elements aree equispaced with an inteerval of d x annd a progresssive shift x . I m1
denotes th
he excitation coefficient of
o the elemen
nt at the point
nt with coordiinates x m 1 d x , y 0. , w
where
d
co
osine with resspect to the xx-axis ( x is tthe angle betw
ween r and the xsin cos cos x is the directional
th
st
axis). In the
t figure abo
ove, this is th
he element off the m row and the 1 coolumn of the array matrixx. If N
such array
ys are placed
d at even interrvals along th
he y-directionn, a rectangullar array is foormed. We asssume
again thatt they are equ
uispaced at a distance d y and
a there is a progressive pphase shift y along eachh row.
We also assume that the normalized current distribution along each of the x-directed arrays is the same
but the absolute values correspond to a factor of I1n n 1,..., N . Then, the AF of the entire MN array is
M
j n 1 kd sin sin
j m 1 kd sin cos x
y
y
e
AF
I1n
I m1e x
n 1
m 1
(6.59)
or
AF SxM S yN
M
S xM AFx1
S yN AF1 y
m1e
m 1
N
1n e
j m 1 kd x sin cos x
j n 1 kd y sin cos y
(6.60)
n 1
(6.61)
Thus, the pattern of a rectangular array is the product of the array factors of the linear arrays in the x and
y-directions.
In the case of a uniform planar rectangular array, I m1 I1n I 0 for all m and n, i.e., all elements have the
same excitation amplitudes. Thus,
M
AF I 0
j m 1 kd sin cos x
e x
m 1
j n 1 kd y sin sin y
(6.62)
n 1
x sin N y
1 sin M
2
2 1
AFn ,
M
N
y
sin x
sin
where
(6.63)
x kd x sin cos x
y kd y sin cos y
The major lobe (principal maximum) and grating lobes of the terms
sin M x
1
2
S xM
M
sin x
2
(6.64)
S yN
y
sin N
2
1
N
y
sin
(6.65)
m 0,1,...,
kd y sin n sin n y 2n ,
n 0,1,...,
(6.66)
S xM
In general, x and y are independent of each other. But, if it is required that the main beams of
and S yN intersect (which is usually the case), then the common main beam is in the direction:
0 and 0 , m n 0 .
If the principal maximum is specified by 0 ,0 , then the progressive phases x and y must satisfy
x kd x sin 0 cos 0
(6.67)
y kd y sin 0 sin 0 .
(6.68)
When x and y are specified, the direction of the main beam can be found by simultaneously solving
(6.67) and (6.68)
yd x
tan 0
(6.69)
xd y
sin 0 x
kd x
2
y
kd y
(6.70)
The grating lobes can be located by substituting (6.67) and (6.68) in (6.66)
tan mn
sin mn
sin 0 sin 0 n
sin 0 sin 0 m
sin 0 cos 0 m
cos mn
dy
(6.71)
dx
dx
sin 0 sin 0 n
dy
(6.72)
sin mn
To avoid grating lobes, the spacing between the elements must be less than d y and d y
. In order a
true grating lobe to occur, both equations (6.71) and (6.72) must have a real solution mn ,mn .