AS91157- Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change
In order to achieve Excellence in this standard you are required to: Demonstrate comprehensive understanding which involves linking biological ideas about genetic variation and change. The discussion of ideas may involve justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, or analysing. This checklist is designed for you to use when you are studying this standard. Tick the boxes as you go to establish which concepts you know and which you may need to revise.
Unit 1: Genetic variation
By the end of this unit you should be able to:
Identify the different types of mutations that can occur Discuss how mutations can lead to genetic variation Describe the basic process of what happens in meiosis (specific names for phases is not necessary) Discuss the three ways that meiosis can contribute to increasing genetic variation in offspring. Discuss how sexual recombination (fertilisation) can increase genetic variation. Use the terms phenotype, genotype, homozygous and heterozygous correctly with confidence.
Unit 2: Monohybrid Inheritance
By the end of this unit you should be able to: Define monohybrid inheritance Differentiate between complete dominance, incomplete dominance and co-dominance from given examples. Discuss the differences between complete dominance, incomplete dominance and co-dominance with respect to expected phenotype ratios. Draw and complete a Punnett square to determine genotype ratios and phenotype ratios of offspring. Explain what occurs during a test-cross and the purpose for using a test cross. Explain what multiple alleles are and give an example Explain what lethal alleles are and discuss how we know when lethal alleles are present for a gene (hint: refer to phenotype ratios). Solve problems involving pedigree charts and Punnett squares.
Unit 3: Dihybrid Inheritance
By the end of this unit you should be able to: Define dihybrid inheritance
Explain the difference between no linkage and linkage between genes
in dihybrid inheritance Calculate the expected genotype ratio for non-linkage between two genes (cross two organisms that are heterozygous for both traits) Describe what linkage is and how it occurs Solve problems to determine whether there is linkage or no linkage between genes in a dihybrid cross and discuss why you know this.
Unit 4: Genetic populations
By the end of this unit you should be able to: Define gene pool, genetic population, genetic change and evolution. Calculate genetic change in a population using appropriate formulae. Discuss natural selection and its effect on genetic populations with reference to examples. Discuss sexual selection and its effect on genetic populations with reference to examples. Discuss artificial selection and its effect on genetic populations with reference to examples. Discuss how migration has an effect on genetic populations Describe what the bottle neck effect AND founder effect are and discuss the effects they have on allele frequencies. Discuss genetic drift and its effect on genetic populations with reference to allele frequencies.
The Evolutionary Mechanism of Human Dysfunctional Behavior: Relaxation of Natural Selection Pressures throughout Human Evolution, Excessive Diversification of the Inherited Predispositions Underlying Behavior, and Their Relevance to Mental Disorders