List of Mathematical Symbols

8/15/2016
ListofmathematicalsymbolsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Listofmathematicalsymbols
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thisisalistofsymbolsfoundwithinallbranchesofmathematicstoexpressaformulaortorepresentaconstant.
Whenreadingthelist,itisimportanttorecognizethatamathematicalconceptisindependentofthesymbolchosentorepresentit.Formanyofthesymbolsbelow,thesymbolisusually
synonymouswiththecorrespondingconcept(ultimatelyanarbitrarychoicemadeasaresultofthecumulativehistoryofmathematics),butinsomesituationsadifferentconventionmay
beused.Forexample,dependingoncontext,thetriplebar""mayrepresentcongruenceoradefinition.Further,inmathematicallogic,numericalequalityissometimesrepresentedby
""insteadof"=",withthelatterrepresentingequalityofwellformedformulas.Inshort,conventiondictatesthemeaning.
EachsymbolisshownbothinHTML,whosedisplaydependsonthebrowser'saccesstoanappropriatefontinstalledontheparticulardevice,andtypesetasanimageusingTeX.
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Guide
Basicsymbols
Symbolsbasedonequality
Symbolsthatpointleftorright
Brackets
Othernonlettersymbols
Letterbasedsymbols
7.1 Lettermodifiers
7.2 SymbolsbasedonLatinletters
7.3 SymbolsbasedonHebreworGreekletters
8 Variations
9 Seealso
10 References
11 Externallinks
Guide
Thislistisorganizedbysymboltypeandisintendedtofacilitatefindinganunfamiliarsymbolbyitsvisualappearance.Forarelatedlistorganizedbymathematicaltopic,seeListof
mathematicalsymbolsbysubject.ThatlistalsoincludesLaTeXandHTMLmarkupandUnicodecodepointsforeachsymbol.
Basicsymbols:Symbolswidelyusedinmathematics,roughlythroughfirstyearcalculus.Moreadvancedmeaningsareincludedwithsomesymbolslistedhere.
Symbolsbasedonequality"=":Symbolsderivedfromorsimilartotheequalsign,includingdoubleheadedarrows.Notsurprisinglythesesymbolsareoftenassociatedwith
anequivalencerelation.
Symbolsthatpointleftorright:Symbols,suchas<and>,thatappeartopointtoonesideoranother.
Brackets:Symbolsthatareplacedoneithersideofavariableorexpression,suchas|x|.
Othernonlettersymbols:Symbolsthatdonotfallinanyoftheothercategories.
Letterbasedsymbols:Manymathematicalsymbolsarebasedon,orcloselyresemble,aletterinsomealphabet.Thissectionincludessuchsymbols,includingsymbolsthat
resembleupsidedownletters.Manylettershaveconventionalmeaningsinvariousbranchesofmathematicsandphysics.Thesearenotlistedhere.TheSeealsosection,below,
hasseverallistsofsuchusages.
Lettermodifiers:Symbolsthatcanbeplacedonornexttoanylettertomodifytheletter'smeaning.
SymbolsbasedonLatinletters,includingthosesymbolsthatresembleorcontainanX
SymbolsbasedonHebreworGreekletterse.g.,,,,,,,,.Note:symbolsresemblingaregroupedwith"V"underLatinletters.
Variations:Usageinlanguageswrittenrighttoleft
Basicsymbols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
inTeX
Name
Readas
Explanation
Examples
Category
addition
plus
add
4+6meansthesumof4and6.
2+7=9
arithmetic
disjointunion
thedisjoint
unionof...
and...
A1+A2meansthedisjointunionofsetsA1and A1={3,4,5,6}A2={7,8,9,10}
A2.
A1+A2={(3,1),(4,1),(5,1),(6,1),(7,2),(8,2),(9,2),(10,2)}
settheory
subtraction
minus
take
subtract
94meansthesubtractionof4from9.
83=5
arithmetic
negativesign
negative
minus
3meanstheadditiveinverseofthenumber3.
theopposite
of
(5)=5
arithmetic
settheoretic
complement
ABmeansthesetthatcontainsallthe
elementsofAthatarenotinB.
minus
without
{1,2,4}{1,3,4}={2}
( canalsobeusedforsettheoretic
settheory complementasdescribedbelow.)
plusminus
plusorminus 63meansboth6+3and63.
plusorminus
measurement
minusplus
Note:{{sqrt|4}}wasusedtoget4.
arithmetic
plusminus
minusorplus
arithmetic
Theequationx=54 ,hastwosolutions,x=7andx=3.
102orequivalently1020%meansthe
rangefrom102to10+2.
Ifa=1001mm,thena99mmanda101mm.
6(35)means6+(35)and
6(3+5).
cos(xy)=cos(x)cos(y)sin(x)sin(y).
multiplication
times
34or34meansthemultiplicationof3by
multipliedby 4.
78=56
arithmetic
dotproduct
scalarproduct
dot
uvmeansthedotproductofvectorsuandv (1,2,5)(3,4,1)=6
linearalgebra
vectoralgebra
crossproduct
vector
i j k
product
uvmeansthecrossproductofvectorsuand (1,2,5)(3,4,1)=
1 2 5 =(22,16,2)
cross
v
3 4 1
linearalgebra
vectoralgebra
placeholder
Ameansaplaceholderforanargumentofa
function.Indicatesthefunctionalnatureofan
||
functional expressionwithoutassigningaspecificsymbolfor
analysis anargument.
(silent)
division
(Obelus)
dividedby
over
63or63meansthedivisionof6by3.
24=0.5
124=3
arithmetic
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quotientgroup
G/HmeansthequotientofgroupGmoduloits
quotientset
mod
{0,a,2a,b,b+a,b+2a}/{0,b}={{0,b},{a,b+a},{2a,b+2a}}
subgroup
H.
A/~
meansthesetofall
~equivalenceclassesin
mod
Ifwedefine~byx~yxy,then/~={x+n:n,x[0,1)}.
grouptheory A.
settheory
squareroot
the(principal) x meansthenonnegativenumberwhosesquare
4=2
squarerootof isx.
realnumbers
complex
squareroot
Ifz=rexp(i)isrepresentedinpolar
the(complex)
coordinateswith< ,then
squarerootof
z=rexp(i/2).
complex
numbers
1=i
summation
sumover...
from...to...
of
means
arithmetic
indefinite
integralor
antiderivative
indefinite
integralof
x3
2
f(x)dxmeansafunctionwhosederivativeisf. x dx= 3 +C
OR
the
antiderivative
of
calculus
definite
integral
integralfrom bf(x)dxmeansthesignedareabetweenthe
a
...to...of... xaxisandthegraphofthefunction
fbetween
withrespect x=a andx=b .
to
b3a3
b 2
ax dx= 3
calculus
lineintegral
Cfdsmeanstheintegraloffalongthecurve
line/path/ C, bf(r(t))|r'(t)|dt,whererisa
a
curve/integral parametrizationof
C.(Ifthecurveisclosed,the
of...along...
symbol maybeusedinstead,asdescribed
calculus
below.)
Similartotheintegral,butusedtodenoteasingle
integrationoveraclosedcurveorloop.Itis
sometimesusedinphysicstextsinvolving
equationsregardingGauss'sLaw,andwhilethese
formulasinvolveaclosedsurfaceintegral,the
representationsdescribeonlythefirstintegration
ofthevolumeovertheenclosingsurface.
Instanceswherethelatterrequiressimultaneous
Contour
integral
closedline
integral
contour
integralof
calculus
doubleintegration,thesymbol wouldbe
moreappropriate.Athirdrelatedsymbolisthe
closedvolumeintegral,denotedbythesymbol
1
IfCisaJordancurveabout0,then C z dz=2i.
Thecontourintegralcanalsofrequentlybefound
withasubscriptcapitalletterC, C,denoting
thataclosedloopintegralis,infact,arounda
contourC,orsometimesduallyappropriately,a
circleC.InrepresentationsofGauss'sLaw,a
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circleC.InrepresentationsofGauss'sLaw,a
subscriptcapitalS, S,isusedtodenotethat
theintegrationisoveraclosedsurface.
therefore
therefore
so
hence
Sometimesusedinproofsbeforelogical
consequences.
Allhumansaremortal.Socratesisahuman.Socratesismortal.
Sometimesusedinproofsbeforereasoning.
11isprimeithasnopositiveintegerfactorsotherthanitselfandone.
everywhere
because
because
since
everywhere
factorial
factorial
n!meanstheproduct12...n.
combinatorics
Thestatement!AistrueifandonlyifAisfalse.
logical
negation
not
Aslashplacedthroughanotheroperatoristhe
sameas"!"placedinfront.
propositional (Thesymbol!isprimarilyfromcomputer
logic science.Itisavoidedinmathematicaltexts,
!(!A)A
xy!(x=y)
wherethenotationAispreferred.)
ThestatementAistrueifandonlyifAisfalse.
logical
negation
Aslashplacedthroughanotheroperatoristhe
sameas""placedinfront.
(A)A
xy(x=y)
(Thesymbol~hasmanyotheruses,soor
propositional
logic theslashnotationispreferred.Computer
scientistswilloftenuse!butthisisavoidedin
mathematicaltexts.)
not
proportionality
isproportional
yxmeansthaty=kxforsomeconstantk.
to
variesas
ify=2x,thenyx.
everywhere
infinity
isanelementoftheextendednumberlinethat
isgreaterthanallrealnumbersitoftenoccursin
numbers limits.
infinity
(1)a+0:=a (def.)
(2)a+succ(b):=succ(a+b)(def.)
endofproof
QED
Usedtomarktheendofaproof.
tombstone
Halmosfinality
(MayalsobewrittenQ.E.D.)
symbol
everywhere
Proposition.3+2=5.
Proof.
3+2=3+succ(1)(definitionofsucc)
3+succ(1)=succ(3+1)(2)
succ(3+1)=succ(3+succ(0))(definitionofsucc)
succ(3+succ(0))=succ(succ(3+0))(2)
succ(succ(3+0))=succ(succ(3))(1)
succ(succ(3))=succ(4)=5(definitionofsucc)
Symbolsbasedonequality
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
inTeX
Name
Explanation
Readas
Examples
Category
equality
isequalto
equals
means and representthesamemathobject(Bothsymbolshavethesamevalue).
everywhere
inequality
isnotequalto
doesnotequal
(Theforms!=,/=or<>aregenerallyusedinprogramminglanguageswhereeaseoftyping
everywhere anduseofASCIItextispreferred.)
approximatelyequal
isapproximatelyequal
to
meansthat and donotrepresentthesamemathobject(Bothsymbolsdonothavethe

samevalue).
everywhere
isomorphism
xymeansxisapproximatelyequaltoy.
3.14159
Thismayalsobewritten,,~,(LibraSymbol),or.
GHmeansthatgroupGisisomorphic(structurallyidentical)togroupH.
isisomorphicto
grouptheory (canalsobeusedforisomorphic,asdescribedbelow.)
probabilitydistribution
hasdistribution
X~D,meanstherandomvariableXhastheprobabilitydistributionD.
statistics
Q8/C2V
X~N(0,1),thestandardnormal
distribution
rowequivalence
isrowequivalentto
A~BmeansthatBcanbegeneratedbyusingaseriesofelementaryrowoperationsonA
matrixtheory
sameorderof
magnitude
2~5
m~nmeansthequantitiesmandnhavethesameorderofmagnitude,orgeneralsize.
roughlysimilar
poorlyapproximates
(Notethat~isusedforanapproximationthatispoor,otherwiseuse.)
isontheorderof
approximationtheory
89~100
but210
similarity
issimilarto[1]
ABC~DEFmeanstriangleABCissimilarto(hasthesameshape)triangleDEF.
geometry
asymptotically
equivalent
isasymptotically
equivalentto
f~gmeans
a~bmeans
(andequivalently
x~x+1
asymptoticanalysis
equivalencerelation
areinthesame
equivalenceclass
).
1~5mod4
everywhere
=:
:=
x:=y,y=:xorxymeansxisdefinedtobeanothernamefory,undercertainassumptionstaken
incontext.
definition
isdefinedas
isequalbydefinitionto (Somewritersusetomeancongruence).
everywhere
PQmeansPisdefinedtobelogicallyequivalenttoQ.PQmeansifandonlyif(iff)
congruence
iscongruentto
ABCDEFmeanstriangleABCiscongruentto(hasthesamemeasurementsas)triangle
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geometry DEF.
isomorphic
GHmeansthatgroupGisisomorphic(structurallyidentical)togroupH.
VC2C2
isisomorphicto
abstractalgebra (canalsobeusedforisomorphic,asdescribedabove.)
congruencerelation
...iscongruentto...
modulo...
ab(modn)meansabisdivisiblebyn
52(mod3)
ABmeansAistrueifBistrueandAisfalseifBisfalse.
x+5=y+2x+3=y
modulararithmetic
materialequivalence
ifandonlyif
iff
propositionallogic
Symbolsthatpointleftorright
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
inTeX
Name
islessthan,
isgreaterthan
ordertheory
>
Examples
Category
strictinequality
<
Explanation
Readas
meansxislessthany.
meansxisgreaterthany.
propersubgroup
isapropersubgroupof
meansHisapropersubgroupofG.
grouptheory
significant(strict)
inequality
ismuchlessthan,
ismuchgreaterthan
xymeansxismuchlessthany.
xymeansxismuchgreaterthany.
0.0031000000
ordertheory
asymptoticcomparison fg meansthegrowthoffisasymptoticallyboundedbyg.
isofsmallerorderthan,
isofgreaterorderthan (ThisisI.M.Vinogradov'snotation.AnothernotationistheBigO
analyticnumbertheory notation,whichlookslikef=O(g).)
xex
absolutecontinuity
isabsolutelycontinuous
withrespectto
meansthat isabsolutelycontinuouswithrespectto ,i.e.,whenever If isthecountingmeasureon

,wehave
.
Lebesguemeasure,then
.
and isthe
measuretheory
xymeansxislessthanorequaltoy.
inequality
islessthanorequalto,
xymeansxisgreaterthanorequaltoy.
isgreaterthanorequal
to
(Theforms<=and>=aregenerallyusedinprogramminglanguages,where
ordertheory easeoftypinganduseofASCIItextispreferred.)
subgroup
isasubgroupof
HGmeansHisasubgroupofG.
grouptheory
34and55
54and55
ZZ
A3S3
If
reduction
isreducibleto
ABmeanstheproblemAcanbereducedtotheproblemB.Subscriptscan
computational beaddedtothetoindicatewhatkindofreduction.
complexitytheory
then
congruencerelation
...islessthan...is
greaterthan...
7k28(mod2)isonlytrueifkisaneveninteger.Assumethattheproblem
10a5(mod5)for1a10
requiresktobenonnegativethedomainisdefinedas0k .
modulararithmetic
xymeansthateachcomponentofvectorxislessthanorequaltoeach
correspondingcomponentofvectory.
vectorinequality
xymeansthateachcomponentofvectorxisgreaterthanorequaltoeach
...islessthanor
equal...isgreaterthan correspondingcomponentofvectory.
orequal...
Itisimportanttonotethatxyremainstrueifeveryelementisequal.
ordertheory However,iftheoperatorischanged,xyistrueifandonlyifxyis
alsotrue.
Karpreduction
isKarpreducibleto
ispolynomialtime
L L2meansthattheproblemL1isKarpreducibletoL2.[2]
manyonereducibleto 1
IfL 1L 2andL 2P,thenL 1P.
computational
complexitytheory
Nondominatedorder
isnondominatedby
Multiobjective
optimization
PQmeansthattheelementPisnondominatedbyelementQ.[3]
IfP1Q2then
normalsubgroup
NGmeansthatNisanormalsubgroupofgroupG.
Z(G)G
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isanormalsubgroupof NGmeansthatNisanormalsubgroupofgroupG.
ideal
isanidealof
antijoin
relationalalgebra
materialimplication
implies
if...then
thereisnotatupleinSthatisequalontheircommonattributenames.
ABmeansifAistruethenBisalsotrueifAisfalsethennothingissaid
aboutB.
(maymeanthesameas,oritmayhavethemeaningforfunctions
givenbelow.)
(subset)ABmeanseveryelementofAisalsoanelementofB.[5]
subset
settheory
(propersubset)ABmeansABbutAB.
(Somewritersusethesymbolasifitwerethesameas.)
ABmeanseveryelementofBisalsoanelementofA.
superset
isasupersetof
(2)Z
RSmeanstheantijoinoftherelationsRandS,thetuplesinRforwhich
propositionallogic,
Heytingalgebra (maymeanthesameas,[4]oritmayhavethemeaningforsuperset
givenbelow.)
isasubsetof
IRmeansthatIisanidealofringR.
ringtheory
theantijoinof
Z(G)G
grouptheory
settheory
ABmeansABbutAB.
(Somewritersusethesymbolasifitwerethesameas.)
x=2x2=4istrue,butx2=4x=2is
ingeneralfalse(sincexcouldbe2).
(AB)A
(AB)B
functionarrow
from...to
f:XYmeansthefunctionfmapsthesetXintothesetY.
Letf:{0}bedefinedbyf(x):=x2.
f:abmeansthefunctionfmapstheelementatotheelementb.
Letf:xx+1(thesuccessorfunction).
T1<:T2meansthatT1isasubtypeofT2.
IfS<:T andT<:UthenS<:U(transitivity).
x<ymeansthatxiscoveredbyy.
{1,8}<{1,3,8}amongthesubsetsof
{1,2,...,10}orderedbycontainment.
settheory,typetheory
functionarrow
mapsto
settheory
subtype
<:
<
isasubtypeof
typetheory
cover
iscoveredby
ordertheory
entailment
entails
modeltheory
ABmeansthesentenceAentailsthesentenceB,thatisineverymodelin
whichAistrue,Bisalsotrue.
AAA
inference
infers
isderivedfrom
xymeansyisderivablefromx.
ABBA
pnmeansthatpisapartitionofn.
(4,3,1,1)9,
propositionallogic,
predicatelogic
partition
isapartitionof
numbertheory
bravector
thebra...
thedualof...
|meansthedualofthevector|,alinearfunctionalwhichmapsaket|
ontotheinnerproduct|.
Diracnotation
ketvector
theket...
thevector...
|meansthevectorwithlabel,whichisinaHilbertspace.
Diracnotation
Aqubit'sstatecanberepresentedas|0+|1,
whereandarecomplexnumberss.t.
||2+||2=1.
Brackets
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
inTeX
Name
Explanation
Readas
Examples
Category
combination
means(inthecaseofn=positiveinteger)thenumberof
binomial
combinationsofkelementsdrawnfromasetofnelements.
coefficient
nchoosek
combinatorics
(ThismayalsobewrittenasC(n,k),C(nk),n Ck ,n Ck ,or
.)
multiset
coefficient
umultichoose
k
(whenuispositiveinteger)
combinatorics meansreverseorrisingbinomialcoefficient.
absolute
value
modulus
|3|=3
|x|meansthedistancealongtherealline(oracrossthecomplex
absolute
plane)betweenxandzero.
valueof
modulusof
|...|
|i|=1
|3+4i|=5
numbers
Euclidean
normor
Euclidean
lengthor
magnitude
|5|=|5|=5
|x|meansthe(Euclidean)lengthofvectorx.
Forx=(3,4)
Euclidean
normof
geometry
determinant
determinant
|A|meansthedeterminantofthematrixA
of
matrixtheory
cardinality
cardinalityof |X|meansthecardinalityofthesetX.
sizeof
orderof (#maybeusedinsteadasdescribedbelow.)
|{3,5,7,9}|=4.
settheory
norm
normof
lengthof
xmeansthenormoftheelementxofanormedvectorspace.[6]
x+yx+y
linearalgebra
...
nearest
integer
function
nearest
integerto
xmeansthenearestintegertox.
1=1,1.6=2,2.4=2,3.49=3
(Thismayalsobewritten[x],x,nint(x)orRound(x).)
numbers
{,}
setbrackets
thesetof... {a,b,c}meansthesetconsistingofa,b,andc.[7]
={1,2,3,...}
settheory
{:}
{|}
{}
setbuilder
notation
{x:P(x)}meansthesetofallxforwhichP(x)istrue.[7]{x|P(x)}
thesetof...
{n:n2<20}={1,2,3,4}
isthesameas{x:P(x)}.
suchthat
settheory
floor
xmeansthefloorofx,i.e.thelargestintegerlessthanorequalto
...
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...
floor
greatest
integer
entier
x.
4=4,2.1=2,2.9=2,2.6=3
(Thismayalsobewritten[x],floor(x)orint(x).)
numbers
ceiling
...
ceiling
xmeanstheceilingofx,i.e.thesmallestintegergreaterthanor
equaltox.
4=4,2.1=3,2.9=3,2.6=2
numbers (Thismayalsobewrittenceil(x)orceiling(x).)
...
nearest
integer
function
nearest
integerto
xmeansthenearestintegertox.
2=2,2.6=3,3.4=3,4.49=4
(Thismayalsobewritten[x],||x||,nint(x)orRound(x).)
numbers
[:]
degreeofa
field
extension
[(2):]=2
[K:F]meansthedegreeoftheextensionK:F.
[:]=2
thedegreeof
[:]=
fieldtheory
equivalence
class
[a]meanstheequivalenceclassofa,i.e.{x:x~a},where~isan Leta~bbetrueiffab(mod5).
the
equivalencerelation.
equivalence
Then[2]={...,8,3,2,7,...}.
classof
[a]Rmeansthesame,butwithRastheequivalencerelation.
abstract
algebra
floor
floor
greatest
integer
entier
numbers
nearest
integer
function
nearest
integerto
[x]meansthefloorofx,i.e.thelargestintegerlessthanorequalto
x.
[3]=3,[3.5]=3,[3.99]=3,[3.7]=4
(Thismayalsobewrittenx,floor(x)orint(x).Nottobe
confusedwiththenearestintegerfunction,asdescribedbelow.)
[x]meansthenearestintegertox.
(Thismayalsobewrittenx,||x||,nint(x)orRound(x).Nottobe
confusedwiththefloorfunction,asdescribedabove.)
[2]=2,[2.6]=3,[3.4]=3,[4.49]=4
numbers
Iverson
bracket
[]
[,]
1iftrue,0
otherwise
[0=5]=0,[7>0]=1,[2{2,3,4}]=1,[5{2,3,4}]=0
propositional
logic
image
[,,]
[S]mapsatruestatementSto1andafalsestatementSto0.
f[X]means{f(x):xX},theimageofthefunctionfundertheset
Xdom(f).
imageof...
under... (Thismayalsobewrittenasf(X)ifthereisnoriskofconfusing
everywhere theimageoffunderXwiththefunctionapplicationfofX.
AnothernotationisImf,theimageoffunderitsdomain.)
closed
interval
closed
interval
0and1/2areintheinterval[0,1].
ordertheory
commutator
the
[g,h]=g1h1gh(orghg1h1),ifg,hG(agroup).
commutator
of
[a,b]=abba,ifa,bR(aringorcommutativealgebra).
grouptheory,
ringtheory
x y=x[x,y](grouptheory).
[AB,C]=A[B,C]+[A,C]B(ringtheory).
triplescalar
product
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thetriple [a,b,c]=abc,thescalarproductofabwithc.
scalar
productof
[a,b,c]=[b,c,a]=[c,a,b].
vector
calculus
function
application
of
f(x)meansthevalueofthefunctionfattheelementx.
Iff(x):=x 2,thenf(3)=32=9.
settheory
f(X)means{f(x):xX},theimageofthefunctionfundertheset
Xdom(f).
image
imageof...
under... (Thismayalsobewrittenasf[X]ifthereisariskofconfusing
everywhere theimageoffunderXwiththefunctionapplicationfofX.
AnothernotationisImf,theimageoffunderitsdomain.)
precedence
grouping
parentheses
Performtheoperationsinsidetheparenthesesfirst.
(8/4)/2=2/2=1,but8/(4/2)=8/2=4.
everywhere
()
(,)
tuple
tuplentuple
ordered
pair/triple/etc
rowvector
sequence
Anorderedlist(orsequence,orhorizontalvector,orrowvector)of
(a,b)isanorderedpair(or2tuple).
values.
(Notethatthenotation(a,b)isambiguous:itcouldbean
orderedpairoranopeninterval.Settheoristsandcomputer
scientistsoftenuseanglebracketsinsteadofparentheses.)
(a,b,c)isanorderedtriple(or3tuple).
()istheemptytuple(or0tuple).
everywhere
highest
common
factor
highest
common
(a,b)meansthehighestcommonfactorofaandb.
factor
greatest
(Thismayalsobewrittenhcf(a,b)orgcd(a,b).)
common
divisorhcf
gcd
(3,7)=1(theyarecoprime)(15,25)=5.
number
theory
(,)
],[
(,]
],]
.
4isnotintheinterval(4,18).
(Notethatthenotation(a,b)isambiguous:itcouldbean
openinterval
orderedpairoranopeninterval.Thenotation]a,b[canbeused (0,+)equalsthesetofpositiverealnumbers.
ordertheory instead.)
openinterval
leftopen
interval
halfopen
interval
leftopen
interval
(1,7]and(,1]
[4,18)and[1,+)
ordertheory
[,)
[,[
rightopen
interval
halfopen
interval
rightopen
interval
ordertheory
u,vmeanstheinnerproductofuandv,whereuandvare
membersofaninnerproductspace.
Notethatthenotationu,vmaybeambiguous:itcouldmean
innerproduct theinnerproductorthelinearspan.
innerproduct
Thestandardinnerproductbetweentwovectorsx=(2,3)andy=(1,5)is:
Therearemanyvariantsofthenotation,suchasu|vand(u| x,y=21+35=13
of
v),whicharedescribedbelow.Forspatialvectors,thedot
linearalgebra
productnotation,xyiscommon.Formatrices,thecolon
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notationA:Bmaybeused.Asandcanbehardtotype,the
more"keyboardfriendly"forms<and>aresometimesseen.
Theseareavoidedinmathematicaltexts.
foratimeseries:g(t)(t=1,2,...)
average
averageof
statistics
linearspan
letSbeasubsetofNforexample,
theelementinS.
representstheaverageofall wecandefinethestructurefunctionsSq ( ):
SmeansthespanofSV.Thatis,itistheintersectionofall
subspacesofVwhichcontainS.
u1,u2,...isshorthandfor{u1,u2,...}.
(linear)span
of
linearhullof Notethatthenotationu,vmaybeambiguous:itcouldmean
theinnerproductorthelinearspan.
linearalgebra
ThespanofSmayalsobewrittenasSp(S).
subgroup
generatedby
aset
meansthesmallestsubgroupofG(whereSG,agroup)
containingeveryelementofS.
thesubgroup
isshorthandfor
.
generatedby
InS3,
and
grouptheory
tuple
tuplentuple Anorderedlist(orsequence,orhorizontalvector,orrowvector)of
ordered
values.
pair/triple/etc
rowvector (Thenotation(a,b)isoftenusedaswell.)
sequence
isanorderedpair(or2tuple).
isanorderedtriple(or3tuple).
istheemptytuple(or0tuple).
everywhere
u|vmeanstheinnerproductofuandv,whereuandvare
membersofaninnerproductspace.[8](u|v)meansthesame.
|
(|)
innerproduct
Anothervariantofthenotationisu,vwhichisdescribed
innerproduct
above.Forspatialvectors,thedotproductnotation,xyis
of
common.Formatrices,thecolonnotationA:Bmaybeused.As
linearalgebra andcanbehardtotype,themore"keyboardfriendly"forms
<and>aresometimesseen.Theseareavoidedinmathematical
texts.
Othernonlettersymbols
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
inTeX
Name
Explanation
Readas
Examples
Category
convolution
convolution
convolvedwith fgmeanstheconvolutionoffandg.
functional
analysis
complex
conjugate
zmeansthecomplexconjugateofz.
.
conjugate
( canalsobeusedfortheconjugateofz,as
complex describedbelow.)
numbers
groupofunits R consistsofthesetofunitsoftheringR,alongwiththe
operationofmultiplication.
thegroupof
unitsof
ThismayalsobewrittenRasdescribedabove,or
ringtheory
U(R).
hyperreal
numbers
the(setof)
hyperreals
Rmeansthesetofhyperrealnumbers.Othersetscan
beusedinplaceofR.
Nisthehypernaturalnumbers.
nonstandard
analysis
Hodgedual
vmeanstheHodgedualofavectorv.Ifvisakvector
Hodgedual
withinanndimensionalorientedinnerproductspace,
If
Hodgestar
thenvisan(nk)vector.
linearalgebra
arethestandardbasisvectorsof
proportionality
isproportional
yxmeansthaty=kxforsomeconstantk.
to
variesas
ify=2x,thenyx.
everywhere
Karp
reduction[9]
isKarp
reducibleto
ispolynomial ABmeanstheproblemAcanbepolynomially
timemanyone reducedtotheproblemB.
reducibleto
IfL1L2andL2P,thenL1P.
computational
complexity
theory
settheoretic
complement
minus
without
throwout
not
ABmeansthesetthatcontainsallthoseelementsofA
thatarenotinB.[5]
{1,2,3,4}{3,4,5,6}={1,2}
(canalsobeusedforsettheoreticcomplementas
describedabove.)
settheory
conditional
event
given
P(A|B)meanstheprobabilityoftheeventAoccurring
giventhatBoccurs.
ifXisauniformlyrandomdayoftheyearP(XisMay25|XisinMay)=1/31
probability
restriction
restrictionof...
f|AmeansthefunctionfisrestrictedtothesetA,thatis,it
to...
Thefunctionf:RRdefinedbyf(x)=x 2isnotinjective,butf|R+isinjective.
isthefunctionwithdomainAdom(f)thatagreeswithf.
restrictedto
settheory
suchthat
suchthat
sothat
|means"suchthat",see":"(describedbelow).
S={(x,y)|0<y<f(x)}
Thesetof(x,y)suchthatyisgreaterthan0andlessthanf(x).
everywhere
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abmeansadividesb.
divisor,divides abmeansadoesnotdivideb.
divides
numbertheory (Thesymbolcanbedifficulttotype,andits
negationisrare,soaregularbutslightlyshorter
verticalbar|characterisoftenusedinstead.)
exact
divisibility
pa nmeanspa exactlydividesn(i.e.pa dividesnbut

exactlydivides pa+1doesnot).
numbertheory
parallel
Since15=35,itistruethat315and515.
23 360.
xymeansxisparalleltoy.
xymeansxisnotparalleltoy.
xymeansxisequalandparalleltoy.
Iflmandmnthenln.
isparallelto
geometry (Thesymbolcanbedifficulttotype,andits
negationisrare,sotworegularbutslightlylonger
verticalbar||charactersareoftenusedinstead.)
incomparability
is
incomparable xymeansxisincomparabletoy.
to
{1,2}{2,3}undersetcontainment.
ordertheory
cardinality
cardinalityof #XmeansthecardinalityofthesetX.
sizeof
orderof
(|...|maybeusedinsteadasdescribedabove.)
#{4,6,8}=3
settheory
connectedsum
connectedsum
of
A#BistheconnectedsumofthemanifoldsAandB.IfA
knotsumof
andBareknots,thenthisdenotestheknotsum,which A#SmishomeomorphictoA,foranymanifoldA,andthesphereSm.
knot
hasaslightlystrongercondition.
compositionof
topology,knot
theory
primorial
primorial
numbertheory
n#isproductofallprimenumberslessthanorequalto
n.
12#=235711=2310
:means"suchthat",andisusedinproofsandtheset
buildernotation(describedbelow).
n:niseven.
suchthat
suchthat
sothat
everywhere
fieldextension
extends
over
fieldtheory
innerproduct
ofmatrices
K:FmeansthefieldKextendsthefieldF.
ThismayalsobewrittenasKF.
A:BmeanstheFrobeniusinnerproductofthematrices
AandB.
innerproduct Thegeneralinnerproductisdenotedbyu,v,u|v
of
or(u|v),asdescribedbelow.Forspatialvectors,the
linearalgebra dotproductnotation,xyiscommon.Seealsobraket
notation.
indexofa
subgroup
indexof
subgroup
TheindexofasubgroupHinagroupGisthe"relative
size"ofHinG:equivalently,thenumberof"copies"
(cosets)ofHthatfillupG
grouptheory
division
dividedby
over
A:BmeansthedivisionofAwithB(dividingAbyB)
10:2=5
everywhere
verticalellipsis Denotesthatcertainconstantsandtermsaremissingout
verticalellipsis (e.g.forclarity)andthatonlytheimportanttermsare
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everywhere beinglisted.
wreath
product
AHmeansthewreathproductofthegroupAbythe
groupH.
wreath
productof...
ThismayalsobewrittenAwrH.
by...
isisomorphictotheautomorphismgroupofthecompletebipartitegraph
on(n,n)vertices.
grouptheory
x+4=x3
downwards
zigzagarrow
Denotesthatcontradictorystatementshavebeen
contradiction
inferred.Forclarity,theexactpointofcontradictioncan
thiscontradicts
beappended.
that
everywhere
Statement:Everyfinite,nonempty,orderedsethasalargestelement.Otherwise,
let'sassumethat isafinite,nonempty,orderedsetwithnolargestelement.
Then,forsome
,thereexistsan
with
,butthenthere's
alsoan
with
,andsoon.Thus,
aredistinct
elementsin . isfinite.
exclusiveor
xor
ThestatementABistruewheneitherAorB,butnot
(A)Aisalwaystrue,AAisalwaysfalse.
propositional both,aretrue.ABmeansthesame.
logic,Boolean
algebra
directsum
directsumof
Thedirectsumisaspecialwayofcombiningseveral
objectsintoonegeneralobject.
abstract (Thebunsymbol,orthecoproductsymbol,is
algebra usedisonlyforlogic.)
Kulkarni
Nomizu
product
Kulkarni
Nomizu
product
Mostcommonly,forvectorspacesU,V,andW,thefollowingconsequenceis
used:
U=VW(U=V+W)(VW={0})
Derivedfromthetensorproductoftwosymmetrictype
(0,2)tensorsithasthealgebraicsymmetriesofthe
Riemanntensor.
hascomponents
.
tensoralgebra
D'Alembertian ItisthegeneralisationoftheLaplaceoperatorinthe
waveoperator sensethatitisthedifferentialoperatorwhichisinvariant
nonEuclidean undertheisometrygroupoftheunderlyingspaceandit
Laplacian reducestotheLaplaceoperatorifrestrictedtotime
vectorcalculus independentfunctions.
Letterbasedsymbols
Includesupsidedownletters.
Lettermodifiers
Alsocalleddiacritics.
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
inTeX
Name
Explanation
Readas
Examples
Category
mean
overbar
...bar
(oftenreadas"xbar")isthemean(averagevalueof ).
statistics
finitesequence,
tuple
finitesequence, meansthefinitesequence/tuple
tuple
modeltheory
algebraic
closure
algebraic
closureof
isthealgebraicclosureofthefieldF.
Thefieldofalgebraicnumbersissometimesdenotedas becauseitisthe
algebraicclosureoftherationalnumbers .
fieldtheory
complex
conjugate
meansthecomplexconjugateofz.
conjugate
(zcanalsobeusedfortheconjugateofz,asdescribed
complex above.)
numbers
topological
closure
isthetopologicalclosureofthesetS.
(topological)
closureof Thismayalsobedenotedascl(S)orCl(S).
topology
unitvector
hat
geometry
Inthespaceoftherealnumbers,
realnumbers).
(therationalnumbersaredenseinthe
(pronounced"ahat")isthenormalizedversionofvector ,
havinglength1.
estimator
estimatorfor
istheestimatorortheestimatefortheparameter .
Theestimator
producesasampleestimate
forthemean .
statistics
derivative
...prime
derivativeof
f(x)meansthederivativeofthefunctionfatthepointx,i.e.,
theslopeofthetangenttofatx.
Iff(x):=x 2,thenf(x)=2x.
(Thesinglequotecharacter'issometimesusedinstead,
calculus especiallyinASCIItext.)
derivative
...dot
timederivative
of
meansthederivativeofxwithrespecttotime.Thatis
.
Ifx(t):=t 2,then
calculus
SymbolsbasedonLatinletters
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Name
Symbol
in
HTML
Readas
Symbol
Explanation
Category
inTeX
Examples
universalquantification
forall
forany
foreach
forevery
x:P(x)meansP(x)istrueforallx.
n:n2n.
means{a+bi:a,b}.
i=1
predicatelogic
complexnumbers
C
the(setof)complexnumbers
numbers
cardinalityofthecontinuum
cardinalityofthecontinuum
c
cardinalityoftherealnumbers
Thecardinalityof isdenotedby
letterC).
orbythesymbol (alowercaseFraktur
settheory
partialderivative
f/x imeansthepartialderivativeoffwithrespecttox i,wherefisafunctionon
Iff(x,y):=x 2y,thenf/x=2xy,
(x 1,...,x n ).
partial
d
calculus
boundary
boundaryof
MmeanstheboundaryofM
{x:||x||2}={x:||x||=2}
topology
degreeofapolynomial
fmeansthedegreeofthepolynomialf.
(x 21)=2
degreeof
algebra (Thismayalsobewrittendegf.)
expectedvalue
thevalueofarandomvariableonewould"expect"tofindifonecouldrepeatthe
randomvariableprocessaninfinitenumberoftimesandtaketheaverageofthe
probabilitytheory valuesobtained
expectedvalue
existentialquantification
thereexists
thereis
thereare
x:P(x)meansthereisatleastonexsuchthatP(x)istrue.
n:niseven.
!x:P(x)meansthereisexactlyonexsuchthatP(x)istrue.
!n:n+5=2n.
predicatelogic
uniquenessquantification
thereexistsexactlyone
predicatelogic
setmembership
isanelementof
isnotanelementof
everywhere,settheory
setmembership
doesnotcontainasanelement
settheory
suchthatsymbol
suchthat
mathematicallogic
settheory
(1/2)1
21
SemeansthesamethingaseS,whereSisasetandeisnotanelementof
S.
oftenabbreviatedas"s.t.":and|arealsousedtoabbreviate"suchthat".Theuse Choose 2| and3| .(Here|is
ofgoesbacktoearlymathematicallogicanditsusageinthissenseisdeclining. usedinthesenseof"divides".)
setmembership
containsasanelement
aSmeansaisanelementofthesetS[7]aSmeansaisnotanelementof
S.[7]
SemeansthesamethingaseS,whereSisasetandeisanelementofS.
quaternionsorHamiltonian
quaternions
H
the(setof)quaternions
means{a+bi+cj+dk:a,b,c,d}.
numbers
Nmeanseither{0,1,2,3,...}or{1,2,3,...}.
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naturalnumbers
the(setof)naturalnumbers
numbers
Thechoicedependsontheareaofmathematicsbeingstudiede.g.number
theoristspreferthelatteranalysts,settheoristsandcomputerscientists
prefertheformer.Toavoidconfusion,alwayscheckanauthor'sdefinition
ofN.
Settheoristsoftenusethenotation(forleastinfiniteordinal)todenote
thesetofnaturalnumbers(includingzero),alongwiththestandard
orderingrelation.
Fortwomatrices(orvectors)ofthesamedimensions
Hadamardproductisamatrixofthesamedimensions
entrywiseproduct
elementsgivenby
.
linearalgebra InMATLABthisoperationisexpressedbyA.*B.
Hadamardproduct
the
with
functioncomposition
fgisthefunctionsuchthat(fg)(x)=f(g(x)).[10]
composedwith
settheory
={|a|:a}or={|a|>0:a
}
BigOnotation
bigohof
Computationalcomplexitytheory
TheBigOnotationdescribesthelimitingbehaviorofafunction,whenthe
argumenttendstowardsaparticularvalueorinfinity.
iff(x):=2x,andg(x):=x+3,then(f
g)(x)=2(x+3).
Iff(x)=6x42x3+5andg(x)=x4,
then
projectivespace
P
theprojectivespace
theprojectiveline
theprojectiveplane
meansaspacewithapointatinfinity.
topology
probability
(X)meanstheprobabilityoftheeventXoccurring.
theprobabilityof
probabilitytheory ThismayalsobewrittenasP(X),Pr(X),P[X]orPr[X].
GivenasetS,thepowersetofSisthesetofallsubsetsofthesetS.Thepower
setofS0is
Powerset
thePowersetof
Powerset denotedbyP(S).
Ifafaircoinisflipped,(Heads)=
(Tails)=0.5.
ThepowersetP({0,1,2})isthesetof
allsubsetsof{0,1,2}.Hence,
P({0,1,2})={,{0},{1},{2},{0,
1},{0,2},{1,2},{0,1,2.}}
3.14000...
rationalnumbers
Q
the(setof)rationalnumbers
therationals
means{p/q:p,q}.
numbers
realnumbers
R
the(setof)realnumbers
thereals
meansthesetofrealnumbers.
(1)
numbers
conjugatetranspose
conjugatetranspose
AmeansthetransposeofthecomplexconjugateofA.[11]
adjoint
Hermitian
T T T
T
adjoint/conjugate/transpose/dagger ThismayalsobewrittenA ,A ,A ,A orA .
IfA=(aij)thenA=(aji).
matrixoperations
transpose
ATmeansA,butwithitsrowsswappedforcolumns.
transpose
t
tr
matrixoperations ThismayalsobewrittenA,A orA .
IfA=(aij)thenAT=(aji).
topelement
thetopelement
meansthelargestelementofalattice.
x:x=
meansthetoporuniversaltypeeverytypeinthetypesystemofinterestisa
subtypeoftop.
typesT,T<:
xymeansxisperpendiculartoyormoregenerallyxisorthogonaltoy.
Iflmandmnintheplane,thenl
||n.
latticetheory
toptype
thetoptypetop
typetheory
perpendicular
isperpendicularto
geometry
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orthogonalcomplement
orthogonal/perpendicular
complementof
perp
W meanstheorthogonalcomplementofW(whereWisasubspaceoftheinner
Within
productspaceV),thesetofallvectorsinVorthogonaltoeveryvectorinW.
linearalgebra
coprime
iscoprimeto
xymeansxhasnofactorgreaterthan1incommonwithy.
3455
ABmeansAisaneventwhoseprobabilityisindependentofeventB.
IfAB,thenP(A|B)=P(A).
meansthesmallestelementofalattice.
x:x=
meansthebottomtype(a.k.a.thezerotypeoremptytype)bottomisthe
subtypeofeverytypeinthetypesystem.
typesT,<:T
xymeansthatxiscomparabletoy.
{e,}{1,2,e,3,}underset
containment.
ABmeansthesetofthoseelementswhichareeitherinA,orinB,orin
both.[5]
AB(AB)=B
ABmeansthesetthatcontainsallthoseelementsthatAandBhavein
common.[5]
{x:x 2=1}={1}
numbertheory
independent
isindependentof
probability
bottomelement
thebottomelement
latticetheory
bottomtype
thebottomtype
bot
typetheory
comparability
iscomparableto
ordertheory
settheoreticunion
theunionof...or...
union
settheory
settheoreticintersection
intersectedwith
intersect
settheory
logicaldisjunctionorjoinina
lattice
or
max
join
propositionallogic,latticetheory
logicalconjunctionormeetina
lattice
and
min
meet
ThestatementABistrueifAorB(orboth)aretrueifbotharefalse,the
statementisfalse.
ForfunctionsA(x)andB(x),A(x)B(x)isusedtomeanmax(A(x),B(x)).
ThestatementABistrueifAandBarebothtrueelseitisfalse.
ForfunctionsA(x)andB(x),A(x)B(x)isusedtomeanmin(A(x),B(x)).
n4n2n3whennisa
naturalnumber.
n<4n>2n=3whennisa
naturalnumber.
propositionallogic,latticetheory
wedgeproduct
wedgeproduct
exteriorproduct
exterioralgebra
uvmeansthewedgeproductofanymultivectorsuandv.Inthreedimensional
Euclideanspacethewedgeproductandthecrossproductoftwovectorsare
eachother'sHodgedual.
a^bmeansaraisedtothepowerofb
exponentiation
(a^bismorecommonlywrittenab .Thesymbol^isgenerallyusedin
2^3=23=8
everywhere programminglanguageswhereeaseoftypinganduseofplainASCIItextis
preferred.)
...(raised)tothepowerof...
multiplication
34meansthemultiplicationof3by4.
times
multipliedby
(Thesymbol*isgenerallyusedinprogramminglanguages,whereeaseoftyping
arithmetic anduseofASCIItextispreferred.)
78=56
Cartesianproduct
theCartesianproductof...and... XYmeansthesetofallorderedpairswiththefirstelementofeachpair
thedirectproductof...and... selectedfromXandthesecondelementselectedfromY.
{1,2}{3,4}={(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),
(2,4)}
settheory
crossproduct
cross
uvmeansthecrossproductofvectorsuandv
linearalgebra
(1,2,5)(3,4,1)=
(22,16,2)
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RconsistsofthesetofunitsoftheringR,alongwiththeoperationof
groupofunits
thegroupofunitsof
ringtheory
tensorproduct,tensorproductof
modules
tensorproductof
multiplication.
ThismayalsobewrittenRasdescribedbelow,orU(R).
meansthetensorproductofVandU.[12]
productofmodulesVandUovertheringR.
meansthetensor
linearalgebra
semidirectproduct
thesemidirectproductof
grouptheory
semijoin
thesemijoinof
relationalalgebra
naturaljoin
thenaturaljoinof
relationalalgebra
Z
p
Zn
N HisthesemidirectproductofN(anormalsubgroup)andH(asubgroup),
withrespectto.Also,ifG=N H,thenGissaidtosplitoverN.
(mayalsobewrittentheotherwayround,as,oras.)
RSisthesemijoinoftherelationsRandS,thesetofalltuplesinRforwhich
thereisatupleinSthatisequalontheircommonattributenames.
R S= a 1,..,a n(R S)
RSisthenaturaljoinoftherelationsRandS,thesetofallcombinationsof
tuplesinRandSthatareequalontheircommonattributenames.
means{...,3,2,1,0,1,2,3,...}.
integers
the(setof)integers
{1,2,3,4}{1,1,2}=
{{1,1,2},{2,2,4},{3,3,6},{4,4,
8}}
+or>means{1,2,3,...}.
={p,p:p{0}}
numbers * ormeans{0,1,2,3,...}.
n means{[0],[1],[2],...[n1]}withadditionandmultiplicationmodulon.
integersmodn
the(setof)integersmodulon
numbers
Notethatanylettermaybeusedinsteadofn,suchasp.Toavoidconfusion
withpadicnumbers,use/por/(p)instead.
3={[0],[1],[2]}
padicintegers
the(setof)padicintegers
Zp
numbers Notethatanylettermaybeusedinsteadofp,suchasnorl.
SymbolsbasedonHebreworGreekletters
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Symbol
in
HTML
Symbol
Name
Explanation
Readas
inTeX
Examples
Category
alephnumber
aleph
settheory
bethnumber
beth
settheory
representsaninfinitecardinality(specifically,thethone,
whereisanordinal).
||=0,whichiscalledalephnull.
representsaninfinitecardinality(similarto,butdoesnot
necessarilyindexallofthenumbersindexedby.).
Diracdelta
function
(x)
Diracdeltaof
hyperfunction
Kronecker
delta
ij
Kronecker
deltaof
hyperfunction
Functional
derivative
Functional
derivativeof
Differential
operators
symmetric
difference
symmetric
difference
settheory
AB(orAB)meansthesetofelementsinexactlyoneofAor
{1,5,6,8}{2,5,8}={1,2,6}
B.
(Nottobeconfusedwithdelta,,describedbelow.)
{3,4,5,6}{1,2,5,6}={1,2,3,4}
xmeansa(noninfinitesimal)changeinx.
delta
delta
changein
(Ifthechangebecomesinfinitesimal,andevendareused
instead.Nottobeconfusedwiththesymmetricdifference,
calculus written,above.)
isthegradientofastraightline.
Laplacian
Laplace
operator
vector
calculus
TheLaplaceoperatorisasecondorderdifferentialoperatorinn
dimensionalEuclideanspace
Ifisatwicedifferentiablerealvaluedfunction,thentheLaplacianofis
definedby
gradient
del
f(x1,...,xn )isthevectorofpartialderivatives(f/x 1,...,f/
nabla
gradientof x n ).
Iff(x,y,z):=3xy+z,thenf=(3y,3x,2z)
vector
calculus
divergence
deldot
divergenceof
If
,then
If
,then
vector
calculus
curl
curlof
vector
calculus
Pi
pi
Usedinvariousformulasinvolvingcirclesisequivalenttothe
3.1415926... amountofareaacirclewouldtakeupinasquareofequalwidth
A=R2=314.16R=10
355113 withanareaof4squareunits,roughly3.14159.Itisalsotheratio
mathematical ofthecircumferencetothediameterofacircle.
constant
projection
Projectionof
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relational
algebra
restricts tothe
attributeset.
Homotopy
group
consistsofhomotopyequivalenceclassesofbasepoint
thenth
Homotopy preservingmapsfromanndimensionalsphere(withbasepoint)
groupof intothepointedspaceX.
Homotopy
theory
product
productover
...from...to
...of
means
arithmetic
Cartesian
product
theCartesian
productof
thedirect
productof
meansthesetofall(n+1)tuples
(y0,...,yn ).
settheory
coproduct
Ageneralconstructionwhichsubsumesthedisjointunionofsets
coproduct
andoftopologicalspaces,thefreeproductofgroups,andthe
over...from
directsumofmodulesandvectorspaces.Thecoproductofa
...to...of
familyofobjectsisessentiallythe"leastspecific"objecttowhich
category eachobjectinthefamilyadmitsamorphism.
theory
selection
Theselection
selectsallthosetuplesin forwhich
Selectionof holdsbetweenthe andthe attribute.Theselection
relational selectsallthosetuplesin forwhich holdsbetweenthe
algebra attributeandthevalue .
summation
sumover...
from...to...
of
means
arithmetic
{}
emptyset
theemptyset
meansthesetwithnoelements.[7]{}meansthesame.
nullset
{n:1<n2<4}=
settheory
Variations
InmathematicswritteninArabic,somesymbolsmaybereversedtomakerighttoleftwritingandreadingeasier.[13]
Seealso
Greeklettersusedinmathematics,science,andengineering
Diacritic
ISO3111(Mathematicalsignsandsymbolsforuseinphysicalsciencesandtechnology)
Latinlettersusedinmathematics
Listofmathematicalabbreviations
Listofmathematicalsymbolsbysubject
MathematicalAlphanumericSymbols(Unicodeblock)
Mathematicalconstantsandfunctions
Mathematicalnotation
MathematicaloperatorsandsymbolsinUnicode
Notationinprobabilityandstatistics
Physicalconstants
Tableoflogicsymbols
Tableofmathematicalsymbolsbyintroductiondate
Typographicalconventionsinmathematicalformulae
References
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8/15/2016
1."MathisFunwebsite".
2.Rnyai,Lajos(1998),Algoritmusok(Algorithms),TYPOTEX,ISBN9639132160
3.Deb,K.Pratap,A.Agarwal,S.Meyarivan,T.(2002)."Afastandelitistmultiobjectivegeneticalgorithm:NSGAII".IEEETransactionsonEvolutionaryComputation.6(2):182.
doi:10.1109/4235.996017.
4.Copi,IrvingM.Cohen,Carl(1990)[1953],"Chapter8.3:ConditionalStatementsandMaterialImplication",IntroductiontoLogic(8thed.),NewYork:MacmillanPublishers(United
States),pp.268269,ISBN0023250356,LCCN89037742
5.Goldrei,Derek(1996),ClassicSetTheory,London:ChapmanandHall,p.4,ISBN0412606100
6.Nielsen,MichaelAChuang,IsaacL(2000),QuantumComputationandQuantumInformation,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,p.66,ISBN0521635039,OCLC43641333
8.Nielsen,MichaelAChuang,IsaacL(2000),QuantumComputationandQuantumInformation,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,p.62,ISBN0521635039,OCLC43641333
9.Berman,KennethAPaul,JeromeL.(2005),Algorithms:Sequential,Parallel,andDistributed,Boston:CourseTechnology,p.822,ISBN0534420575
11.Nielsen,MichaelAChuang,IsaacL(2000),QuantumComputationandQuantumInformation,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,pp.6970,ISBN0521635039,OCLC43641333
12.Nielsen,MichaelAChuang,IsaacL(2000),QuantumComputationandQuantumInformation,NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,pp.7172,ISBN0521635039,OCLC43641333
13.M.Benatia,A.Lazrik,andK.Sami,"ArabicmathematicalsymbolsinUnicode(http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab/doc/expose/unicodeme.pdf)",27thInternationalizationandUnicode
Conference,2005.
Externallinks
ThecompletesetofmathematicsUnicodecharacters(http://krestavilis.com/math.php)
JeffMiller:EarliestUsesofVariousMathematicalSymbols(http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html)
Numericana:ScientificSymbolsandIcons(http://www.numericana.com/answer/symbol.htm)
GIFandPNGImagesforMathSymbols(http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html)
MathematicalSymbolsinUnicode(http://tlt.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/math.html#browsers)
UsingGreekandspecialcharactersfromSymbolfontinHTML(http://www.alanwood.net/demos/symbol.html)
UnicodeMathSymbols(http://mathsymbols.net/)aquickformforusingunicodemathsymbols.
DeTeXifyhandwrittensymbolrecognition(http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html)doodleasymbolinthebox,andtheprogramwilltellyouwhatitsnameis
HandbookforSpokenMathematics(http://web.efzg.hr/dok/MAT/vkojic/Larrys_speakeasy.pdf)pronunciationguidetomanycommonlyusedsymbols
SomeUnicodechartsofmathematicaloperators:
IndexofUnicodesymbols(http://www.unicode.org/charts/#symbols)
Range2100214F:UnicodeLetterlikeSymbols(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2100.pdf)
Range219021FF:UnicodeArrows(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2190.pdf)
Range220022FF:UnicodeMathematicalOperators(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2200.pdf)
Range27C027EF:UnicodeMiscellaneousMathematicalSymbolsA(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U27C0.pdf)
Range298029FF:UnicodeMiscellaneousMathematicalSymbolsB(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf)
Range2A002AFF:UnicodeSupplementaryMathematicalOperators(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2A00.pdf)
SomeUnicodecrossreferences:
ShortlistofcommonlyusedLaTeXsymbols(http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index.php/LaTeX:Symbols)andComprehensiveLaTeXSymbolList(http://mirrors.med.h
arvard.edu/ctan/info/symbols/comprehensive/)
MathMLCharacters(http://www.robinlionheart.com/stds/html4/entitiesmathml)sortsoutUnicode,HTMLandMathML/TeXnamesononepage
UnicodevaluesandMathMLnames(http://www.w3.org/TR/RECMathML/chap6/bycodes.html)
UnicodevaluesandPostscriptnames(http://svn.ghostscript.com/ghostscript/branches/gsdb/Resource/Decoding/Unicode)fromthesourcecodeforGhostscript
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List of Mathematical Symbols

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List of Mathematical Symbols

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means and representthesamemathobject(Bothsymbolshavethesamevalue).

meansthat and donotrepresentthesamemathobject(Bothsymbolsdonothavethe

meansthat isabsolutelycontinuouswithrespectto ,i.e.,whenever If isthecountingmeasureon

IfL 1L 2andL 2P,thenL 1P.

pa nmeanspa exactlydividesn(i.e.pa dividesnbut

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