API 571 Special Material Problems

Material
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
Damaging Mechanism
N/A
N/A
Sigma Phase Embrittlement
Dissimilar Metal Weld Cracking
Cavitation
Mechanical Fatigue
Reheat Cracking
Reheat Cracking
Reheat Cracking
Corrosion Under Insulation
Cooling Water Corrosion
Boiler H2O Condensate Corr
CO2 Corrosion
Flue Gas Dew-Point Corrosion
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

DAMAGING MECHANISMS vs. MATERIALS
Ref. Para.
Remarks
3.1.1
Austenitic
3.1.2
Austenitic refers to 300 Series SS
4.2.6.2 a These series are susceptible to SPE
4.2.6.2 a Cast 300 Series are highly susceptible due to high 10-40% ferrite content
4.2.6.3 d SPE forms rapidly in the ferrite phase of 300 series
4.2.6.3 d SPE forms 300 series SS base metal austenite phase, but more slowly
4.2.6.3 e 300 series SS can exhibit about 10% - 15% sigma phase
4.2.6.4 b 300 series SS weld overlays & tube welds can be embrittled during PWHT of base metal
4.2.6.5 c Tests on samples of sigmatized 304 SS show 39 ft-lb at 1200 0F
4.2.6.6 c 300 Series SS can be de-sigmatized by solution annealing at 1950 0F
4.2.12.1 Cracking can occur between austenitic and ferritic welds operating at high temp
4.2.12.3 b Cracking occurs ferritic/austenitic due to coef of thermal expansion differ by 30% or >
4.2.12.3 c Cracking occurs due to increase temps and thermal expansion of metals
4.2.12.3 h Diss welds w/ SS on a ferritic steel results w/ a narrow region of hardness @ toe of weld
4.2.12.4 b Dissimilar weld used in piping at FCC Rx, fired heaters at 5Cr or 9Cr to 300 SS change
4.2.12.4 c Dissimilar weld used in superheaters and reheaters at low Cr to 300 SS are affected
4.2.12.5 b Welds joining 300 Series SS to 400 Series are also affected
4.2.12.6 b If 300 SS electrodes are used, the dissimilar weld should be located in low temp region
4.2.15.2 300 Series SS materials are affected
4.25.16.3 d The use of 300 Series SS materials are critical factors in this damaging mechanism
4.2.19.2
The use of 300 Series SS materials are affected materials in this damaging mechanism
4.2.19.3 f Stress relief and heat treatment of 300 SS for other processes, can cause reheat cracking
4.2.19.7 b UT and PT examination can be used to detect cracks in 300 SS materials
4.3.3.2
The use of 300 Series SS materials are affected materials in this damaging mechanism
4.3.3.4 b 300 Series SS are subject to pitting and localized corrosion
4.3.3.4 c 300 Series SS are subject to SCC if chlorides are present
4.3.3.6 c 300 Series SS piping w/ insulation that has Cl, are subject to SCC and pitting
4.3.3.7 d 300 Series SS piping to have insulation w/ low chlorides to prevent SCC and pitting
4.3.4.3 h 300 Series SS can suffer pitting, crevice corrosion and SCC in brackish and salt water
4.3.5.2
4.3.6.6 c
4.3.7.2
Some of the primarily affected materials are 300 Series SS

300 Series SS are highly resistant to this damaging mechanism
300 Series SS are affected materials
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS

Microbiologically Induced Corr
Caustic Corrosion
Caustic Corrosion
Oxidation
Oxidation
Oxidation
Sulfidation
Sulfidation
Sulfidation
Carburization
Carburization
Metal Dusting
Nitriding
Nitriding
Chloride Stress Corr Cracking
Caustic Stress Corrosion
Ammonia Stress Corr Cracking
Liquid Metal Embrittlement
Amine Corrosion
Amine Corrosion
300 Series SS
Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion
4.3.7.4 b
4.3.7.5 b
4.3.7.6 b
4.3.7.7 b
4.3.8.2
4.3.10.2
4.3.10.6 c
4.4.1.2 b
4.4.1.3 c
4.4.1.5 b
4.4.2.2 a
4.4.2.3 d
4.4.2.6 b
4.4.3.2
4.4.3.3
4.4.5.2
4.4.7.2
4.4.7.7
4.5.1.1
4.5.1.2
4.5.1.3 k
4.5.1.4
4.5.1.5 d
4.5.1.5 e
4.5.1.6 e
4.5.3.2
4.5.3.5 d
4.5.3.6 b
4.5.4.6 iv
4.5.5.2
4.5.5.4 b
4.5.5.6
4.5.5.7 c
5.1.1.1.2
5.1.1.1.6 c
SS feed water heaters may get Chloride SCC on the gas side when H 2O temp is < dew point
For 300 Series SS feed water heaters, SCC will have surface breaking cracks
Avoid 300 Series SS in feedwater heaters if environment contains Chlorides
SCC of 300 Series SS can be found using VT and PT inspection
Serious corrosion problems in high strength caustic solutions
All 300 Series SS oxidize to varying degrees depending on composition and temperature
300 Series SS are resistant to scaling up to about 1500 0F
300 Series SS have dark thin scale unless exposed to high temp where metal loss is rapid
300 Series SS have good resistance due to the increased amount of Cr
Piping & equip. constructed from 300SS have significant resistance
Nitrided layers are magnetic, therefore 300 Series SS should be an initial screening
Surface initiated cracks caused by environmental cracking
All 300 Series SS are susceptible to this damaging mechanism
Low nickel SS such as duplex have improved resistance over the 300 SS
All 300 Series SS piping & equip. with Chlorides are susceptible
Sometimes intergranular cracking of sensitized SS can been seen
Welds in 300 SS contain ferrite producing a duplex structure which is more resistant
High temp stress relief after fabrication may reduce residual stresses
Cracking in 300 SS is transgranular and difficult to distinguish from Chloride SCC
300 Series SS offer little advantage in resistance to cracking over CS
300 Series SS alloys are immune
LME can occur where LME couples are found. i.e. 300 SS in contact with galvanized steel
LME can be prevented i.e. 300 SS not welded to galvanized steel
Cracks can be detected using PT inspection methods
Up grading to 300 Series SS should be used in flashing areas
5.1.1.2.2 b 300 Series SS are more resistant depending on NH 4Hs concentration
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
Ammonium Chloride Corrosion

Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion
High Temp H2/H2S Corrosion
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
300 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series Samples

8850F Embrittlement
Brittle Fracture
Cavitation
Mechanical Fatigue
CO2 Corrosion
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion

Naphthenic Acid Corrosion
Sour Water Corrosion
Polythionic Acid SCC
Carbonate SCC
High Temp H2 Attack
High Temp H2 Attack
Titanium Hydriding

Oxidation
Sulfidation
Sulfidation
Carburization
Nitriding
H2 Embrittlement
5.1.1.3.2 All 300 Series SS are susceptible to this damaging mechanism

5.1.1.4.5 b 300 Series SS may suffer pitting and Chloride SCC
5.1.1.5.2
300 Series SS have good resistance to this damaging mechanism
5.1.1.5.6 b
5.1.1.6.2 c
5.1.1.7.2
5.1.1.10.5 b
5.1.1.10.6 a
5.1.2.1.2
5.1.2.5.6 b
5.1.3.1.3 f
5.1.3.1.6 f
5.1.3.2.3 c

300 Series SS are susceptible to corr. and or cracking and are not generally suitable
300 Series SS are susceptible to pitting, crevice corr, and Chloride SCC
300 Series SS can be used below 140 0F where Chloride SCC is not likely
300 Series SS are highly susceptible to this damaging mechanism
Cracking can be eliminated by using solid or clad barriers
300 Series SS are not susceptible to this damaging mechanism
300 Series SS overlay and or roll bond clad is used in this damaging mechanism
Galvanic contact w/ titanium and 300 Series promotes damage this mechanism
3.1.7
4.2.5.2 a
4.2.6.2 b
4.2.7.2
4.2.12.5 b
4.2.15.2
4.25.16.3 d
4.3.3.4 b
Ferritic 400 SS include the 400 series 405, 409, 430, 442, 446
400 Series SS are highly susceptible to this damaging mechanism
400 Series SS are also susceptible to this damaging mechanism
400 Series SS are susceptible to this damaging mechanism
Welds joining 300 Series SS to 400 Series are also affected
400 Series SS materials are affected this damaging mechanism
The use of 400 Series SS materials are critical factors in this damaging mechanism
400 Series SS are subject to pitting and localized corrosion
4.3.6.6 e
4.3.8.2
4.4.1.2 b
4.4.2.2 a
4.4.2.6 b
4.4.3.2
4.4.7.2
4.5.1.3 l
4.5.6.2
5.1.1.4.5 b
400 Series SS are also resistant to this damaging mechanism

All 400 Series SS oxidize to varying degrees depending on composition and temperature
Piping & equip. constructed from 400SS have significant resistance
400 Series SS are not susceptible to this damaging mechanism
400 Series SS are affected materials by this damaging mechanism
400 Series SS may suffer pitting and Chloride SCC
5.1.1.5.2 400 Series SS have better resistance than 300 Series SS to this damaging mechanism
5.1.1.6.2 c 400 Series SS are susceptible to corr. and or cracking and are not generally suitable
5.1.1.7.2 Some of the primarily affected materials are 400 Series SS
400 Series SS
400 Series SS
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Alloy 400
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys

Wet H2S Damage (HIC/SOHIC/SSC)
5.1.1.7.5 b In low velocity condensing conditions, 400 SS may show uniform loss and or pitting
5.1.2.3.4 d SSC is likely to be found in hard welds, HAZ and in 400 Series SS valve trim
Caustic Corrosion
Dealloying
Amine Corrosion
Hydrogen Stress Cracking
Carbonate SCC
4.3.10.6 c
4.3.11.2
4.5.5.4 c
5.1.1.4.3 f
5.1.1.6.2 a
5.1.1.6.3 h
5.1.1.6.4 b
5.1.1.6.5 d
5.1.1.6.5 e
5.1.1.6.5 e
5.1.1.6.6 a
5.1.1.6.6 d
5.1.1.6.6 e
5.1.2.2.6 b
5.1.2.4.6 f
5.1.2.5.6 b
400 Series SS exhibit much lower corrosion rates in this damaging mechanism
400 Series SS are affected by this damaging mechanism
In refineries, mercury in crude oils can condense and embrittling Alloy 400
Alloy 400 has good resistance to dilute HCL
Some of the primarily affected materials are Alloy 400
Oxygen contamination increases the corr. rate and promotes SCC of Alloy 400
HF acid rerun/regenerator tower are affected by this damaging mechanism
Alloy 400 shows uniform loss in thickness with no significant scaling
Non stress relieved Alloy 400 is susceptible to SCC when in contact w/ moist HF vapors
Stress relieved Alloy 400 can reduce the susceptible of SCC
Carbon steel operating above 1500F may have to be replaced with Alloy 400
Alloy 400 can be used to eliminate blistering and HIC/SOHIC problems
Alloy C-276 is used where there has been cracking problems with Alloy 400
Alloy 400 should be used in this damaging mechanism in lieu of carbon steel
Alloy 400 is not susceptible to this cracking, but transgranular cracking if not PWHT
Alloy 400 should be used in this damaging mechanism in lieu of carbon steel
Terms
Thermal Shock
Cavitation
Reheat Cracking
Reheat Cracking
Cooling Water Corrosion
Caustic Corrosion
Oxidation
Sulfidation
Sulfidation
Carburization
Metal Dusting
Nitriding
3.1.1
4.2.13.3 c
4.2.15.2
4.2.19.2
4.2.19.7 b
4.3.4.2
4.3.8.2
4.3.10.6 c
4.4.1.2 b
4.4.2.2 b
4.4.2.3 d
4.4.3.2
4.4.5.2
4.4.7.2 b
4.5.1.1
4.5.1.2 c
Refers to austenitic structure

Nickel base alloys have lower coefficients of expansion than SS
Nickel base alloys are affected by this damaging mechanism
UT and PT examination can be used to detect cracks in Ni base alloys
Nickel base alloys exhibit much lower corrosion rates in this damaging mechanism
Nickel base alloys oxidize to varying degrees depending on composition and temperature
Nickel base alloys are affected to varying degrees depending on composition and Cr content
The resistance to this damaging mechanism is determined by the amount of Cr. content
Nickel base alloys are more resistant to this damaging mechanism
Surface initiated cracks caused by environmental cracking
Nickel base alloys has good resistance to Chloride SCC
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys

Ammonia Stress Corr Cracking
H2 Embrittlement
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys

Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
Ni Base Alloys
4.5.3.2
4.5.3.6 c
4.5.4.6 iv
4.5.5.2
4.5.5.7 c
4.5.6.2
Nickel base alloys are more resistant

Nickel base alloys are more resistant to cracking and may be for higher temp or conc.
Nickel base alloys are immune to this damaging mechanism
Cracks can be detected using PT inspection methods
5.1.1.2.2 b Nickel base alloys are more resistant depending on NH 4Hs concentration
5.1.1.3.6 Nickel base alloys are more resistant but may suffer pitting corrosion
5.1.1.4.3 f Nickel base alloys has good resistance to dilute HCL
5.1.1.4.6a ii In crude units, up grading carbon steel can help reduce HCL corrosion problems
5.1.1.4.6b iii In hydroprocessing units, use corrosion resistance nickel base alloys

5.1.1.5.3 g
5.1.1.6.2 b
5.1.1.7.2
5.1.1.10.2 b
Reheat Cracking
Polythionic Acid SCC
4.2.19.2
5.1.2.1.2
Terms
Phenol Corrosion
Phenol Corrosion
Sulfuric Acid Corrosion
3.1.15
5.1.1.2.6 f
5.1.1.3.2
5.1.1.6.2 b
5.1.1.6.6 e
5.1.1.8.2
5.1.1.8.6 f
5.1.1.11.2
Nickel base alloy containing nickel as the major alloying element (>30%)
Alloy C276 have been used in OH condensers in SWS units
Other nickel base alloys such as C276 has also been used this service
Alloy C-276 is used where there has been cracking problems with Alloy 400
Alloy C276 has the highest resistance for this service
Alloy C276 has been used areas where SS 316L is adequate
Alloy C276 has the highest resistance for this service
Alloy 20
Alloy 20
Alloy 20
Alloy 20
Phosphoric Acid Corrosion

Phosphoric Acid Corrosion
5.1.1.9.2
5.1.1.9.6 c
5.1.1.11.2
5.1.1.11.6 b
Alloy 20 has the highest resistance for this service

Alloy 20 are effective at concentrations up to 85% at boiling temp
Alloy 20 has the highest resistance for this service
Alloy 20 resist dilute acid corrosion and form a protective iron sulfate film on the surface
Alloy 904
Alloy 800/800H
Alloy 800/800H
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Alloy C276
Copper Alloys
Dealloying
Chromium containing nickel base alloys are similar to SS and provide similar resistance
Other nickel base alloys such as C276 has also been used this service
Nickel base alloys are usually resistant to this service
Alloys 800/800H are affected by this damaging mechanism
Alloys 600/600H and 800/800H are affected by this damaging mechanism
5.1.1.11.6 b Alloy 904L resist dilute acid corrosion and form a protective iron sulfate film on the surface
4.3.11.2
Copper alloys are affected by this damaging mechanism
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Copper Alloys
Dealloying
Ammonia SCC
Ammonia SCC
Ammonia SCC
Ammonia SCC
Ammonia SCC
Ammonia SCC
4.3.11.6 b
4.5.4.1
4.5.4.2 a
4.5.4.3 a
4.5.4.5a iii
4.5.4.6
4.5.4.7 a
4.5.5.2
5.1.1.2.5 d
5.1.1.10.2 b
5.1.1.10.6 b
Alloy 825
5.1.1.2.6 d Use resistant materials of construction at velocities above 20 fps
Duplex SS
Duplex SS
Duplex SS
4.2.6.3 d
4.3.3.2
4.3.3.2
Tin tends to inhibit dealloying of copper alloys

Aqueous streams containing ammonia may cause SCC of some copper alloys
Cracks can be either transgranular or intergranular depending on environment
The 90-10 CuNi and 70-30 CuNi alloys are nearly immune
Inspect heat exchanger tubes using EC and pay attention to the rolled areas
Ammonium Bisulfide rapidly corrodes copper alloys
Copper alloys are usually resistant to this service
Copper alloys are generally not susceptible to acid sour water corrosion
Duplex SS

CO2 Corrosion
SPE forms rapidly in the ferrite phase that exists in duplex SS

Duplex SS are affected by this damaging mechanism
Duplex SS are less susceptible to this damaging mechanism
Duplex SS
Duplex SS
Duplex SS

Duplex SS are resistant to this damaging mechanism

5.1.1.2.2 b Duplex SS are more resistant depending on NH4Hs concentration
5.1.1.2.6 d Use resistant materials of construction at velocities above 20 fps
5.1.1.3.2 Duplex SS are affected by this damaging mechanism
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium
Titanium
Mechanical Fatigue
Titanium Hydriding
Titanium Hydriding
4.2.16.3 c
5.1.1.2.6 f
5.1.1.4.3 g
5.1.1.4.6a ii
5.1.3.2.2
5.1.3.2.6 a
4.3.6.6 e
This material exhibits an endurance limit below which fatigue will no occur
Titanium has been used in OH condensers in SWS units
Titanium performs well in oxidizing conditions but fails rapidly in dry HCL service
Titanium tubes in crude units will solve most OH condenser tube corrosion problems
Titanium alloys are affected by this damaging mechanism
Titanium should not be used in known hydriding services such as amine or sour water

API 571 Special Material Problems

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API 571 Special Material Problems

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Material

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

Some of the primarily affected materials are 300 Series SS

Flue Gas Dew-Point Corrosion

Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion

Ammonium Chloride Corrosion

High Temp H2/H2S Corrosion

400 Series Samples

Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion

Microbiologically Induced Corr

5.1.1.3.2 All 300 Series SS are susceptible to this damaging mechanism

300 Series SS have good resistance to this damaging mechanism

300 Series SS are highly resistant to this damaging mechanism

400 Series SS are also resistant to this damaging mechanism

Naphthenic Acid Corrosion

Refers to austenitic structure

Caustic Stress Corrosion

Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion

Nickel base alloys are more resistant

Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion

Phosphoric Acid Corrosion

Alloy 20 has the highest resistance for this service

Sulfuric Acid Corrosion

Copper alloys are affected by this damaging mechanism

Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion

5.1.1.2.6 d Use resistant materials of construction at velocities above 20 fps

Tin tends to inhibit dealloying of copper alloys

Sigma Phase Embrittlement

SPE forms rapidly in the ferrite phase that exists in duplex SS

Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion

Duplex SS are resistant to this damaging mechanism

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