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THERMAL ENERGY
Vocabulary Review
Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Use each term once.
convection
heat engine
entropy
heat of fusion
specific heat
heat of vaporization
thermal conduction
heat
radiation
thermal equilibrium
thermal equilibrium
1. _________________________
heat
2. _________________________
specific heat
3. _________________________
heat of fusion
4. _________________________
first law of thermodynamics The ____ states that the change in thermal energy of an object
5. _________________________
equals the heat added to the object minus the work done by
the object.
thermal conduction
6. _________________________
entropy
7. _________________________
heat engine
8. _________________________
heat of vaporization
11. _________________________
radiation
12. _________________________
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average
1. _________________________
true
2. _________________________
thermal
3. _________________________
true
4. _________________________
0K
5. _________________________
273 K
6. _________________________
true
7. _________________________
8. _____
unit of specific heat
f
a. K
e
9. _____
heat
b. S
d
10. _____
degree Celsius
c. T
a
11. _____
Kelvin
d. C
b
12. _____
entropy
e. Q
g
13. _____
energy change
f. J/(kgK)
c
14. _____
temperature change
g. E
15. Why is the Kelvin temperature scale rather than the Celsius temperature scale used in science?
Use kinetic energy in your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________
In the Kelvin scale, there are no negative temperatures. All temperatures are
related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules, with 0 K being the zero
____________________________________________________________________________________
point of kinetic energy.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 12 Thermal Energy
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16. The diagram shows the construction of the inner liner of a
vacuum bottle. How does a vacuum bottle prevent the transfer
of thermal energy:
a. by conduction?
Thermal conduction occurs when particles in contact with each other transfer energy
from particle to particle. In__________________________________________
a vacuum the particles are too far apart to transfer
energy efficiently, if at all. Insulating materials, such as the cork, also are poor
conductors of energy since__________________________________________
the particles are farther apart than in metals
b. by convection?
(conductors).
Convection
is a transfer of energy within a fluid. With the
__________________________________________
bottle tightly closed, thermal energy cannot be lost to the
__________________________________________
atmosphere
and instead is contained within the inner
container.
__________________________________________
c.
by radiation?
The mirrored
walls of the container physically interferes with the direct radiation of energy to or
_________________________________________________________________________
from the inner container holding the liquid.
_________________________________________________________________________
17. What is the specific heat of a metal if it takes 15,000 J of heat to raise the temperature of a
620-g sample from 15.0C to 85.0C?
A student uses a foam cup as a calorimeter. The student places 100.0 g of water at 20C in the cup.
The student adds 100.0 g of lead shot at 120C to the cup. The water and shot are then allowed to
reach thermal equilibrium. The specific heat of lead is 130 J/(kgK).
18. Is Q for the water positive or negative?
____________________________________________________________________________________
positive
19. Is Q for the lead shot positive or negative?
negative
____________________________________________________________________________________
20. Assuming that no thermal energy is lost to the surroundings, how does the total energy of the
system compare with the total energy of the water and lead before mixing?
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SECTION 2 Changes of State and Thermodynamics
In your textbook, read about changes of state.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
c. heat of fusion
b. melting point
d. freezing point
2. The temperature at which all added thermal energy is used to change a liquid to a gas is the
_____ .
a. boiling point
c. heat of fusion
b. melting point
d. heat of vaporization
3. How does the amount of energy absorbed by 1 g of ice as it melts compare to the amount of
energy released by 1 g of water as it freezes?
a. More energy is released by the ice than is absorbed by the water.
b. More energy is absorbed by the water than is released by the ice.
c. The amounts of energy absorbed and released depend on the surrounding temperature.
d. They are the same.
4. Which equation correctly relates heat, mass, and the heat of vaporization?
a. Q m Hv
c. Q m/Hv
b. Q mHv
d. Q Hv/m
6. How does the amount of energy needed to melt 1 kg of ice at 0C compare to the amount of
energy needed to change 1 kg of water to steam at 100C? The heat of fusion of water is
3.34105 J/kg, and the heat of vaporization of water is 2.26106 J/kg.
a. It takes about two-thirds as much energy to boil the water as to melt the ice.
b. It takes the same amount of energy to boil the water and melt the ice.
c. It takes about two-thirds as much energy to melt the ice as to boil the water.
d. It takes more than six times as much energy to boil the water as to melt the ice.
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Answer the following questions. Show your calculations.
b.
How much energy would be released if the steam at 140.0C were cooled to water at
60.0C?
In your textbook, read about the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, and entropy.
Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.
The change in thermal energy of an object is equal to the heat that is added to the
____________________________________________________________________________________
object minus the work done by the object.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
10. Some people think that they can cool off a hot kitchen by leaving the refrigerator door open.
Why is that not true?
Hot air from the room will transfer energy to the cooler air in the refrigerator. When
____________________________________________________________________________________
it reaches a certain temperature, the thermostat in the refrigerator will turn the
motor on to remove heat from the air inside the refrigerator. However, some of the
____________________________________________________________________________________
heat from the motor is lost to the surroundings, continuously heating the air in the
room.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
11. When paint dries, does its entropy increase or decrease? Is this an instance where the second
law of thermodynamics does not apply? Explain your answer.
Overall, there is an increase in entropy, so the second law holds. The system in which the
____________________________________________________________________________________
paint is acting includes the water or other solvent that made the paint a liquid. When the
paint dries, the liquid absorbs energy and changes state from a liquid to a gas. The entropy
of the gas is greater than the entropy of the liquid.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 12 Thermal Energy
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For each statement, circle 1 or 2 to indicate whether the statement relates more closely to the first law of
thermodynamics or the second law of thermodynamics.
12. The total entropy of the universe tends to increase. (1) (2)
13. A change in the thermal energy of a system depends on the work done by the system and the
heat added to a system. (1) (2)
14. Thermal energy flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects. (1) (2)
15. The amount of useful energy tends to decrease. (1) (2)
16. A heat engine converts thermal energy to mechanical energy. (1) (2)
17. Using mechanical energy, a refrigerator removes thermal energy from warmer bodies. (1) (2)
18. The moving parts in an automobile engine generate waste heat. (1) (2)
Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences.
Without a heat sink, heat would not flow spontaneously from the hot reservoir
____________________________________________________________________________________
and the engine could do no work.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
20. How does energy efficiency relate to the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
The more efficient a device is, the more work it can do for the amount of energy
____________________________________________________________________________________
it uses. Less energy is wasted because that energy does not get converted and
released as thermal energy.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
21. Why is it important for appliance and automobile manufacturers to make their products as
energy-efficient as possible?
Efficient products waste less energy and so can use less energy, making them
____________________________________________________________________________________
cheaper to operate.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Study Guide
Teacher Support
THERMAL ENERGY
1. thermal equilibrium
2. heat
3. specific heat
4. heat of fusion
5. first law of thermodynamics
6. thermal conduction
7. entropy
8. heat engine
9. second law of thermodynamics
10. convection
11. heat of vaporization
2. true
350 J/(kg K)
(0.62 kg)(85.0C 15.0C)
3. thermal
18. positive
4. true
19. negative
5. 0 K
6. 273 K
12. radiation
7. true
8. f
10. d
For water:
Q
Tf Ti
mC
11. a
293 K
9. e
12. b
5100 J
(0.1000 kg)(4180 J/(kg K))
305 K 32C
13. g
14. c
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Study Guide
Teacher Support
Thermodynamics
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
12. 2
5. c
13. 1
6. d
7.
14. 2
Q
5.00 10 J
0.0150 kg
Hf 3.34 105 J/kg
3
15. 2
16. 1
17. 1
18. 2
19. Without a heat sink, heat would not flow
spontaneously from the hot reservoir and
the engine could do no work.
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