Professional Documents
Culture Documents
electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor
11/14/2011
Originally published at Electrical Notes Articles
Calculation:
Lighting Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 1.0
Lighting Demand Load = 5 kW x 1.0 = 5 kW
Receptacle Outlet Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (15 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 0.1 = 0.1
Receptacle Outlet Demand Load = 15 x 1500 watts x 0.1 = 2.25 kW
Lathe Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
= (5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 =0 .33
1/12
kW
D.F.
Demand KW
Lighting
Receptacle Outlets
22.5
.1
2.25
Lathe
7.5
.33
2.46
Air Compressor
15
0.5
7.46
Fire Pump
11.25
0.0
0.0
TOTAL
61.25 Kw
17.17 Kw
2/12
3/12
Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to determine the
maximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process. You have to understand
what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will size the feeder. Note for typical
buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or have a data records to create 24 hours load
graph and you can determine the maximum demand load for node then you can easily determine the feeder
and transformer size.
The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individual consumers
divided by the maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible to compute the diversity
factor on a substation, a transmission line or a whole utility system.
The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors usually of 1.4,
street light practically unity and other loads vary between these limits.
Diversity Factors
Residential
Commercial
General
Power
Large
Industrial
2.00
1.46
1.45
Between transformers
1.30
1.30
1.35
1.05
Between feeders
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.05
Between substations
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
2.00
1.46
1.44
2.60
1.90
1.95
1.15
3.00
2.18
2.24
1.32
3.29
2.40
2.46
1.45
0.9
4 and 5
0.8
6 to 9
0.7
10 and more
0.6
4/12
Lighting
0.9
0.8
Socket-outlets
0.7
0.75
0.8
2 To 4
5To 19
0.78
10To 14
0.63
15To 19
0.53
20To 24
0.49
25To 29
0.46
30 To 34
0.44
35 To 39
0.42
40To 40
0.41
50 To Above
0.40
Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a given
installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this fact is taken into
account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity Factor (ks).
5/12
The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or subdistribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since it requires a
detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual circuits are to be exploited.
For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general application.
Designing Size of Electrical Switchgear by use of Demand Factor and Diversity Factor:
Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.
Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.
Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design.
For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand factor to
determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the maximum demand of the
feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub feeders divided by the diversity factor for
the sub feeders will give the maximum demand load to be supplied by the feeder from which the sub feeders
are derived.
Example-1: Suppose We have four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA, 200 kVA, 150
kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85% respectively.Use a diversity factor of 1.5.
Calculating demand for feeder-circuits
250 kVA x 90% = 225 kVA
200 kVA x 80% = 160 kVA
150 kVA x 75% = 112.5 kVA
400 kVA x 85% = 340 kVA
837.5 kVA
The sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA.
If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA 1.00 = 837.5 kVA.
The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer.
However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA 1.5 = 558 kVA for the main feeder.
For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used.
Example-2: A conveyor belt made up of six sections, each driven by a 2 kW motor. As material is
transported along this belt, it is first carried by section 1, and then each section in succession until the
final section is reached. In this simple example only one section of conveyor is carrying material at any
point in time. Therefore five motors are only handling no-load mechanical losses (say .1 kW) keeping
the belts moving whilst one motor is handling the load (say 1 kW). The demand presented by each
motor when it is carrying its load is 1 kW, the sum of the demand loads is 6 kW but the maximum load
presented by the system at any time is only 1.5 kW.
Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max. Demand = 6 Kw / 1.5 Kw =4.
Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load = 1.5 Kw / 12 Kw = 0.125.
6/12
Its value is always less than one. Because maximum demand is always more than avg. demand.
It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor, lesser will be the
cost per unit.
Load Factor = Load that a piece of equipment actually draws / Load it could draw (full load).
Example: Motor of 20 hp drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on.
The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%.
Load factor is term that does not appear on your utility bill, but does affect electricity costs. Load factor
indicates how efficiently the customer is using peak demand.
Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / ( peak demand (kW) x hours/month )
A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that occasionally a high
demand is set. To service that peak, capacity is sitting idle for long periods, thereby imposing higher costs on
the system. Electrical rates are designed so that customers with high load factor are charged less overall per
kWh.
For Example
Customer A High Load Factor
82% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 5 kW x 730 hours/month.
Customer B Low Load Factor
41% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 10kW x 730 hours/month.
To encourage the efficient use of installed capacity, electricity rates are structured so the price per kWh above
a certain load factor is lower. The actual structure of the price blocks varies by rate.
Maximum demand
Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits, switches and
protective devices. It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload or short circuit conditions.
7/12
Assessment of maximum demand is sometimes straightforward. For example, the maximum demand of a
240 V single-phase 8 kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8 kW) by the voltage (240
V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This calculation assumes a power factor of unity, which is a reasonable
assumption for such a purely resistive load.
There are times, however, when assessment of maximum demand is less obvious. For example, if a ring
circuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should not be 15 x 13 = 195 A, if only because
the circuit protection will not be rated at more than 32 A. Some 13 A sockets may feed table lamps with 60 W
lamps fitted, whilst others may feed 3 kW washing machines; others again may not be loaded at all.
Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-holder must be assumed to carry
the current required by the connected load, subject to a minimum loading of 100 W per lamp holder (a
demand of 0.42 A per lamp holder at 240 V). Discharge lamps are particularly difficult to assess, and current
cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power by supply voltage. The reasons for this are:
1. Control gear losses result in additional current,
2. the power factor is usually less than unity so current is greater, and
3. Chokes and other control gear usually distort the waveform of the current so that it contains harmonics which
are additional to the fundamental supply current.
So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current demand for the
circuit can be calculated from:
current (A) = (lamp power (W) x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)
For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W fluorescent lamps would
be: I = 10X65X1.8A / 240 = 4.88A
Switches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are required to carry,
unless they have been specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing resulting from the switching of
such inductive and capacitive loads.
Demand Factor
Load Factor
Arc Furnace
0.55
0.80
0.44
Induction Furnace
0.90
0.80
0.72
0.80
0.25
0.20
a) Single Shift
0.45
0.25
0.11
b) Double Shift
0.45
0.50
0.22
Mechanical/ Electrical
8/12
Cycle Industry
0.40
0.40
0.16
Wire products
0.35
0.40
0.14
Auto Parts
0.40
0.50
0.20
Forgings
0.50
0.35
0.17
a) Working Season
0.60
0.65
0.39
b) Non-Working Season
0.25
0.15
0.04
a) Working Season
0.70
0.80
0.56
b) Non-Working Season
0.05
0.30
0.01
a) Working Season
0.50
0.65
0.32
b) Non-Working Season
0.50
0.10
0.05
a) Working Season
0.80
0.65
0.52
b) Non-Working Season
0.80
0.10
0.08
a) Working Season
0.70
0.25
0.17
b) Non-Working Season
0.10
0.10
0.01
Spinning Mills
0.60
0.80
0.48
Textile Industry
0.50
0.80
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.20
Ghee Mills
0.50
0.50
0.25
Oil Mills
0.70
0.50
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.22
Cold Storage
Rice Shellers
Ice Factories
Cotton Ginning
9/12
Plastic
0.60
0.25
0.11
Soap
0.50
0.25
0.12
0.45
0.35
0.16
Distilleries
0.35
0.50
0.17
Chemical Industry
0.40
0.50
0.20
0.70
0.50
0.35
0.50
0.40
0.20
Sugar
0.30
0.45
0.13
Paper
0.50
0.80
0.40
0.80
0.25
0.20
Atta Chakies
0.50
0.25
0.12
Milk Plants
0.40
0.80
0.32
Printing Presses
0.35
0.30
0.10
Repair Workshops
0.40
0.25
0.10
Bottling Plants
0.40
0.35
0.14
Radio Stations
0.55
.0.45
0.25
Telephone exchange
0.50
0.90
0.45
0.75
0.40
0.30
Medical Colleges
0.60
0.25
0.15
Hospitals
0.25
0.90
0.22
Nursing Homes
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.50
0.20
0.10
0.75
0.40
0.30
Marriage Palaces
1.00
0.25
0.25
Individual Facilities
Demand Factor
Load Factor
Communications buildings
60-65
70-75
55-70
20-25
65-80
28-32
25-35
13-17
65-80
24-28
40-60
22-26
35-65
24-28
70-80
22-28
Materials Laboratory
30-35
27-32
Physics Laboratory
70-80
22-28
20-30
3-7
70-75
20-25
General warehouse
75-80
23-28
60-65
33-38
Hazardous/flammable storehouse
75-80
20-25
35-40
25-20
Hospital
38-42
45-50
Laboratory
32-37
20-25
Dental Clinic
35-40
18-23
Medical Clinic
45-50
20-23
Administrative Office
50-65
20-35
60-70
10-15
Detached garages
40-50
2-4
Apartments
35-40
38-42
11/12
Fire station
25-35
13-17
Police station
48-53
20-25
Bakery
30-35
45-60
30-35
20-25
K-6 schools
75-80
10-15
7-12 schools
65-70
12-17
Churches
65-70
5-25
Post Office
75-80
20-25
Retail store
65-70
25-32
Bank
75-80
20-25
Supermarket
55-60
25-30
Restaurant
45-75
15-25
40-60
15-20
30-40
25-30
Bowling alley
70-75
10-15
Gymnasium
70-75
20-45
Skating rink
70-75
10-15
55-60
25-50
Theater
45-55
8-13
Library
75-80
30-35
Golf clubhouse
75-80
15-20
Museum
75-80
30-35
12/12