CONQUEST OF AMERICA

CONQUERING: is to acquire or seize by force of a site or a country.

COLONIZATION: American peoples that were owned by the European empires.
CAPITULATION: The deal was that the conquerors responded by issuing costs, founding populations, convert the Indians to Christianity and
surrender to the Spanish Crown a fifth of the booty reached.
PHASES OF THE CONQUEST
1. First phase 'Antillean': Discovery and military domination of the islands of the Caribbean Sea, as control centers and administration of the conquering
company of the Spanish Crown. Cuba and Santo Domingo guided exploration of the continent.
2. Second phase 'Exploration': Exploration costs and establishment of the first foundations on land and creation of military bases, as support for
exploration and territorial occupation.
3. Third phase 'Continental': Penetration of the continent, taking as a basis the cities founded on the coast and followed the course of rivers and
indications of the natives.

CONQUEST OF MEXICO
The identification of the Spaniards with the myths prophesying the return of avenging god, Quetzalcoatl; the military superiority of the Spaniards against
the Aztecs; and Military support lent Cortes peoples enemies of the Mexica.
Malinche: served as a translator, which facilitated the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

CONQUEST OF PERU
Causes of the Peruvian Defeat: The division in the imperial army; Tahuantinsuyo political centralism; the military superiority of the conquerors.

THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN AMERICA

European Colonies in America: Spain, England, France, Holland and Portugal.
Objectives of the metropolis:
Achieve economic benefits; increase political power over other powers; increase military power; expand the culture.

SPANISH COLONIES IN AMERICA

QUINTO REAL: a tribute of gold.
SMUGGLING: illegal products sold or brought huge amounts to get rich, offering goods to Indians and blacks.
PIRACY: Fleets of gold extracted from the colonies were attacked at sea (sea without a job after the wars) in the service of England, France and Holland.
MERCEDES: legal authorizations to own land, to form large colonial estates.
COMMON COUNCIL: meeting only council members.
OPENED CABILDO: In addition to local leaders, involved the inhabitants of the cities or the towns, the people could review only in special cases.
MICEGENATION: racial groups were mixed together, giving rise to new groups known as mestizos, mulattoes.
SPANISH: It was the dominant social class though they were minority owners of mines, land grabbers trade, public officials and had senior positions in the
church hierarchy.
CREOLES: They were the children of Spaniards born in America, enjoyed the same economic privileges as the Spaniards, not political privileges.
MESTIZOS: They were devoted to the ignoble trades: crafts, masonry, farming and domestic on the estates of the Creoles.
INDIGENOUS: This social class made up the labor of agricultural activities, but had no personal property on the ground.
ENSLAVED BLACKS: They occupied the last place in the social ladder, they had no right, working in the mines, construction and plantations.

FRENCH COLONIES IN AMERICA:

Louisiana, New France, Antilles, Guiana.

COLONIAL CULTURE:
CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPANISH CULTURE:
Arts, painting, sculpture and furniture; Architecture, religious music and carols; Dance: minuet, fandango and quadrille; Colleges and universities;
Christian religion and Spanish language; Political and economic institutions; New crops and animals.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIGENOUS CULTURE:

Arts, crafts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork, stone carvings; Dances and music; Artistic workmanship; Architecture ceremonial use; Working techniques;
Ecological land management; Indigenous languages;Polytheism.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF AFRICAN CULTURE:

The magic; Religious rituals; Dance; The impressive musical rhythm.

COLONIAL ART:
artists who performed workshops portrait and religious scenes with angels.

HYBRID ART:
techniques with elements and themes artistic works.

ENGLISH COLONIES IN AMERICA

economic activities of the English colonies: agriculture, slavery and industry.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLONY:

Spain was the first power in the world.
The introduction of America of new plant species such as wheat, sugarcane, barley, rice, coffee; and animal species such as horse, cow, sheep, chicken
and dog.