Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Flux
by CEDRAT
Flux software :
Flux tutorials :
COPYRIGHT CEDRAT/INPG/CNRS/EDF
COPYRIGHT CEDRAT
CEDRAT
15 Chemin de Malacher - Inovalle
38246 Meylan Cedex
FRANCE
Phone: +33 (0)4 76 90 50 45
Fax: +33 (0)4 56 38 08 30
Email: cedrat@cedrat.com
Web: http://www.cedrat.com
Foreword
*(Please read before starting this document)
Description of
the example
Required
knowledge
Before proceeding with this technical example, the user must have a
foundational knowledge of all the functionalities of Flux software.
To obtain this knowledge, first, the user should go through the basic
example Geometry and mesh tutorial - First steps in using Flux . This
document explains, in detail, all the actions necessary to build the geometry
and mesh of a project in the Flux study domain.
Support files
included...
To view the completed phases of the example project, the user will find the
.py files, including the geometry, physics and post processing descriptions.
The .py files corresponding to the different study cases in this example are
available in the folder: \DocExamples\Examples2D\BrushlessSPMMotor\
Supplied files are command files written in Pyflux language. The user can
launch them in order to automatically recover the Flux projects for each
case.
**(.py files are launched by accessing Project/Command file from the Flux
drop down menu.)
Supplied files
Contents
CASE1/Geomesh.py
CASE1/buildPhys.py
CASE1/solving.py
CASE1/postprocessing.py
Geomesh.FLU
BuiltPhys.FLU
Solved.FLU
Postprocessed.FLU
CASE2/TESTCASE_INI.FLU
CASE2/buildPhys.py
CASE2/solving.py
CASE2/postprocessing.py
CASE2/BuiltPhys.FLU
CASE2/Solved.FLU
CASE2/Postprocessed.FLU
CASE3/TESTCASE_INI.FLU
CASE3/buildPhys.py
CASE3/solving.py
CASE3/postprocessing.py
CASE3/BuiltPhys.FLU
CASE3/Solved.FLU
CASE3/Postprocessed.FLU
Note : some directories may contain a main.py enabling the launch of the command files
Flux
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. General information .................................................................................................................1
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
Overview .......................................................................................................................................3
1.1.1. Description of the device ................................................................................................4
1.1.2. Studied cases .................................................................................................................5
Strategy to build the Flux project ..................................................................................................7
About the Overlay (motor template)..............................................................................................9
1.3.1. Motor Template: presentation.......................................................................................10
1.3.2. Motor Template: the library...........................................................................................11
1.3.3. Motor Template: principle of description in FLUX ........................................................12
1.3.4. Motor Object: Speed importation..................................................................................13
3.2.
3.3.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
PAGE A
General information
4.6.
4.7.
Annexe
PAGE B
Flux
85
Flux
1.
General information
General information
Introduction
The goal of this technical paper is to demonstrate the ability and advantage of
Flux in the simulation of brushless motor computation problems.
This chapter presents the studied device, (a brushless DC with surface
permanent magnet motor used in pump applications) and explains the
strategies used for geometry construction and mesh generation.
Contents
See Page
3
7
9
PAGE 1
General information
PAGE 2
Flux
Flux
1.1.
General information
Overview
Introduction
Contents
See Page
4
5
PAGE 3
General information
Flux
Studied device
Motor ratings
Motor main
characteristics
PAGE 4
Flux
General information
Studied cases
Case 1
The back electromotive force EMF is computed with the speed of 1000 rpm
and external circuit connections. It corresponds to the motor being in
generator mode at no load.
Case 2
The motor is driven with a 3 phase square current and running at constant
speed.
The simulated motor performances are used to compute :
Shaft torque and electrical power consumption
Field airgap and his spectrum analysis
Core and magnet loses
Current in C1 coil component
Current in S1 switch component
Case 3
PAGE 5
General information
PAGE 6
Flux
Flux
1.2.
General information
Introduction
Theoretical
aspect
Description
Description of the motor
Load an overlay
geometry using an overlay
Modify the overlay
Meshing of the device
Mesh
PAGE 7
General information
PAGE 8
Flux
Flux
1.3.
General information
Introduction
This section deals with the BPM (Brushless Permanent Magnet) Motor
Template and answers the following three questions:
What is possible to model with FLUX? (presentation of the object editor,
available library)
How to describe the problem in FLUX? (use the object editor)
What are the possible links with Speed?
Contents
PAGE 9
General information
Flux
Presentation
These different stages must be repeated for each type of motor that is being
modeled.
Now it is possible for FLUX to simplify this process, by providing a library
of predefined motor templates.
With this new description mode, the stages of model construction are
simplified. The user chooses a type of motor and winding from the library and
interactively enters the parameters of the motor.
Motor object:
definition
PAGE 10
Flux
General information
Introduction
List of models
The different models in the library are not detailed in the on line help because
their documentation is included in the software. An interactive image is
displayed in the object editor. The editor displays a direct visualization of the
parameters entered by the user.
The list of models provided for the rotor and stator is presented in the table
below.
Rotor
BreadLoaf
FullRing
InsCP
InsRel
IPM
LSIPM
Spoke
SurfPII
SurfRad
Example
Stator
Flared
HW
PIIRound
PIISlot
PIISquare
Round
Square
Stator HW
(12 slots)
Whole motor
PAGE 11
General information
Flux
General
operation
Principle
Standard description
Geometry building
Mesh construction
Assisted description
Direct construction of a
meshed motor
3
4
5
Identical
Results post-processing
The user builds the motor directly in FLUX using the template editor and the
BPM motor Object library.
The general principle of operation is given in the table below.
Stage
to continue
PAGE 12
Mesh construction:
automatic mesh and
linked mesh to faces
Grouping of the faces in regions (continued)
Creation of regions corresponding to the
coils (grouping by phase)
Assigning of the regions to faces
The user continues the description of the finite element project in the usual
way: description of the physical properties, creation of the mechanical
assemblies, description of the electric circuit and importing it into FLUX,
solving and post-processing of the results.
Flux
General information
Introduction
Speed
Importation
The user can import a motor described with Speed (Speed file) into FLUX.
The Speed/Flux compatibility makes this possible. All the information
concerning the geometric characteristics and the winding characteristics are
preserved (dimensional parameters*, number of poles, of phases ).
*The name of the parameters are the same in Speed and Flux
PAGE 13
PAGE 14
Flux
Flux
2.
Introduction
This chapter contains the geometry and mesh description of the motor
presented in a manner less detailed than the 2D generic tutorial chapters. The
user must have good understanding of all functionalities of the Flux
preprocessor.
New Flux
project
Contents
See Page
15
17
19
PAGE 15
Flux
Goal
Action
PAGE 16
Flux
Goal
Data (1)
The general characteristics of the motor are presented in the tables below.
General description
Length unit
Mesh density
Millimeter
0.5
Infinite box
Inner radius
Outer radius
110
140
Airgap description
Data (2)
Air gap
Eccentricities and
periodicities
Use periodicities
0.503
without eccentricity
yes
Two layers
airgap
General description
Thickness of
Magnet pole
magnet
arc
6.987
150
General description
Number of poles
25.154
0.0
Continued on next page
PAGE 17
Data (3)
Flux
Stator
tooth
width
3.4
General description
Slot
Slot
Radial
opening
Opening
depth
angle
1.5
1.0
20
FILSO
FILSB
1.0
General description
Number of
slots
24
LamShape
circle
Stator outer
radius
48
Stator
configuration
normal
Stator angle
0.0
Winding description
Result
PAGE 18
Winding
Number
of phases
Classical
winding type
Classical
winding
Concentric per
pole winding
Throw
Number of
coils per
pole per
phase
Coils position
in slot in case
of two layers
superimposed
Flux
Action
PAGE 19
PAGE 20
Flux
Flux
3.
Case 1
The back electromotive force EMF is computed with the speed of 1000 rpm
and external circuit connections over 1 electric cycle. It corresponds to the
motor being in generator mode at no load.
Starting Flux
project
Project name
Contents
See Page
23
33
37
PAGE 21
PAGE 22
Flux
Flux
3.1.
Contents
See Page
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
PAGE 23
Flux
Goal
Data
PAGE 24
2D domain type
Depth of the
domain
2D plane
50.308
Transient initialization
With zero initial solution (variables
set to 0)
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the material are presented in the table below (see
curve_bh.xls).
Isotropic spline saturation
Name
STEEL
0
9,83
19,66
29,5
39,3
49,1
58,3
62,3
66,18
70,2
74,77
80
86,3
104,2
130,5
175,9
282,5
613
1751
3820
7401
12600
20400
31500
44000
70500
1,50E+05
2,30E+05
3,10E+05
4,00E+05
Relative permeability
1.1
PAGE 25
Flux
Goal
Two mechanical sets are created to describe the physics of the motor. It will
define which is fixed and which part is mobile (in rotation or in translation).
Data (1)
Name
Type of
mechanic
al set
Rotation axis
Coordinate
system
MS_ROTOR
Rotation
around
one axis
Rotation around
on axis parallel to
Oz
XY1
Pivot point
coordinates
first
second
0
Kinematics
Type of
kinematics
Imposed speed
Data (2)
General
Velocity (RPM)
Position at t = 0s
1000
0.0
PAGE 26
Flux
Goal
Data
Note : the coil and inductances are corresponding to the stator coil. The
resistances are representative of the load of the generator. In order to compute
the back EMF, the values of resistances are designated large values.
Note
PAGE 27
Flux
Data (1)
The characteristics of the stranded coil conductors are described in the table
below.
Stranded coil conductors
Name
C1
C2
C3
Data (2)
Resistance formula
0.076
Data (3)
Inductance (Henry)
36e-6 H
PAGE 28
Resistance (Ohm)
1e4
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the face regions are described in the table below.
Name
PHASE_POS_1
PHASE_NEG_1
PHASE_POS_2
PHASE_NEG_3
Type
Coil
conductor
region
Coil
conductor
region
Coil
conductor
region
Coil
conductor
region
Component
Turn
number
Orientati
on
Mechanical
Set
C1
10
Positive
MS_Stator
C1
10
Negative
MS_Stator
C2
20
Positive
MS_Stator
C3
20
Negative
MS_Stator
PAGE 29
Flux
3.1.7. Modify face region and orient material for face region
Goal
Face regions are edited and modified in order to describe the physics.
Data (1)
The characteristics of the face regions used to describe the materials are
presented in the table below:
Name
MAGNET_1_POLE_1
STATOR
ROTOR
Data (2)
Face region
Type t
Magnetic non
conducting region
Magnetic non
conducting region
Magnetic non
conducting region
material
Mechanical set
MAGNET
MS_ROTOR
STEEL
MS_STATOR
STEEL
MS_ROTOR
The characteristics of the magnet orientation are presented in the table below
Orient material for face region
Name
MAGNET1_1_POLE_
1
Oriented
type
Positive
Radial
Coordinat
e system
X
coordinate
XY1
Y
coordinate
0
Note: You can check magnet orientation with the command: Physics Display
Arrow and Magnet and remove the arrows with the command: Physics Delete
arrows
PAGE 30
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the face regions used to describe the three are presented
in the table below:
Name
PHASE_POS_1
PHASE_NEG_1
PHASE_POS_2
PHASE_NEG_3
ROTATING_AIRGAP
ROTOR_AIR
SHAFT
WEDGE
PRESLOT
STATOR_AIR
INFINITE
Type
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Air or vacuum region
Mechanical set
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
MS_ROTOR
MS_ROTOR
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
MS_STATOR
Action
Save Case1
PAGE 31
PAGE 32
Flux
Flux
3.2.
Introduction
Contents
See Page
34
35
PAGE 33
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the scenario used to solve CASE1 are presented in the
table below:
Solving scenario
Name
BACK_EMF
Type
Control by time
Solving scenario
Mechanical set
MS_ROTOR
Note (1)
Control by time
Interval
Higher
Lower limit
Method
limit
step
0
0.0305
value
Step value
0.00025
Voltage values are incorrect for the two first time step. You must display your
results on little more than one period.
How to choose the step value?
When selecting the step value, some items must be considered:
Electrical view point: it is important to check that you have enough points
over a cycle. Usually 40 points over a cycle is enough. In this case, it can be
interesting to look at higher harmonics through a FFT, so more than 40
points over a cycle is required.
Mechanical view point: it is important to check that the mobile part has not
moved too much between two consecutive time steps.
In our case, the rotation velocity is 1000 RPM or 1000 * 360 / 60 = 6000
/s. The slot pitch is 360 / 24 = 15 . We advice to take an angular step
submultiple of the slot pitch. If we take ten points by slot pitch the angular
step is 1.5. As a result, the time step must be equal to (1.5/6000) = 0.00025 s.
With this time step, the points number equal 121 points, superior to 40 points.
In conclusion, the choice of the step value is often a compromise between the
duration of computation (time computation is reduced if the number of steps
is reduced) and the accuracy of the computation (the computation is more
accurate if there are more steps).
PAGE 34
Flux
Goal
Action
Solve the project with the BACK_EMF scenario and save it under a new
project name: CASE1_SOLVED.
PAGE 35
PAGE 36
Flux
Flux
3.3.
Introduction
Contents
PAGE 37
Flux
Goal
The magnitude of the magnetic flux density is computed on the selected face
regions and displayed via the isovalue plot of color shadings.
Action
Data
Formula
PAGE 38
Flux
Result
PAGE 39
Flux
Voltage passing through coil conductors depending on the rotor position and
angular position of the rotor are computed.
Data
I/O
parameter
Limit
Min
Limit
Max
TIME
0.0005
0.0305
TIME
0.0005
0.0305
Formula
U(C1)
U(C2)
U(C3)
AngPos(MS_ROTOR)
Result
The following curve shows the voltage through stranded coils versus angular
position of the rotor.
Note (1)
Voltage values are incorrect for the two first time step. You must solve your
problem on little more than one period.
PAGE 40
Flux
Data
Part of the
period
Full period
Results
Technical note
During one electrical cycle, magnet and 12 stator slots are facing each other.
As a result, on the FFT analysis we can see harmonics 11 and 13 appears.
PAGE 41
PAGE 42
Flux
Flux
4.
Case 2
The motor is driven with a 3-phase bridge circuit (the freewheeling diodes are
neglected). Constant speed operation of the motor at 1000 rpm with inverter
drives is simulated to yield motor torque ripples. The inverter switching
scheme is rotor position dependant.
Starting Flux
project
New project
All the CASE1_SOLVED results are deleted. The Flux project is then saved
under the name of CASE2.FLU.
Contents
See Page
45
57
61
PAGE 43
PAGE 44
Flux
Flux
4.1.
Contents
See Page
46
49
50
52
53
54
55
PAGE 45
Flux
Delete the existing circuit and delete the stranded coil conductors.
Action (1)
Action (2)
Result
The following circuit is integrated in the project and the circuits components
appear in the Data tree.
Technical note
The strategy is that each phase has to be ON for one third (60) of the period
In our case, the mechanical period is 180 degrees because this is two pair
poles electrical machine (refer to the switches definition).
Note
For a three-phase motor, squarewave drive generally means that two phases
are conducting at any time. There is basically one current from the supply and
it commutates from one pair of phases to the next pair every 60. The current
is controlled or regulated by chopping or PWM.
Continued on next page
PAGE 46
Flux
PAGE 47
Note
PAGE 48
Flux
Flux
Goal
One I/O parameters will be created to define the physics and others to define
the electrical circuit.
Data (1)
Reference value
1000
Data (2)
Expression
Max(I(C1),I(C2))
Max(IMAX0,I(C3))
(POLES/2)*SPEED/60
2*Pi()*FREQUENCY
Modulo(AngPos(MS_RO
TOR),180)
ISP
14
HBA
VALIM
TETA0
24
0
comment
Maximum current value (A)
Electrical frequency (Hz)
Electrical angular pulsation (rd/s)
Angular position of the rotor
(DEGREE)
peak value of the quasi square wave
reference current waveform (A)
The adjustment parameter for
hysteresis-band current regulation
Feed voltage (V)
Rotor angular position at t = 0 s
PAGE 49
Flux
Goal
Data (1)
The characteristics of the stranded coil conductors are described in the table
below.
Stranded coil conductors
Name
C1
C2
C3
Data (2)
Resistance formula
0.076
Name
SC_1
Data (3)
Data (4)
Inductance formula
3.1e-5 H
Data (5)
Resistance formula
1e3
Voltage formula
VALIM*VALID (IMAX,0,ISP*(1+1/HBA))
Continued on next page
PAGE 50
Flux
Data (6)
To simulate the voltage drop in the diodes, series voltage sources will be
used. Their characteristics are described in the table below.
Voltage source
Name
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
Data (7)
Voltage formula
0.6 V
0.6 V
0.6 V
0.6 V
0.6 V
0.6 V
Model
On state
resistance
1e-4
1e-4
1e-4
1e-4
1e-4
1e-4
Turn on command
Off state
resistance
1e4
1e4
1e4
1e4
1e4
1e4
Switch command
Expression
Valid(POS, 15, 75)
Valid(POS, 45, 105)
Valid(POS, 75, 135)
Valid(POS,105,165)
Valid(POS,0,15)+Valid(POS,135,180)
Valid(POS,0,45)+Valid(POS,165,180)
PAGE 51
Flux
Goal
Data
PAGE 52
Isotropic resistivity
1.4e-6
Flux
4.1.5. Modify face regions and orient material for face region
Goal
Data (1)
The characteristics of the face regions are described in the table below.
Face region
t Solid
Data (2)
Name
Type
Material
conducto
r
MAGNET1
_1_POLE1
Solid
conductor
region
MAGNET
SC_1
Mechan
ical set
Orienta
tion
Type
MS_RO
TOR
positive
Circuit
The characteristics of the material orientation for face regions are described in
the table below.
Orient material for face region
Name
Oriented
type
Coordinate
system
X
coordinate
Y
coordinate
MAGNET1_1_PO
LE1
Positive
Radial
ROTOR_COORD
PAGE 53
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the mechanical set are described in the table below.
Mechanical set
PAGE 54
Name
Type of
mechanical set
MS_RO
TOR
Rotation
around one axis
Type of
kinematics
Imposed
speed
General
Velocity
(rpm)
Position at t = 0s
SPEED
TETA0
Flux
Goal
The coil conductor components are assigned to face regions to describe the
physics.
Action
The coil conductor components are assigned to face regions from the menu
Physics/assign coil conductor to region/face region.
Data
The characteristics of the face region are described in the table below.
Name
PHASE_NEG_1
PHASE_NEG_3
PHASE_POS_1
PHASE_POS_2
Face region
T
Type
Component
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
region
Coil conductor
region
Turn
number
Orientation
C1
10
Negative
C3
20
Negative
C1
10
Positive
C2
20
Positive
PAGE 55
PAGE 56
Flux
Flux
4.2.
Introduction
Contents
See Page
58
59
PAGE 57
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the scenario used to solve CASE2 are presented in the
table below:
Solving scenario
Name
CST_SPEED
Type
Control by time
Solving scenario
Mechanical set
MS_ROTOR
PAGE 58
Lower limit
0
Control by time
Interval
Higher
Method
limit
step
0.03
value
Step value
0.00025
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the solving process are presented in the table below:
Solve
Solving scenario
CST_SPEED
Solve saved
project as
New Project
Project name
CASE2_SOLVED
Solve the project with the CST_SPEED scenario and save it under a new
project name: CASE2_SOLVED.
Action
Solving Solve
PAGE 59
PAGE 60
Flux
Flux
4.3.
Introduction
Contents
See Page
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
PAGE 61
Flux
Goal
The magnitude of the magnetic flux density is computed on the selected face
regions and displayed via the isovalue plot of color shadings.
Data
The following chart shows the magnetic flux density on the selected
face regions.
Result
PAGE 62
Formula
B
Flux
Goal
Two 2D curves are created in order to compute the mechanical torque and the
mechanical power. Next taking in count the machine losses, electrical power
can be computed (see parts 4.3.6).
Data
I/O parameter
TIME
Limit
min.
0.0
Limit
max.
Formula
0.03
TorqueElecMag(MS_ROTOR)
TorqueElecMag(MS_ROTOR)*
AngSpeed(MS_ROTOR)*Pi()/1
80
Result
Note
For mechanical values, Flux gives the values for the whole motor, even if
only a part is represented
PAGE 63
Flux
Goal
Two 2D curves are created in order to compute the RMS current and the joule
losses in the stranded coil conductor C1.
Data
Name
I/O
parameter
Limit
min.
Limit
max.
CURRENT_
AND_PJS
TIME
0.0
0.030
Formula
I(C1)
PjouleCC(C1)
Result
The RMS value is 10.33 A For one line the joules losses are 7.59 W. The total
value is 3.*7.59 = 22.77 W (Note : The coil resistance is 0.076 )
Continued on next page
PAGE 64
Flux
Goal
Reminder
Bertotti coefficient can be found thanks to a specific FAQ available with this
document. The folder containing Flux files of this tutorial also contains a
zipped file with :
An FAQ entitled How to determine iron loss coefficients
An Excel sheet for iron loss coefficient determination
A paper describing the method used
Data
The characteristics of the Bertotti iron loss computation are presented in the
table below:
Hysteresis
loss coeff;
Classical
loss
coeff
82.66
2.e6
Sheet iron
Loss in
excess
coeff
1.46
Fill
factor
.64e-3
.97
regions
STATOR
ROTOR
Time evolution
Limit
max.
Limit min.
0.001
Technical note
The average value for the modeled part (1/4 of the motor) is 1.034 W.
The total core loss for the whole motor is 4.13 W.
Result (2)
0.0305
PAGE 65
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the LS iron loss computation are presented in the table
below:
LS iron loss on region
Sheet iron
Regions
Limit min.
Limit
max.
M27035A
ROTOR
STATOR
0.001
0.0305
Result
Technical note
(1)
The average value for the modeled part (1/4 of the motor) is 0.808 W.
The total core loss for the whole motor is 3.23 W.
Technical Note
(2)
From the LS Iron Loss curve, we can notice that some loss values are
negative. This occurs when the magnetic field decreases, thus, the motor
gives back the power to the system, resulting in negative values by
convention.
PAGE 66
Flux
Goal
Eddy current loss is computed for magnet that has conductive material
properties.
Data
Comment
Eddy currents loss in
pole 1 magnets
Face region
MAGNET1_1_POLE_1
Action 2
AnG Pos
parameter
Limit
Limit
min.
max.
0.001
0.0305
Formula
MAGNET_LOSS
PAGE 67
Flux
Result
The average value over the period for one magnet is: 0.289 W. for the
modeled part (1/4 motor). The average result for the whole motor is 1.16
W.
Note
PAGE 68
This curve represents the eddy current losses of one magnet only. To
determine the value for the whole motor, we must multiply by the number of
periodicities.
Flux
Goal
The efficiency of the motor can be calculated using the above results.
Data
values
206 - 7.5 - 3.6 = 195 W
22.7 W
7.5 W
3.68 W
1.16 W
195 + 22.7 + 7.5 + 1,16 + 3.68 = 241 W
80 %
PAGE 69
PAGE 70
Flux
Flux
5.
Case 3
Starting Flux
project
New project
All the CASE2_SOLVED results are deleted. The Flux project is then saved
under the name of CASE3.FLU.
Contents
See Page
73
81
PAGE 71
PAGE 72
Flux
Flux
5.1.
Contents
See Page
74
75
PAGE 73
Flux
Import tabbed value from the three phase current calculated by SPEED :
Introduction
Action (1)
The texts files with tabbed current values are contained in the directory
project CASE3 (Iphase1.txt, Iphase2.txt, Iphase3.txt).
Parameter/Quantity
New tabulated I/O parameter by importation of 2D Table
Name of the I/O
parameter
IA_TIME
IB_TIME
IC_TIME
PAGE 74
Abscissa
Variation
parameter
TIME
TIME
TIME
Flux
Action (1)
Action (2)
Result
The following circuit is integrated in the project and the circuits components appear
in the Data tree.
R2
SC_1
I1
C1
L1
I2
C2
L2
I3
C3
L3
R1
PAGE 75
Flux
Redefine the link between face regions and electric components for the
following face regions :
Data (1)
Name
MAGNET_1_POLE_1
PHASE_NEG_1
PHASE_NEG_3
PHASE_POS_1
PHASE_POS_2
Solid conductor
SC_1
Coil conductor
C1
C3
C1
C2
You have to delete the parameter {IMAX, IMAX0, HBA, ISP, VALIM,
POS}
Data (2)
Current source
I1
I2
I3
Value
IA_TIME
IB_TIME
IC_TIME
Technical note
PAGE 76
Switches are not necessary because source currents are tabbed values
provided by the SPEED software.
Except the currents sources, characteristics values of resistors, stranded coils
and inductors are identical to the case 2.
Flux
5.2.
Introduction
Contents
Create a scenario
Solve the project
See Page
78
79
PAGE 77
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the scenario used to solve CASE3 are presented in the
table below:
Solving scenario
Name
PWM
Type
Control of transient state
Solving scenario
Mechanical set
PWM
PAGE 78
Lower limit
0
Control by time
Interval
Higher
Method
limit
step
0.0305
value
Step value
0.00025
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the solving process are presented in the table below:
Solve
Solving scenario
PWM
Action
Solve saved
project as
New Project
Project name
CASE3_SOLVED
Solve the project with the PWM scenario and save it under a new project
name: CASE3_SOLVED.
PAGE 79
PAGE 80
Flux
Flux
5.3.
Introduction
Contents
See Page
82
83
84
PAGE 81
Flux
Goal
Three curves are created in order to compute the RMS current in the stator
winding.
Data
Name
I/O
parameter
Limit
min.
Limit
max.
Formula
STATOR_C
URRENT
TIME
0.0
0.03
Result
PAGE 82
Flux
Goal
Data
The characteristics of the Bertotti iron loss computation are presented in the
table below:
Sheet iron
Classical
Loss in
loss
excess
coeff
coeff
Hysteresis
loss coeff;
82.66
2.e6
1.46
Fill
factor
.64e-3
.97
regions
STATOR
ROTOR
Time evolution
Limit
max.
Limit min.
0.001
Technical note
The average value for the modeled part (1/4 of the motor) is 0.973 W.
The total core loss for the whole motor is 3.89 W.
Result (2)
0.0305
PAGE 83
Flux
Goal
Using the same method see during the case two, the new results are the
following.
The efficiency of the motor can be calculated using the above results.
Data
PAGE 84
values
Flux
Annexe
Speed datasheet
SurfRad
Embed
96.0000
8.3460
48.0000
3.4000
1.0000
1.0000
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
LamShape
ASD
Rad2
SD
SOang
filSO
0.0000
50.3080
6.9870
9.1640
36.3340
6.9870
30.6256
50.3080
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Nmbp
Rad1
BetaM
Not
Circle
14.0000
39.6540
14.0000
20.0000
0.0000
Poles
mm
mm
mm
m
mm
1
25.1540 mm
150.0000 e
wNeck
LM_min
4.7425 mm
6.9870 mm
Lrotor
50.3080 mm
Slots
SP
S_Slot
SO
SWIT
Stf
24
6.0000
Flared
1.5000 mm
1.5000 mm
0.9700
Skew
Gap
pupa
RadSH
0.0000
0.5000 mm
0.8333
9.0030 mm
Lstator
57.7950 mm
2 Magnet Data:---------------------------------------------------------------Magnet
Br
CBr
kg/m
BrT
Shim
BrTEff
NeIGT 30H
1.1200 T
-0.1000 %/C
1.1960 T
0.0000 mm
1.1960 T
Hc
CHc
810.0000 kA/m
-0.0600 %/C
MuRec
DMag
HcT
Bracing
MuRecEff
783.2700 kA/m
0.0000
1.1000
XLM
LMnet
LM+Shim
1.1000
7400.0000
1.0000
6.9870 mm
6.9870 mm
3 Control Data:--------------------------------------------------------------RPM
Freq1
1000.0000 rpm
33.3333 Hz
Vs
wm
24.0000 V
104.7198 rad/s
12
64.0000 kHz
Current control..
ISP
14.0042 A
HBA_act
ISP/8
8.0000
12.5000
HBA
HB%
Drive
Sw_Ctl
FixfChop
tIntStep
ChopType
Square
C120_Q1
ISChop12
0.6510 us
Soft
PAGE 85
Flux
Phase-shift; dwell..
Th0
0.0000 e
Dwell
0.0000 e
24.0000 V
0.0000 ohm
0.0000 Rac
Auto
ISP/8
0
Vd
t_q
Lac
dq0
ISLA_Act
NCycles
0.6000 V
0.0000 us
0.0000 mH
false
1/64
2
4 Winding Data:--------------------------------------------------------------Connex
WdgType
TC
Tph
Layers
MLT
EndFill
WireSpec
NSH
SFg
Aslot
GPAslot
TwjWid
PhsWid
ATwj
XET
Nse
T_Wdg
T_c
Rph20
Wye
ConcEqual
10
40.0000
1.0000
261.2288
0.5000
AWGTable
7
0.4258
67.6671
69.1671
2.0000
2.0000
0.0000
1.2000
49.1942
75.0000
75.0000
0.0625
Inductances...
Lph
0.2662
SalientP
false
LSlot
0.1011
MSlot
0.0000
PCSlot
1.9992
Lg
0.1409
LL_d
0.6504
Lgg
1.5410
Lsigma
0.1402
ohm/ph
NPhases
3
Throw
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
C
C
ohm
mH
mH
mH
mH
mH
mH
mH
CPP
1.0000
PPATHS
1
CSidesPh
8
LgthOEnd
101.4327 mm
LaxPack
91.3168 mm
Gauge
21: 0.7239mm
WireDia
0.7239 mm
SFn
0.8146
ASlotLL
53.6804 mm
TopStick
false
TwjLeg
3.5000 mm
PhsLeg
3.5000 mm
APhs
0.0000 mm
ETCalc
BDC 6.5
X_R
1.0000
Rph0
0.0760 ohm
Rph
0.0760 ohm/ph
RLL20
0.1251 ohm
Mph
DiffSat
LDiff
MDiff
XLdiff
Mg
LL_q
Mgg
Msigma
-0.0564
XLdiff
0.0148
0.0067
1.0000
-0.0564
0.6400
-0.6164
0.0067
mH
mH
mH
mH
mH
mH
mH
SPP
Z
Ext
Liner
5
2.0000
240.0000
0.0000 mm
0.4000 mm
InsThick
MaxSFn
ACond
0.0332 mm
0.8146
2.8810 mm
TwjThk
PhsThk
0.0000 mm
0.0000 mm
Rext
Ax1
R_LL
TFRho
0.0000 ohm
52.5000 m
0.1521 ohm
1.2162
XL
XL
Lendt
XLendt
XDiff
Lext
L_LL
Lext
Xsigma
1.0000
1.0000
0.0242
1.0000
0.0017
0.0000
0.6452
0.0000
0.0280
mH
ohm
mH
mH
mH
75.0000 C
1.1960 T
T_r
BgOC
75.0000 C
0.8129 T
XBrT
Hca
1.1300
865.2184
Flux
BgAvOC
Bg1OC
BmOC
HmOC
BHmag
Bst
XTw
kTSpec
kT
krpm
kSat
SatnTol
Xks
EffWst
XBgap
Btpk_OC
Bypk_OC
eTmax
eLLpk
Eq1
IBk
kA/m
ILR
kA/m
IC180
kA/m
Xrm
Amhp
At/Wb
Pm0
apEnd
u_LKG
Fringing
SlotMod
Bd
0.6773
0.9979
1.1148
-58.7126
65.4548
1.6279
0.0000
ILpk
0.1645
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
3.4000
1.0000
1.6667
1.6970
0.1160
17.4078
7.2976
302.2640
T
T
T
kA/m
kJ/m
T
Nm/A
PhiG
PhiM1
Bm/BrT
Hm/HcT
BHmagMGO
Bsy
XSYoke
kESpec
kE
XSatn
mm
T
T
V
V
V
A
1.3596
1.2754
0.9321
-0.0750
8.2253
1.6575
0.0000
eLLpk
0.1662
mWb
mWb
MGO
T
BgA/BgOC
Bg1/BgOC
XBtpk
PC
BHmax
Bry
XRYoke
Vs/Rad krpmNL
1.0000
ks
EffLst
X_EMF
Btpk_Ld
Bypk_Ld
0.0000
11.5083 mm
1.0000
1.6153 T
1.6136 T
ERecAv
Eq1tfw
Bk
17.2273 V
7.2438 V
0.0000 T
Fixed
XTTarc
ukCL
k_rpf
Btpk_LdS
Bypk_LdS
Bslot
ERecRMS
Bt1
Hk
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
1.6153
1.6136
0.0062
17.2322
1.9748
-865.2184
BmLR
1.6192 T
HmLR
272.2651 A
BmC180
0.3363 T
HmC180
0.5000
713.2046 mm
Carter
Aghp
1.0087
836.4650 mm
0.9000
0.0000
0.8550
0.6000
2.6000
0.0235 T
1.3787
CalcSatn
157.8050 A
0.8331
1.2275
1.0000
15.1101
32.5090 MGO
1.4746 T
0.0000
Lge
Rghp
prl
Lme
if_Lkg
XBetaM
T
T
T
V
T
306.1732
-621.9629
0.5043 mm
4.7981E+05
2.5050
6.9870 mm
1.1696
1.0000
Motoring
2.0095 Nm
25.1734 W
36.3913 W
14.0277
14.0277
14.0570
14.0570
14.0535
13.3824
10.3185
10.3486
2.1166
2.1165
0.0000
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Nm
Nm
W
Vs
Pshaft
WFe
TempRise
24.0000
210.4321
3.7179
55.0000
V
W
W
C
RPM
Eff
WWF
Jrms
IWav
ILav
IQchav
IQcmav
IDchav
IDcmav
WConv
WSwitch
Tei
8.6049
8.6049
3.5144
4.2216
0.7821
0.0749
1.5426
0.0000
2.1165
A
A
A
A
A
A
W
W
Nm
IWrms
ILrms
IQchrm
IQcmrm
IDchrm
IDcmrm
EffDCSh
Pelec
Trel
W_Rs
0.0000 W
V_Rs
1000.0000 rpm
85.2561 %
7.5000 W
3.6462
10.5046
10.5046
6.7184
7.3747
3.1488
0.8154
84.7266
246.8235
1.3905E-04
A
A
A
A
A
A
%
W
Nm
0.0000 V
Fixed
0.0000 C/W
55.0000 C
75.0000 C
HTCcyl
Ambient
10.0000 W/mC HTCend
20.0000 C
0.0000
T_c
T_y
75.0000 C
75.0000 C
75.0000 C
0.7919
T_r
HeatFlux
PAGE 87
Flux
kW/m
SlotPeri
33.4666 mm
W/mC
SSArea
1683.6385 mm
FSArea
45955.2173 mm
Liner
0.4000 mm
ct_Liner
0.2000
C_motor
1.6348 kJ/C
ThRSlot
0.0495 C/W
9 Miscellaneous:-------------------------------------------------------------Weights...
wt_Cu
0.8029 kg
wt_Tot
2.7109 kg
wt_FeS
1.3117 kg
Inertia components...
RotJ
2.0987E-04 kg-m
m
RotJFe
6.1933E-05 kg-m
sigma
1.5348 psi
Wf0
30.0000 W
Fringing
ON
Ecc
0.0000
TRFrms
10.2275 kg
CForce
1.7864 kg
NLams
98
CalcCogg
Cog1
CanStyle
wt_Fe
wt_Shaft
wt_FeR
1.6130 kg
0.1462 kg
0.3013 kg
wt_Mag
wt_Frame
wt_RSS
0.2950 kg
0.3953 kg
0.8138 kg
RotJSS
2.4418E-04 kg-m
RotJSh
RotJMag
1.4201E-04 kg-m
LShaft
RPM0
XFringe
UMPavg
TRFavg
2000.0000 rpm
0.6000
-4.922E-16 kg
9.2943 kg
NWFT
1.0000
NHx
21
UMPmax
1.9074E-14 kg
TRFmax
12.0094 kg
LamThk
0.5000 mm
RFei
1.0000E+06
Tcogg_pk
0.0119 Nm
pcLam
XCogg
3.0000 %
1.0000
5.9262E-06 kg75.0000 mm
None
Flux
PAGE 89