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TRANSACTIONS
Microwave
GIL
M.
ON
MICROWAVE
Lithium
ARGE&TTINA
AND PAUL
ferrites
are discussed and compared with
AbstracfLitkkrn
other spinel microwave ferrites and rare earth-iron garnets. Points
of comparison are saturation magnetization, temperature performance, hysteresis loop properties, stress sensitivity, insertion loss,
power handling capability, resonmce ~mewidth, and cost. The main
points of discussion deal with the relative effectiveness of lithium
ferrites, nickel ferrites, magnesium ferrites, and garnets as elements
employed in latching applications at frequencies in the S, C, X, and
K% bands.
A section is devoted to the compositional modifications necessary
for: 1) adjusting magnetization, spin-wave line width, coercive force,
and magnetic snisotropy; 2) the minimization of stress sensitivity
and dielectric loss; and 3) the improvement of microstructural
characteristics.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE
category
can
be divided
earth-iron
limited
of
microwave
into
garnets,
in
eliminated
for C-band
Though
of 1800 G,
type
for many
industry.
Due to
D.
B.
domain
II.
DESIRABLE
A.
OF
MATERIALS
applications,
and/or
system
to be useful
range of
microwave
frequencies,
the room temperature
saturation
magnetization
must be adjustable
from 200 to 5000 G to
satisfy loss requirements,
as will be discussed in what
follows.
magnetic
result
of
phenomena
[4],
+ 47rM.)
by
<
(1)
HA << 47rM,,
which
have
tion
in
good
high
47riM,,
device
magnetic
performance,
Dielectric
loss
by
loss
<3
104
of
tan
& slightly
to
[5].
to
con-
the
two
Schlomann,
loss
than
5 X
to
di-
as long
considerable
greater
the
108
ascribed
insertion
contribution
For
of
between
to
is also
shift.
part
<4
hopping
According
there
as
evidence
104
can
insertion
be
loss.
Handling
handling
by
capability
the
as spin waves.
nonlinear
be
reduc-
phase
imaginary
generally
contribute
[6];
of
should
is
Fe+3.
a corresponding
terms
the
electron
a minimal
is limited
known
ferrites
not
with
Power
C.
p,
of
and
does
levels
tolerated
in
Fe+2
in
tensor,
means
ions,
&
require
is costly
permeability
duction
iron
anisotropy
which
onset
of ferromagnetic
of magnetic
Once excited,
mate-
instabilities
spin waves
cause a
increase in loss.
fixed frequency.
The spin-wave
linefor a
of garnets
and
Hysteresis
Remanent
Manuscript received September 20, 1973; revised December 3,
1973.
The authors are with Ampex Corporation, Redwood City, Calif.
94063.
is the
relaxation
Power handling
varies directly
width
( AH~ ) and invers@ y with
Magnetization
For a ferrite
[3],
for minimum
The power
CHARACTERISTICS
latching
T(HA
c%
applications.
FERROMAGNETIC
for
resonance
Conditions
rials
MICROWAVE
MEMBER, IEEE
the relation
that
latching
1974
Overview
BABA,
consideration
tan
efforts
[2]
have resulted
in a
which off ers performance
advanspinels and is competitive
with
6, JuN~
Insertion
loss is composed of both dielectric
and magnetic loss. Low field magnetic
loss, which is the major
from
latching
No.
Loss
electric
VOL. MW-22,
Paper)
temperature
performance
or loss,
of lower magnetizations
have been
applications.
Recent development
lithium-ferrite
system
tages over the other
garnets
rare
garnet
( YIG)
can be chemically
practically
every performance
char-
virtually
the
ferrites.
ceiling
severe limitations
spinel compositions
materials
types:
spinel
magnetization
years. Yttrium-iron
modified
to enhance
have long
ferromagnetic
principal
by a saturation
the garnets
two
T~C=NIQu%
AND
Ferrites: An
(Irwitecl
THEORY
BH
varies
tion
Loop
magnetization
loop properties
in direct
is limited
Properties
B, is the most important
for latching
proportion
by
WJW
with
<
applications.
B,,
of the
Phase shift
1, the ratio
of BJ47rM,
must
ARGENTINA
AND
beashigh
EABA:
MICROWAVE
as possible,
LITHIUM
Inmanyof
653
FERRITES
thespinel
ferrites
temperature
and
,
satura-
of B, should
sensitivity
be<
*2 G/C over the temperature
range OC to +80C.
The gadolinium-doped
yttrium-iron
garnets
(Gd YIG)
used at S band have magnetic compensation
points below
room temperature,
and as a result can have temperature
sensitivities
of < ~ 1 G/W.
temperature
cycling.
It
that
the
direction
determined
of
the
field
is
parallel
lb/in2
of 10 percent.
result
Magnesium
and lithium
ferrites
in B, of
requirements
on the coercive
for
phase
is
Though
latching
Linewidth
importance
most
linewidth
consideration
such as circulators.
the
widely
materials
design
is perhaps
for above
The aluminum
used
in the
the most
resonance
substituted
for
above
of
devices
due to broad
Recent
vanadium
20 Oe).
III.
type
line-
IV.
COMPOSITIONAL
CONSIDERATIONS
A.
Reduction
and Elevation
FOR
MICROWAVE
FERRITES
of JTM.
Unsubstituted
lithlum
ferrite
has a saturation
magnetization
of ca. 3700 G. In order to tailor thk material
to specific microwave
prepared
with
requirements,
room temperature
compositions
must be
magnetizations
from 200
Lithium
ferrite
The parentheses
(2)
[ ] indicate
ions
resonance
[9],
[10]
garnets
with
extremely
BACKGROUND
have
resulted
narrow
in
ion having
octahedral
LITHIUM
fewer
site is dominant.
a nonmagnetic
spins than
ion
For reduc-
(or a magnetic
Fe+3) is introduced
site as a replacement
tetrahedral
site. In either case, the octahedral
site normally remains dominant.
Ionic
substitution
must be performed
in a manner
calcium-
linewidths
( 10
FERRITES
Lithium
ferrites became commercially
important
as computer memory core materials in the early 1960s. The high
a nonmagnetic
on the
magnetization,
ion is introduced
on the
ON
of magnetization
resonance
linewidths.
efforts
tion
YI Gs are
circulators.
These materials
have Iinewidths
of =,45 Oe.
Some of the lithium-ferrite
spinels are close to the garnets
in performance;
however, the nickel and magnesium
ferrites are not at all suitable for above resonance application
which
Thk
of heat treatment
causes the volatility
of Li,O [15], [16]
which results in some reduction
of iron. For this reason
lithium
ferrites were considered difficult
to prepare with
low dielectric loss. In addition,
these lower magnetization
lithium
ferrites were characterized
by high porosities, and
parallel;
of no particular
design
elements,
temperatures.
distributed
on tetrahedral
and octahedral
sites, respectively. The magnetic spins on each of the sites are anti-
devices, resonance
critical
substituent
high sintering
to
concen-
flux of
state drivers.
Resonance
of the
comparable
to 5000 G.
shifters
the ferromagnetic
element.
Coercive forces of less than
1 Oe are small enough to permit the use of low-cost solid-
E.
nature
LITHIUM
are practically
stress insensitive,
with changes
less than 2 percent for the same test conditions.
dependent
relatively
in changes in B, on
energy
and
magnetizations
refractory
EFFECTIVE
garnets,
Switching
tration
requires
to
the order
with
are very
predominantly
ferrites
the garnets
demonstrated
stress applied
magnetic
by the ratio
has been
ance. Lithium
trivalent
adjustby the
formulas:
(+2)
( +3)
quadrivalent
The specific
(+4)
LiO,~w.~$+Fez.b_O
.s~+3M~+20t
(3)
Li0,~+Fez.~Z+3MZ+304
(4)
LiO.s+O.s~+FeZ.s_l
.b~+3M~+401. (5)
substituent
ion is selected
on the basis of
Curie temperature,
leading to unparalleled
thermal stability, the excellent hysteresis loop properties,
and the high
saturation
magnetization
all prompted
this commercial
interest.
For many of the same reasons there was con-
siderable development
effort aimed at providing
microwave quality lithium
ferrites [11 ][14].
The principal
interest in microwave
lithium
ferrites is
as a low-cost replacement
for the rare earth-iron
offering
competitive
or improved
temperature
that it forms
under normal
garnets,
perform-
field, which
influence
site preference
an immiscible
compound
with Li and
processing conditions
[16], over much
O,
of
6.54
IEEE
LU-XO..
=25.X
. SABA et al [21
O VASSILEV
[261
%s-I. sxW%
%5+0.S.
A
BABA et al [21
A BLASSE
4000
ON
[181
ferrites.
on the
It
LI AL
o
#
Li Ti
4TM.
A
2000
the
1000
02
04
behavior
of a lithium-titanium
densities
of M 99 percent
of
force.
of porosity
through
liquid
and
This
the
is accomplished
increased
phase sintering.
grain
Fig.
by
size
3 shows
90-
as liquid
by Baba
LI Ti
known
successfully
LI AL
a
sintering
the coercive
reduction
experienced
.,
1974
of reducing
JUNE
the theoretical
maximum
can be achieved
at 1000C.
The same composition
without
Bi has a density of N 75
percent of theoretical
at the same sintering temperature.
The use of a sintering aid has the attendant
advantage
3000
T.
method,
[2]
ferrite.
TECHNIQUES,
of Bi
AND
creases diffusion
of lithium
THEORY
phase sintering,
et al.
G
In
3
MICROWAVE
by promoting
crystallographic
fusion, and those which form
5000
L105
TRANSACTIONS
A
.
06
08
80<
Fig.
1.
Room
temperature
temperature
as a function
ferrite.
saturation
of Al and
70~
the compositional
range. The nonmagnetic
ion Zn+2 has
a very strong tetrahedral
site preference and is commonly
used for elevation
of magnetization
in all spinel-ferrite
systems.
The only drawback
to the use of a qnadrivalent
ion
60
:~
[see
(5) ] which
sites [18].
Thk
it requires
is believed
have
as high
the addition
to
a Curie
a lithium-titanium
temperature
aluminum
ferrite of equivalent
can be seen in Fig. 1.
B.
Nintering
of some
the
Li+
925
975
950
tetrahedral
ferrite
between
does not
1000
FIRING
Fig.
2.
1025
TEMPERATURE
Density
versus sintering
temperature
for the composition
LiO.sZnO.,Bi=Fe,.
1050
1075
I 100
(C)
and bismuth
~zTk.@i.
content
as does a lithium-
magnetization.
This effect
Aids
Lithium
ferrite
The substitution
increases
occupy
and Curie
in lithlum
magnetization
Ti substitution
this
is difficult
of Ti+4 to
refractory
nature.
Temperatures
in excess
reactivity
been proposed,
materials;
for
of the system.
Several
methods
have
o!
to insure
tempera-
925
Fig.
3.
950
975
1000
1025
FIRING
TEMPERATuRE
1050
1075
1100
(C)
Coercive
force versus sintering
temperature
content
for the composition
~10.sZn0.1BizFel.4_
and bismuth
t~10.zOi.
.iRGENTINA
AND
BABA:
MICROWAVE
LITHIUM
Acoercive
of ~lOOOC.
C. Reduction
of Magnetic
Lithium-titanium
ferrites
are relatively
magnetic
loss in low
Effective
reduction
S6 ~0002
FEI4oi3-o
ssoq,
at sintering
high anisotropy
adversely
magnetization
resonance
by the addition
Oe can result
Anisotropy
materials.
and broadens
force of a lithium-titanium
force of <1
temperatures
655
FERRITES
(<800
G)
ferrites
L_.
linewidth.
of anisotropy
can be accomplished
Variation
in
Spin-
To be effective
ferrites
must
pability.
spin-wave
Linewidth
as a microwave
offer
This
Wave
ferrite
a variability
can be accomplished
linewidth.
Doping
magnetic
system,
in power
by
with
variation
small
ion, allows
alteration
of spin-wave linewidth
from
as is shown in Fig. 5.
The efficacy of Co+ in increasing
lithium
handling
quantities
ferrite.
E. Minimization
of Dielectric
Trivalent
minimize
manganese
dielectric
in
AHk
has
that
X 104 with
the magnetostriction
V. MATERIALS
A comparison
ferrites
Fig. 5.
AH=,
cOmpOSitiOn
Green
doped
A.
employed
ferrites.
Fig.
to
of commercially
and
Temperature
Performance
spinels
Two
types
varying
in qnisotropy.
the Gd YIGs which
and
temperature
the
of hthium
Y Gd Fe
ferrites
for the
garnets
are shown,
The temperature
performance
of
are magnetically
compensated
and
It
5000
AV
of
[24].
4000
LITHIuM
FERRITES
NICKEL FERRITES
MAGNESIUM
Gd Al GARNETS
FERRITES
OVERVIEW
available
applications
and
6 depicts
Ni,
by a simple
constants
10
Mcignetization
SYSTEMS
been
of spinel
this is accomplished
oxidationreduction
reaction with
works very well in the lithium-ferrite
lithlum-
Loss
doping
for continuous
Mg,
loss in a variety
COGALT [ 10-310NS/F.U
( Gd YIGs).
reducing
of
2 Oe to N 8 Oe,
titanium
ferrites is well known [2],
[20],
[21].
[21] has reported
a AH, of 13.7 Oe in a Co+
lithium-titanium
ca-
in the
garnets
and
0
is made.
0
o
100
90
80
70
so
K
q
50
[04
40
30
7.0
10
0
o
0.05
0.1
0.15
4.
Anisotropy
versus
zinc
lithium-titanium
concentration
ferrites.
in
Ibo
200
300
CURIE
400-G
47rM,
Fig.
6.
400
TEMPERATURE
500
600
700
(C )
4TM.
versus
Curie
temperature
for nickel,
magnesium,
and lithium
ferrites,
and gadolinium-aluminum
YIGs.
IEEE
656
have excellent
temperature
this
criterion;
demonstrate
the limited
stability
cannot
Fig.
be judged
6 serves only
range of magnetizations
TRAN8AcTi0N8
ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
AND
TeChniqUeS,
JUNE
1974
by
to
possible
with
remanent
temperature
magnetization
dependency
of the
compositions
for
it S, C, X, and Ku bands, The parameter
shown in the figures is defined as
application
B, percent
for
B, percent
Two lithium
ferrites
optimum
&~oo
C)
L3r(i250
C)
(6)
B,(~oO c,
varjing
in
anisotropy.
B.
Hysteresis
Loop
Properties
all of the
With
the exception
of the .niclcel ferrites,
G can be
materials
under discussion with 4rM, <2000
processed to yield excellent
hysteresis
loop ,properties.
The lithhmn ferrites and garnets, in nearly all cases, are
available
with
remanence
ratios
(B,/47rMs)
interest
enjoying
4~M. for
spinel ferrites.
and lithium
spinels
to avoid switching
energy
have relatively
high HC.
-25
25
50
TEMPERATURE
Fig. 7.
Bz versus temperature
for
ferrites,
and a gadolinium-aluminum
for S-band latching
applications.
-50
of approxi-
100
100 - 125
75
(C)
a magnesium
YIG
with
ferrite,
optimum
lithh-nn
47rM.
1000
and
9oo-
prob8002
C. Insertion
Handling
with
herently
anisotropy
700
high
Capability
fields.
performance
This
results
have inin
higher
magnetic loss than a Gtl Al YI G of the same magnetization ( <800 G). Ordinary
methods for reduction
of anisotropy
in the lithium-ferrite
system increase the tem-
drkw
sign [25]
employing
has resulted
phase shifter
this
in excellent
applications.
same material
phase shifter
A recent
z
w
with
flux
drive
The
100
-50
lithium
ferrite shown in curve 3 of Fig. 7 enjoys temperature performance
close to the garnet but due to higher
anisotropy
is Iossier.
Both the Gd Al YI&s
and lithium
ferrites
are avail-
de-
performance.
500-
perature sensitivity.
In referring to Fig. 7, curve, 2 represent the performance
of a lithium
ferrite which is equivalent in loss to Gd Al YIGs of the same 4~M~. This particular lithium ferrite is too temperature
sensitive for most
saturation
600-
~.
-25
25TEMPERATURE
Fig. 8.
BR versus temperature
YIG with optimum
47rM,
50
75
100
125
( C)
f or a lithlum
f errite
for C-band latching
and a gadoliniurn
applications.
performance
aspeet.
Due to the requirement
ments.
to the Ni ferrites
spin-wave
for
4mM~ >2000
spinel
and with
linevvidths,
losses tori
most requil%-
.%RGENTINA
AND
BABA:
.MICROWAVl?
LITHIUM
657
FERRITES
20001
D.
L-
Pk>
Cost
The
cost of raw
ferromagnetic
labor
4rM~
500
-50
-25
LiF
NiF
Mg F
BR
25
50
TEMPERATURE
has a major
influence
elements
intended
of
materials
materials
75
(C)
Fig. 9.
ll~versu
sternperaturefor
nickel,
ferrites
with optimum
4mM. for X-band
BR%
will
manufacturing
input
dictate
ment.
yields,
that
50 percent
content
cost. Therefore,
a spinel
raw materials
a spinel-ferrite
cost, and
S-band
element
C-band
configuration
is a lower proportion
C-band
element
el~
is smaller,
of the unit
in
of
operation increases. Structures for higher frequency applications utilize very little material
and the effect of raw
1?5
magnesium,
andlithlum
latching
applications.
material
tions.
costs essentially
At
lithium
3000
drops
such frequencies,
ferrites
relative
out of pricing
the
superior
considera-
performance
of
than cost,
factor.
I
E.
Summary
The lithium-ferrite
system is comprised
of from <200
can be varied
to optimize
stability
off
via
the magnetic
anisotro~y
power handling
the
inherently
for
any
trat!e-
practical
level
of
capability.
best
( <800
possible
high
G) lithium-titanium
temperature
anisotropy,
which
ferrites
performance
is responsible
have
for
ex-
Fig. 10.
ferrltes
loss-temperature
reduction
Low magnetization
with
-50
of discrete com-
-25
B?versu$
temperature
with opt]mum
47M,
25
50
75
IQO
125
dling
TEMPERATURE
(C )
fornickel,
for K.-band
magnesium,
and lithium
latching
applications.
ure
capability,
sensitive
low
anisotmpy
lithium-titanium
fer-
rites.
For C-band
etizations
latching
of x1200
with magn-
employed,
the level
of anisotropy
encountered
in the best temperature
formance lithium
ferrites does not influence insertion
pei~
loss.
ferrites
ferrites
Improvements
are superior
to the nickel
used at frequencies
on the
order
of 1.5-150 percent
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
4mM3 (GAUSS)
Fig.
11.
Remsnent
magnetization
for lithium,
magnesium,
versus saturation
magnetization
and nickel ferrites.
ferrites
and
lithium-ferrite
REFERENCES
[1] A. S. Hudsonj
Molecular
engineering
wave ferromagnetic
garnets,
Marconi
658
I13EX
TRANSACTIONS
ON
MICROWAVE
and D. H. Temme,
Fabrication
and properties
of microwave
lithium
ferrites,
IEEE
Trans. Magn.,
vol. MAG-8,
PP.8394,
Mar. 1972.
Resonance
~henomena
in
ferrites.
[3] D. Polder
and J. Smit,
,,
Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 17, pp. 89-90, 1053.
[4] J. J. Green, E. Schlomann, F. Sandy, and J. Saunders, Charac-
[14]
-.
[17]
-.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[13]
349, 1967.
P. D. Baba and
Summary
Tech.
S. K. Banerjee,
Microwave
Rep. ESD-TR-68-251,
1968.
Diode
ferrite
JOSEPH
AbstractThis
paper contains considerations for diode phase
shifters used for phased array antenna control. The categories are:
1) areas in which ferrite and diode phase shifters d@er, 2) diode
phase-shifter circuits, 3) the nature and typical performance of
p-i-n diodes, 4] the requirements of a driver and a ~ical circuit,
and 5) measured performance of phase- shifters in L, S, C, and
X bands.
Diodes
and
Ferrites
No.
6, JUNE
E. Brown,
Low-loss
lithium
ferrites
applications,
J. Appt.
Phys.,
vol.
1974
for
42,
Ferrospinelles
comprenant
letude
de leurs
propri6t&
Paris, Paris, Francej
1Q62.
MEMBER,
lion
Li +
magni%iques,
et
conM.S.
Antennas
IEEE
Paper)
interest
in the electronically
controlled
phased
array
an
more
widely
Furthermore,
dissimilar
it is difficult
technical
to imagine
approaches
to the
same problem.
In principle, it is possible to have a complete understanding of either approach without
any familiarity
with the
I. INTRODUCTION
A.
A. Vassiliev,
tribution
4
thesis, Univ.
for Array
F. WHITE,
(Invited
M1l!-22,
100, 1973.
program,
Phase Shifters
and A.
latching
VOL.
ferrites,
J. Amer. Ceram. SoC., vol. 52, pp. 157-160,
1969.
D. H. Ridgley,
H. Lessoff,
and J. D. Childress,
Effects
of
lith{um
and oxygen
losses on magnetic
and crystallographic
properties
of spinel lithlum
ferrite,
J. Amer. Ceram.
Sot.,
vol.
53, pp. 304311,
1970.
D. W. Strickler
and R. Roy,
Studies
in the system
Li,OAl&FeiO,-H~O,
J. Amer. Ceram. Sot., vol. 44, pp. 225230,
lW1
Crystal
chemistry
and some magnetic
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--
TECHNIQUES,
[15]
[12]
AND
T. Collins
microwave
THEORY
as Alternatives
HE TWO principal
means of providing
electronic control of the phase of microwave
signals are realized by
the diode and the ferrite phase shifters. Both of these circuit approaches have received continuous
and enormous
developmental
state
effort
[1]
since about
control
of the
relative
phase
between
input
and