p packet

address

4maincomponentsofaroute:
DestinationValue,Mask,Gatewayor
InterfaceAddress,andRoutecostor
metric

Arouterdirectsmessageto
correctdestinationby

a Lookingformatchingrouteinrouting
table

Dest.valuesinroutingtable=
Destinationnetworkaddresses

Resultingnetworkaddresscompared
tonetworkaddressofrouteintable

p Routrpowersup,configuredinterfaces
areenabled

Matchisfound=Packetsforwarded
outcorrectinterface/appropriate
gateway

Routerlooksupsubnetmask
assignedtoeachpotentialroute
table

Applieseachsubnetmaskto
destinationIPaddressinpacket

Netwkaddrmatch>1rt.=Routruses
routew/speciforlongst,netwkaddr.
matchfromtable

Asinterfacesbeomeopertionl=Routr

a storesdirectlyattachloc.netwkaddr's
asconnectdroutsinroutngtble

DirectlyConnectedRoutes

Automat.updtdwhenintisreconfiged
orshutdwn

NoRouterentriesmatch=Routrdirects
messagetogatewayspecifbydefault
routeifconfigured

Ident.inroutingtblewithprefix'C'
Adminmanuallyconfiguresstaticroute
toaspecif.netwk
Doesn'tchangeuntilAdminmanually
reconfigsit

Def.route=typeofstaticroutspecif
gatewaytousewhenrutingtble
doesn'tcontainpathtousetoreach
destinanetwk

StaticRoutes
DynamicallyUpdatedRoutes
(DynamicRoutes)

Ident.withprefix'S'

Commonfordefaultroutestopointto
nextrouterinpathtoISP
Subnethasonlyonerouter=that
routerautomaticallybecomesdefault
gateway

Router1(config)#iproute192.168.16.0
255.255.255.0192.168.15.1

becauseallnetworktraffictoandfrom
thatlocalnetworkhasnooptionbutto
travelthroughthatrouter

ConfiguringStaticRoute
largernetworksgenerallyusedynamic
routingratherthanstaticroutes

Routingprotocols

Learnsallavailableroutes

Dynamicallymanageinformation
receivedfromowninterfacesandother
routers
Canbeconfiguredtomanagemanually
enteredroutes

Placesbestroutesintoroutingtable

Dynamicroutingprotocol

Removesrouteswhentheyareno
longervalid

Methodroutingprotocolusesto
determinebestroutetodestinnetwk=
routingalgorithm

Sends
periodiccopiesofaroutingtable
fromroutertorouter
/communicatetopologychanges

Twomainclasses:1.DistanceVector
2.LinkState

Numberofhops,Administrative
cost,Bandwidth,Transmission
speed,Likelihoodof
delays,Reliability

DistanceHowfarawayisnetwork
fromthisrouter?

Addressofthenexthopalongthepath
tothenetworknamedintheroute

VectorInwhatdirectionshouldpacket
besenttoreachthisnetwork?

Topologyofnetworkchangesdueto
reconfigurationorfailure,routing
tablesinallroutersmustchangeto
reflectaccurateviewofnewtopology

p RoutingAlgorithm

Allroutersinanetwkhaveupdated
theirtablestoreflectthenewroute
=Routersconverged
Fortworouterstoexchangeroutes,
mustbeusingsameroutingprotocol
andsameroutingalgorithm

Interfaceleadingtoeachdirectly
connectednetworkhasadistanceof0

Neighborroutersshareadirectly
connectednetwork

Eachofnetworkentriesintherouting
tablehasanaccumulateddistance
vectortoshowhowfarawaythat
networkisinagivendirection

Eachrouterreceivesaroutingtable
fromdirectlyconnectedneighbor
routers.

a DistanceVector

DistanceVector

Eachroutercommunicatesrouting
informationtoitsneighbors

Useshopcountasmetricforpath
selection

Asdistancevectordiscoveryprocess
proceeds,routersdiscoverthebest
pathtodestinationnetworksbasedon
informationreceivedfromeach
neighbor

Defineshopcountgreaterthan15as
unreachableroute
Sendsroutingtablecontentsevery30
seconds,bydefault
Bestpath=Pathwith
shortestdistanceorsmallestmetric.

Whenrouterreceivesroutingupdate=
Hopcountvalueisincreasedbyoneon
eachrouter

Topologychangeupdatesproceed
stepbystepbysendingcopiesof
routingtablesfromroutertorouter.

Routeruseslocalnetwkaddressof
directlyconnectedrouterwhichsent
updateasnexthopaddress

Developedtoaddresssomelimitations
ofotherdistancevectorrouting
protocolssuchasRIP

Limitationsincludeuseofhopcount
metricandmaxnetwksizeof15hops

Afterupdatingroutingtable,router
immediatelybeginstransmittngroutng
updtestoinformothernetwkroutersof
thechange

Ciscoproprietaryenhanceddistance
vectorroutingprotocol

RIPissimple,easytoimplement,and
availablefreeofcostwithmostrouters

RIPRoutingInformation
Protocol(RFC1058)

AdvantagesofEIGRP:

These"triggeredupdates"aresent
independentlyofregularlyscheduled
updatesthatRIProutersforward.

DisadvantagesofRIP:

p Usesavarietyofmetricstocalculate
costofaroute

Allowsamaximumof15hopscan

p onlybeusedfornetworksthatconnect

Combinesnexthopandmetricfeatures

nomorethan16routersinseries

a ofdistancevectorprotocols,with
additionaldatabaseandupdate
features

Periodicllysendscompletecopiesof
entireroutngtbletodirectlyconncted

a neighbors.Inlargenetwk,thiscan

s Hasmaximumhopcountof224hops

causesignific.amtofnetwktrafficfor
ea.updt

UnlikeRIP,doesnotrelyonlyon
routingtableinroutertoholdall
informationitneedstooperate.EIGRP
createstwoadditionaldatabasetables:
theneighbortableandthe
topologytable

s Convergesslowlyonlargernetworks,
whennetworkchanges

Neighbortable

Includesinformationlike
interfaceIPaddresses,
interfacetype,andbandwidth
Topologytablecontainsallroutes
advertisedbytheneighborrouters

Mostimp.diff.btwRIPv1andRIPv2
RIPv2cansupportclasslessrouting
,becauseit
includesthesubnetmask
informationinroutingupdates
.

EIGRPEnhancedInterior
GatewayRoutingProtocol

Storesdataaboutneighboringrouters
ondirectlyconnectedlocalnetworks.

RIPv1reliesonclassfulldefaultsubnet
masks

Buildstopologytablefromeach
advertisementsofitsneighbors

Routersuseingdistancevectorrouting
algorithmhavelittleinformationabout
distantnetworksandnoneabout
distantrouters

Dependsonroutingalgorithmcalled
DiffusedUpdateAlgorithm(DUAL)to:

Linkstateroutingalgorithmmaintainsa
fulldatabaseofdistantroutersandhow
theyinterconnect

Calculateshortestpathtoadestination

p withinanetworkandtoinstallthisroute
intoroutingtable

Linkstateroutinghasfollowing
features:

Topologytableenablesarouterrunning
EIGRPtofindbestalternatepath
quicklywhennetworkchangeoccurs

RoutingtableListoftheknown
pathsandinterfaces

Ifnoalternaterouteexistsintopology
table,EIGRPqueriesitsneighborsto
findanewpathtodestination
EIGRPisidealforlarger,more
complexnetworksupto224hopsin
sizethatrequirefastconvergence

Linkstateadvertisement(LSA)
Smallpacketofroutinginformationthat
issentbetweenrouters

LinkStateRouting

LSAsdescribestateofinterfaces
(links)ofarouter,andotherinfolikeIP
addressofeachlink

TopologicaldatabaseCollectionof
informationgatheredfromallLSAs
receivedbyrouter

AdvantagesofOSPF:

Routing

Sendsroutingupdatesonlywhen
topologychanges
doesn'tsendperiodicupdatesof
entireroutingtable.

WhenLSAsarereceivedfromother
routersSPFalgorithmanalyzes
informationindatabasetoconstruct
SPFtree

Providesfastconvergence
SupportsVLSManddiscontiguous
subnets
Providesrouteauthentication

BasedonSPFtree,SPFalgorithmthen
calculatesshortestpathstoother
networks

EachtimeanewLSApacketcausesa
changetolinkstatedatabaseSPF
recalculatesbestpathsandupdates
routingtable

OSPFOpenShortestPathFirst
(RFC2328)
Smallnetworkswithonly
onegatewaytoInternetcanuse
staticroutes

Ex:Anewneighborisadded,alink
fails,oralinkisrestored
Networktopologychanges,=routers
affectedbychangesendupdateLSAs
torestofthenetwork.

SPFtreeisamapofnetworkasseen
frompointofviewoftherouter.
Informationinthistreeisusedtobuild
theroutingtable

SPF(ShortestPathFirst)algorithm
Calculationperformedondatabase
thatresultsinSPFtree.

UsesSPFalgorithmtocalculate
lowestcosttodestination

Asorganizationgrows,RIPv2canbe
used.Easytoconfiginsmallnetworks.
Netwkexceed15routers,=RIPno
longergoodchoice.

Routerssendlinkstateadvertisements
toeachotherwhenachangeoccurs

Forlargernetworks,EIGRPandOSPF
arecommon

Allroutersupdatetheirtopology
databasesaccordingly,regenerate
theirSPFtreestofindnewshortest
pathstoeachnetwork,andupdate
theirroutingtableswithchangedroutes

3maincriteriasforchoosingprotocol:

RoutingwithinanOrganization

EaseofmanagementWhat

p informationdoesprotocolkeepabout
itself?Whatshowcommandsare

BeforeconfiguringRIP:

available?

AssignanIPaddressandenableall
thephysicalinterfacesthatwill
participateinrouting.

EaseofconfigurationHowmany

a commandswillaverageconfigrequire?
Isitpossibletoconfigseveralroutersin
yournetworkwithsameconfig?

Onseriallinks,setclockrateon
masterrouter.

EfficiencyHowmuchbandwidth
doesroutngprotocoltakeupwhilein

s steadystate,andhowmuchcouldit

takeup,whenconverginginresponse
toamajornetwkevent?

p Router(config)#routerrip
a Router(configrouter)#version2
s

BasicRIPconfiguration:

ASisasetofnetworkscontrolledbya
singleadministrativeauthorityusing
sameinternalroutingpolicythroughou

Router(configrouter)#network
[networknumber]

EachASisidentifiedbyauniqueAS
number(ASN)

AfterconfiguringRIPCompare
runningconfigwithanaccurate
topologydiagramtoverifynetwk
numbersandinterfaceIPaddresses

MostcommonexampleofanASisthe
ISP

Onewaytoverifythatroutingis
workingproperlyistopingdeviceson
remotenetworks.

ConfigureandVerifyRIP

AutonomousSystems(AS)

showipprotocolscommandverifies
thatRIProutingisconfigured,tcorrect
interfacesaresendingandreceiving
RIPupdates,androuterisadvertising
correctnetworks

SameASNappliestoallnetwork
deviceswithintheASroutingdomain
AprivateASnumberisrequiredwhen
connectingtomultipleISPs

showiproutecommandshows
routingtable,whichverifiesthatroutes
receivedbyRIPneighborsareinstalled
inroutingtable

Exteriorgatewayprotocolsare
designedtoexchangerouting
informationbetweendifferent
AutonomousSystems

Featuresofdebugipripcommand:
Canbeusedtoobservenetworks
advertisedintheroutingupdatesas
theyaresentandreceived

EachASismanagedbyadifferent
administrationandmayusedifferent
interiorprotocols,networksmustusea
protocolthatcancommunicate
betweendiversesystems.

Displaysrouteractivityinrealtime
Usesrouterprocessorresources,
whichcanaffectnetworkoperation

EGPservesasatranslatorforensuring
thatexternalroutinginformationgets
successfulinterpretedinsideeachAS
network

Usedtoexchangeroutinginformation
withinanautonomoussystemor
individualorganization
Purposeofaninteriorroutingprotocol
istofindbestpaththroughinternal
network

ASisadministeredbyISPand
thereforenotonlyincludesitsown
netwkroutes,butalsomanagesroutes
toallbusinessandothercustomer
netwksthatareconnectedtoit

EGPExteriorGateway
Protocols

EGPprotocolsrunonthe
exteriorrouters,theroutersthatare
locatedattheborderofanAS
Exteriorroutersarealsocalled
bordergateways

IGPInteriorGatewayProtocols

IGPsrunontheinteriorrouters,thatis,
theroutersinsideanorganizationand
exchangeindividualroutes

Exteriorroutersexchangeinformation
abouthowtoreachvariousnetworks
usingexteriorprotocols

Examplesofinteriorgatewayprotocols
areRIP,EIGRPandOSPF

Exteriorroutingprotocolsseektofind
bestpaththroughInternetasa
sequenceofAutonomousSystems

EGPallowtraffictoberoutedacross
theInternettoremotedestinations
Themostcommonexteriorrouting
protocolonInternettodayis
BorderGatewayProtocol(BGP)

ISPSprovidebackuproutesand
routersincasetheregularroutefails
ISPadvertisesregularroutetoother
AutonomousSystems.

SometimesanISPmaywantrouterto
beincludedinitsautonomoussystem
andtoparticipateinBGP.,sorouter
mustbeconfigedtoenableBGP

EGPPovidemethodbywhichISPscan
setandenforcepoliciesandlocal
preferencessothattrafficflowthrough
ISPisefficientandnoneoftheinternal
routesareoverloadedwithtransit
traffic

Cancauserouterstooverloadandfail,
ifthoseroutersdonothavethe
capacitytohandlelargeamountsof
traffic.
ManyAutonomousSystemsarenot
willingtocarrytransittraffic

p ThefirststepinenablingBGPona
routeristoconfiguretheASnumber

a neighborwithwhichtheCustomer
PremiseEquipment(CPE)router

FlowoftrafficbetweenAutonomous
Systemsiscarefullycontrolled.
Itisimportanttobeabletolimitoreven
prohibitcertaintypesofmessagesfrom
goingtoorfromanAS,forsecurity
reasonsortopreventoverloading.

neighbor[IPAddress]remoteas[AS
number]

exchangesinformation
WhenanISPcustomerhasitsown
registeredIPaddressblock,maywant

ConfiguringandVerifyingBGP

routerbgp[ASnumber]

IdentifyISProuterthatistheBGP

ExteriorRoutingProtocolsand
ISP

LocalTrafficTrafficcarriedwithinan
ASthateitheroriginatedinthatsame
AS,orisintendedtobedeliveredwithin
thatAS.Thisislikelocaltrafficona
street.

TransitTraffic Trafficthatwas
generatedoutsidethatASandcan
travelthroughinternalASnetworkin
routetobedeliveredtodestinations
outsideAS.Thisislikethroughtraffic
onastreet.

MostcurrentversionofBGPisversion
4(BGP4)inRFC4271

WhenanISPputsaborderrouterata
customerlocation,theyusually
configureitwithadefaultstaticrouteto
theISP

Regularroutefails,thenISPsendsan
exteriorprotocolupdatemessageto
advertisebackuprouteinstead

Flowofmessagesintheinternet=
TRAFFIC.Twotypesoftraffic:

95%ofAutonomousSystemsuseBGP

s routestosomeofitsinternalnetworks
tobeknownonInternet.TouseBGP

network[networkaddress]

toadvertiseaninternalroute,a
networkcommandisneeded.
Onceallofcustomerpremise
equipmentisinstalledandtrouting
protocolsconfigured,customerhas
bothlocalandInternetconnectivity.
Nowthecustomeris
abletofullyparticipateinother
servicestheISPmayoffer
TheIPaddressesusedforBGPare
normallyregistered,routable
addresseswhichidentifyunique
organizations
Inverylargeorganizationsprivate
addressesmaybeusedintheBGP
OntheInternet,BGPshould
neverbeusedtoadvertiseaprivate
networkaddress

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