Table Of Content

Bil

Topic

Title & Introduction

Objective

Theory

Equipment

Procedure

Data and Result

Sample Of Calculation

Analysis and Discussion

Conclusion

10

References

Page No

Objective

The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the effect of the flow rate
variation on the performance characteristics of a counter-flow and parallel flow
concentric tube heat exchanger. Other objectives for this experiment also include:
i.
ii.

To learn how concentric tube heat exchanger operates.

To observe the difference between parallel-flow and counter flow

iii.

operation of the heat exchanger.

To develop a set of experiments to obtain statistically significant trends
for the overall heat transfer coefficient and the inside heat transfer
coefficient as a function of water velocity.

Introduction

A heat exchanger is equipment in which heat exchange takes place between

two fluids that enters and exit at different temperatures. The main function of heat
exchanger is to either remove heat from a hot fluid or to add heat to the cold fluid.
The direction of fluid motion inside the heat exchanger can normally categorized
as parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow.
In this experiment, we only study the parallel flow and counter flow. In
parallel flow, which also known as co-current flow, both the hot and cold fluids
enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. For
counter flow, the hot and cold fluids flow in the opposite direction. Both fluids
enter and exit the heat exchanger on the opposite ends. In this experiment, we
focused on the shell and tube heat exchanger.
There are three main types of heat exchanger:
i.
ii.

Recuperator
Fluids exchanging heat are on either side of a dividing wall
Regenerator
Hot and cold fluids pass alternatively a sink and a source for heat flow
iii.
Evaporative Type
A liquid is cooled evaporatively and continuously in the same space as
the coolant.

Counter-flow heat exchanger

Parallel-flow heat exchanger

Theoretical Background
Concentric tube heat exchanger is one of the most common conductiveconvective types of heat exchanger. Parallel flow is defined as when both
fluids enter the concentric tube heat exchanger from the same sides and flow
through the same directions whereas the counter flow is defined as when both
fluids enter from the opposite sides and flow through the opposite directions.
It is commonly claimed that the counter flow is more efficient than the
parallel flow.

Consider a double-pipe heat exchanger. The heat transfer rate at any

distance x along the tubes between the hot and cold fluids is given by
q x = UA(T H T C ) ...........................(1)
where
A

: surface area for heat transfer consistent with definition of U

TH

: hot fluid temperature

TC

: cold fluid temperature

: the overall heat transfer coefficient based on either the

inside or outside area of the tube.

As a matter of fact, the temperature of the hot and cold fluids changes
along the tube. Therefore, in order to calculate the heat transfer between the
two fluids, equation (1) should be integrated between the inlet and outlet
conditions, giving that
q = UAT l m .........................(2)
where T l m is the mean temperature difference across the heat exchanger and
it can be given as
T l m = T i n - T o u t / ln (T i n / T o u t ) ............................(3)

This temperature difference is called the log mean temperature

difference (LMTD) and is valid for both flow conditions. The derivation
shown above is made according to two significant assumptions: first, the
fluid specific heats do not vary with temperature and second, the heat
convection heat transfer coefficients are constant throughout the exchanger.
The second assumptions are influenced by entrance effects, fluid viscosity
and thermal conductivity changes.
The heat loss from the hot fluid flowing in the inner tube can be
determined from
q H = H Cp H (T H i n T H o u t ) ..............................(4)
where
H

= hot water mass flow rate

Cp H

= hot water specific heat

THin

= hot fluid temperature at entrance

T H o u t = hot fluid temperature at exit

Similarly, the heat gained by the cold fluid flowing in the space between the
inner and outer pipes can be calculated from
q C = C Cp C (T C i n T C o u t ) ..........................(5)
where
C

= cold water mass flow rate

Cp C

= cold water specific heat

TCin

= cold fluid temperature at entrance

T C o u t = cold fluid temperature at exit

Suppose that q C is less than the q H , some heat is lost through the
insulating material to the surrounding air, abide the outer surface of the
concentric tube is insulated. Thus, the efficiency can be obtained from
= q C ..............................(6)
qH

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as

=

actual heat transfer

........................(7)

Maximum Possible Heat Transfer

The value of the actual heat transfer may be obtained from calculating
the energy lost by the hot fluid from equation (4) or the energy gained by the
cold fluid from equation (5). Since the energy gained by the cold fluid is lost
through the insulating material to the surrounding air, it is preferable to
substitute the value of energy lost by the hot fluid as the actual heat transfer
in equation (7).

In order to determine the maximum possible heat transfer for the heat
exchanger, one of the fluids is logically required to undergo a temperature
change which represents the maximum temperature difference present in the
heat exchanger, which is the difference in the temperatures for the hot and
cold fluids entering the heat exchanger. Likewise, the fluid is the one having
the minimum value of Cp. Thus, the maximum possible heat transfer then
can be expressed as
q m a x = ( Cp) m i n (T H i n T C i n ) .......................(8)
The minimum fluid may be either the hot or cold fluid, depending on the mass
flow rates and specific heats, and so the efficiency , is
=
qmax

qH

x 100% ......................(9)

Equipment And Apparatus

Temperature Readings

Concentric Tube Heat

Exchanger

Experimental Procedure
1. Set the following initial conditions: Controlled hot water temperature = 60 oC; Cold
water volumetric flow rate Vc = 2000 cm3/min.
2. Set the apparatus for counter flow (as seen on the apparatus panel). After conditions
have stabilized and while maintaining a constant cold water flow rate, record all water
temperature readings - i.e., hot and cold temperatures at inlet, mid-point and outlet for at least the following hot water flow rates: 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 cm3/min.
3. For each hot water flow rate, calculate the power emitted, power absorbed, power
lost, efficiency, log mean temperature difference and overall heat transfer coefficient.
For heat exchanger specifications see the panel located on the apparatus.
4. Then, the experiment continued with parallel flow concentric tube heat exchanger.
5.

Discuss the effect of flow rate on the calculated data above. Discuss any error from
this experiment that may skew your results

Table and Result

Heat exchanger surface area,

As

2
= 0.0641 m

Experiment ID : Counter Flow

Hot water
Volumetri
c Flow
Rate,
Vh
l/min
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4

h ,
T

57.3
57.3
57.5
57.6
57.6
57.4
57.5

Cold water

T h, mid

27.8
27.8
27.8
27.9
27.9
28.0
28.1

T h, out

42.8
45.3
47.5
49.1
50.0
50.5
51.4

Volumetri
c Flow
Rate,
Vc
l/min
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

c ,
T

T c, mid

T c, out

24.0
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6

15.1
16.2
17.0
16.5
17.0
17.6
16.5

30.3
32.1
34.1
35.5
36.3
37.1
37.3

Experiment ID : Parallel Flow

Hot water
Volumetri
c Flow
Rate,
Vh
l/min
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4

h ,
T

57.7
57.4
57.4
57.6
57.8
57.6
57.8

T h, mid

28.2
28.3
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.6

Cold water
T h, out

42.2
46.9
48.7
49.8
51.0
51.5
52.2

Volumetri
c Flow
Rate,
Vc
l/min
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

c ,
T

T c, mid

T c, out

24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.8
24.8
24.9

13.8
14.9
16.3
16.5
-11.1
-9.4
-11.4

30.9
33.2
36.1
36.3
37.1
37.5
38.3

Table design to tabulate the calculated parameters

Counter Flow
Vh

Power
Emitte
d
(W)

(
3

m /s x 10

Power
Absorbe
d
(W)

Power
Lost

Efficienc
y ()

T1

T2

Tm

(W)

(%)

2.5
3.33
4.17
5.0
5.83
6.67

W/(
2

1.67

m .C
0.996

0.863

0.133

86.6

14.5

6.3

9.84

1.37

0.825

1.096

0.272

132.9

12

9.87

1.73

0.687

1.356

0.669

197.4

10

9.9

9.95

2.13

0.584

1.535

0.951

262.7

8.5

11.2

9.79

2.45

0.522

1.631

1.108

312.2

7.6

11.9

9.59

2.65

0.474

1.726

1.252

364.1

6.9

12.6

9.47

2.85

0.419

1.740

1.321

415.1

6.1

12.7

9.00

3.02

Parallel Flow
Vh

Power
Emitted

(W)

Power
Absorbe
d
(W)

Power
Lost

Efficienc
y ()

T1

T2

Tm

(W)

(%)

W/(

m3 /s x 105
1.67
2.5

m2 . C
0.969

0.891

0.078

91.92

14.1

6.5

9.81

1.416

0.722

1.206

0.484

167.12

10.5

8.8

9.62

1.954

3.33
4.17
5.0
5.83
6.67

0.639

1.343

0.704

210.12

9.3

9.8

9.55

2.194

0.536

1.576

1.040

293.99

7.8

11.5

9.53

2.579

0.481

1.672

1.191

347.53

12.2

9.36

2.786

0.433

1.768

1.335

408.30

6.3

12.9

9.21

2.994

0.392

1.836

1.444

468.77

5.7

13.4

9.01

3.180

Sample of Calculation
C ph=4.185 kJ /(kg K )

C pc =4.187 kJ /(kg K )

h=983.2kg /m3

c =998.2 kg /m3

*Calculation for counter flow is same as the parallel flow

V c =2

V h=1 l/min
5
= 1.67 x 10

Power Emitted =

= 3.33 x 10

m3 /s

V h h C ph

h ,T h , out
(
T

5
=(1.67 x 10 )(983.2)(4.185)(57.3-42.8)

= 0.99 W

Power Absorbed =

V c c C pc

l/min

c ,
( T c, out T

m /s

=(3.33 x 10

)(983.2)(4.187)(30.3-24.0)

= 0.863 W

Power Lost = Power Emitted Power Absorbed

= 0.99 0.863
= 0.133 W
Overall Efficiency, =

Power Absorbed
x 100
POwer Emitted

0.863
x 100
= 0.99
= 86.6 %

c ,
T 2=T h ,out T

h ,T c ,out
T 1=T
=57.3 42.8
= 24.0 C

T m=

T 1 T 2
T 1
ln (
)
T 2

14.56.3
14.5
ln
6.3

= 9.84 C

=35.8
23.7

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

Power Absorbed
As x T m
0.863
= 0.0641 x 9.84
2

= 1.37 W/( m . C

For Counter Flow

Average Power Emitted = (0.99 + 0.825 +0.687 + 0.584 +0.522 + 0.474 +0.419) / 7
= 0.644 W
Average Power Absorbed = (0.863+ 1.096 + 1.356 + 1.535 + 1.631 + 1.726 +1.740) / 7
= 1.42 W
Average Power Lost = (0.133 + 0.272 + 0.669 + 0.951 + 1.108 + 1.252 + 1.321) / 7
= 0.82 W
Average Efficiency = (86.6 + 132.9 + 197.4 + 262.7 + 312.2 + 364.1 +415.1) / 7

=253.03%
Average

T m=

(9.84 + 9.87 + 9.95 + 9.79 + 9.59 + 9.47 + 9.00) / 7

=9.642 C
Average U = (1.37 + 1.73 +2.13 + 2.45 + 2.65 +2.85 + 3.02) / 7
2
= 2.31 W/( m . C

For Parallel Flow

Average Power Emitted = (0.969 + 0.722 + 0.639 + 0.536 + 0.481 + 0.433 + 0.392) / 7
= 0.596 W
Average Power Absorbed = (0.891 + 1.206 + 1.343 + 1.576 + 1.672 + 1.768 + 1.836) / 7
= 1.47W
Average Power Lost = (0.0780 + 0.484 + 0.704 + 1.04 + 1.191 + 1.335 + 1.444
= 0.897 W

)/7

Average Efficiency = (91.92 + 167.12 + 210.12 + 293.99 + 347.53 + 408.3 + 468.77) / 7

= 283.96 %
Average

T m=

(9.81 + 9.62 + 9.55 + 9.53 + 9.36 + 9.21 + 9.01) / 7

=8.155 C
Average U = (1.416 + 1.954 + 2.194 + 2.579 + 2.786 + 2.994 + 3.18) / 7
2
=2.433 W/( m . C

Graph
Counter Flow

GRAPH OF TEMPERATURE
140
120
100
80
Temperature

60
40
20
0
1

Parallel

GRAPH OF TEMPERATURE
140
120
100
80
Temperature

60
40
20
0
1

Discussion
Muhammad Syafieq Bin Sipon

2014284374

There are a few objectives which are to be achieved in this experiment such as to
demonstrate the working principles of concentric flow heat exchanger under parallel as well
as counter flow condition and other objectives else but the most important part of the
objectives is to determine the most efficient flow of concentric tube heat exchanger whether it
is the parallel flow or counter-current flow.
A concentric tube heat exchanger is used to achieve these objectives. The heat
exchanger itself is combined with thermometers and flow rate m meters. Thus, the control of
the hot fluids temperatures and both hot and cold fluids flow rates are made easier. We can
observe the values of THin, THout, THmid, TCmid, TCin, and TCout. This experiment is conducted with
two parts of separated conditions, which are by varying the flow rates at constant temperature
and by varying the temperatures at constant flow rate.
From the experiment value, know that the effect of changing the volumetric flow rate
of the hot fluid. For counter flow, can seeing the value of power emitted and absorbed
increase when the volumetric flow rate of hot fluid increases. Besides that, knows the value
of power lost. The value of efficiency are recorded is constantly. It is because affected by
human error while taking the reading. So, some value in the table is not precisely. The overall
heat transfer increase because of changing volumetric flow rate.
For parallel flow, the value are recorded is not same like counter flow. The value for
power emitted and absorbed is larger than counter flow opposites the theoretical where the
power emitted and absorbed can smaller than counter flow. The volumetric flow rate of hot
fluid increased, the power emitted and absorbed not consistent reading because we do error
during experiment for parallel. Can seeing the power lost in parallel flow is more than
counter flow

Conclusion

Muhammad Syafieq Bin Sipon

2014284374

As the conclusion, we can say the changing volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid will
affect the heat exchanger factor. Base from experiment, can seeing the different flow in tube
exchanger can increase or decrease energy transfer in fluid. In theoretical, the parallel flow
should be more efficiency than counter flow but from the result that we obtain differ from the
theory.