Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Africa Development
- States stressed the state was the prime mover for raising SOL, but it
also suppressed initiative from non-governmental sources. (FC: PP,
92) Africa has had great difficulty attracting capital with spread out
population, divided by colonial and p-c borders, low income levels,
and uncertainties of labour force development. (FC: PP, 99-100)
Post-1973 recovery only in late 1990s. (106-7)
Africa ESRS Before independence
- Socio-economic African trade unions asserted that African workers
producing on a European model should be paid European pay scales
and benefits, including housing, water supplies, and transportation.
(16) Strikes in French West Africa during the mid-1940s, with
demands for equality and a say over working conditions. (42-3)
Africa Gatekeeper State
- Does not have to be a divide in views on continuity or change. (FC:
PP, 4) States characterised by sequence of giving Sovereignty, not
Sov itself. Colonial states were gatekeeping states that had weak
instruments for controlling social and cultural realms, but had
control over intersection between colonial territory and outside
world. African leadership did not believe they would get much
support through prosperity so they adopted the same strategy as
the colonial state. Better to have limited channels for advancement
than broad and risky ones used by the opponents. (5) P-C GS lacked
the external coercive capacity of its predecessor, so it was more
vulnerable. The stakes of controlling the gate were higher with
various groups trying to grab it. (5-6) GS are in danger as those who
temporarily control the gate want to stay there. Ruling elites use
patronage, coercion, and scapegoating of opponents to reinforce
their position, narrowing channels of access further. No abrupt
independence, but a long convoluted and ongoing process. (6)
State-centred development perpetuated a tendency of colonial
states to appear distant, extractive, and imposing. The centrality of
tariffs to state revenue perpetuated the quality of the colonial state
as gatekeeper. (97) African states were successors in building on
colonial institutions and taking up development. PCS struggled to
get beyond limitations of a GS. With limited internal control they
could sit on the interface between the territory and the rest of the
world, collecting and distributing resources from the state. (156-7)
Once in power, African regimes proved distrustful of the very social
linkages and the vision of citizenship which they had ridden to
power. GS was vulnerable. It made the stakes of control at a single
point too high. (159) GS are not African institutions or European
impositions. They emerged out of a peculiar Euro-African history.
(160) GS shook up by economic contractions, societal groups finding
their futures blocked, activism against government, donors
Botswana Development
- Botswana not a developmental state (EH: BD, 67-8) Botswana more
of a 'gate-keeping state'. Botswana has been develop-oriented, but
it has not transformed its state structures. (EH: BD, 68) A gatekeeping state is not necessarily anti-dev, but it will not allow the
structural transformation that is required for economic dev and
modern economic growth, as defined in the literature. (EH: BD, 74)
Manufacturing today at 3% of GDP, about the same as it was at
independence. Agriculture is also unimpressive. (EH: BD, 81) The
problem is that in the gate-keeping state the elites controlling the
state lack the incentives for starting a dynamic process of
diversification. (EH: BD, 82)
- Botswana has made the most progress in human development since
1960. (IT: BD, 467) Botswana not a gate-keeping state as the
government encourages the growth of an independent middle class.
(IT: BD, 469-70) Botswana has sought to develop and diversify went
beyond the interests of a particular elite. (IT: BD, 472) Diversification
efforts have struggled in Botswana, but despite the small
percentages, there still has been growth in other sectors. The issue
is less of development policy than the fact Botswana has limited
potential for FDI attraction and domestic production. (IT: BD, 474-5)
- Botswana still does not have serious diversification like that seen in
Japan. (EH: RT, 479) Taylor comments on the elite aspect of the
gate-keeping state, but not on the dual society, colonial continuities,
and others. (EH: RT, 480)
Botswana Diamonds
- Diamonds important but employs few and does not contribute to
technical advances in the wider economy (EH: BD, 79-80) Avoided
natural resource curse, but dependent on diamonds as a gatekeeping state. (EH: BD, 80) Botswana caught in a NR trap. (EH: BD,
82)
- Botswana at one time the largest producer of diamonds in the world.
(IT: NF, 262-3) Poor diversification. (IT: NF, 263) Government
emphasised in early 2000s how its diamonds were conflict-free, but
this helped to highlight for NGOs the treatment of the San. (IT: NF,
273-82)
Botswana - Economic growth
- Higher long-term growth than East Asian tigers. (EH: BD, 80)
Botswana - EEC
interests. (AO: PP, 62-3) (AO: PP, 72-3) BDP elite use their control
over the state to create property rights institutions that facilitate
their extraction of cattle and real estate sectors, converting these
economic gains to further entrench the BDP. (AO: PP, 80) BDP
reinforced PPRs as part of an effort to contruct the state to benefit
the power and wealth of elites. (AO: PP, 93)
Botswana The San
- Relocation seen by GOB as necessary for the creation of humans
with modern practices and lifestyles, but for the indigenous
minorities it was a process of dehumanisation and HR abuse. (MS:
DA, 293)
Botswana SK - Chief
- Because he is regarded with the respect of a chief, SK used his
power to usurp chiefs in land administration without much
opposition. (AO: PP, 95)
Botswana SA
- Differences between the white communities in both countries. (SO:
OV, 131-2)
Botswana - SA - Economic pressure
- Smith in Rh. considered option of applying economic pressure on
Botswana, but Botha dismissed this idea as landlocked states had
international rights. (SO: OV, 156)
Botswana - SA - Launching pad
- Fear in SA over attacks from Botswana territory. (SO: QT, 142)
Botswana - SS - Critique
- Acemoglu sees Botswana as successful on the basis of PPRs
benefiting society as a whole. Yet this is contradicted by the high
rates of IQ. (EH: BD, 82-3)
- ROL and democracy are seriously undermined in what is often seen
as an African SS. (KG: PG, 324)
Botswana Tourism
- Wildlife tourism is the second largest economic sector in Botswana,
behind diamonds. (AL: CH, 185)
Botswana US
- With the building of the TANZAM Railway, the US wanted to build its
own 'freedom road' in Africa and Nixon wanted to show black
pressure groups in the US that the US was on the right side in
Southern Africa. Botzam road was on number 17 in GOB's list of
priorities. (Arnold, 464) To appease SA, the US made a link between
Rhodesia to a SA base at Katima Mulilo, seen by the UN as illegally
on Namibian soil. More of a political road, with very small economic
importance, but its symbolism was crucial for GOB's desire for closer
relations further north. (Arnold, 465)
Botswana - Villagisation
- Movement of the San comparable to villagisation in TZ? (MS: DA,
293-4 - *)
Britain DC Self-government
- Self-government was a way out, each colony led step by step along
a path that increased power of the legislature and elected members,
with a PM eventually. (FC: PP, 77)
Britain - SA - Sanctions
- Seen in mid-1960s to be harmful to British economy. (SO: QT, 132)
Colonialism Development
- A new concept after WW2 to regain control, reimagining African
society and culture, and Western knowledge. Developmental
colonialism was a response to the narrowing of grounds for state
power over those who were different. But development ideology
implies this difference would be explicit. (FC: PP, 36-7)
Congo - Crisis
- Other African countries saw their fate in the balance, Ghana and
India played a significant role in the course of events, changing the
way DC was perceived by NAM members. (AO: GI, 970-1) Allowed
the NAM to consolidate their international influence in guiding UN
policy on the Congo. Exemplified the aims of the NAM on RSD, antiimperialism, anti-racism, and AC. (AO: GI, 971) Challenge of how
Congo could be neutral while engaged in a AC struggle against
Belgium. (AO: GI, 973)
Congo - DC
- Had the effect of accelerating the process of DC, with Afro-Asian
bloc and NAM influencing UN and former colonial powers to address
colonial issues. (AO: GI, 985)
Congo crisis - NAM
- Seen as power politics at their worst. (AO: GI, 971)
Decolonisation and Globalisation
- DC was connected to Glo, but worked in different ways than
previously under global empires. (MT: EG, 142-3) Glo was tied to the
dismantlement of empire, but also replaced the political and social
hierarchies that helped sustain them. (MT: EG, 143) Globalising
forces just as powerful at the end of empire as at the start. Patterns
of mobilisation and a-c violence were targeted at particular CAs, but
the methods and practices had a lasting impact on normative
standards of anti-state violence by non-state actors. (MT: EG, 144)
DC often seen as national, but in reality was less national than both
global and globalising. Colonial conflicts were interrelated and
featured the transnational transmission of ideas and practices. (MT:
EG, 154-6) Colonial confrontations were not just characteristic of
transfers of power but interdependent, interactive, and globalising.
(MT: EG, 158) A-C violence and conflict on imperial contraction was
global in reach and lasting effects. Globalising forces worked
through empires and n-s. (MT: EG, 160-1) The collapse of European
colonialism was intertwined and co-dependent. (MT: EG, 161-2)
Dependency Theory Criticism
- Authors of DT make the empirical material fit the preferred model at
all costs. (PN: AS, 5)
Right to Development
- 1986 UN Declaration makes no mention of PPRs, nor did the 1974
World Food Programme's Declaration. This may have been a result
of the prejudice of Socialist Bloc and underdeveloped states against
private property and capitalism. (RH: OP, 186-7)
Empire and Globalisation
- (MT: EG, 142) Imperial Glo, the effects of trans-continental migration
and colonisation were part of a wider process by European imperial
powers. (MT: EG, 160) Empire and Glo were tied together at the start
and end of empire. (MT: EG, 160-1)
Amnesty International Criticism
- Subject to geographical, political, and cultural biases. Violence, for
instance, seen as the way of life in the Third World. (MB: WR, 222)
Human Rights BT
- Individual HR BT in 1990s, post-CW, but with roots in 17th and 18th
century. (SH: HR, 4) In 1990s, new global morality of HR politics
above rights of the state. (20) HR idealism not future oriented or
utopian. (SH: HR, 26)
Human Rights Civil Rights Movement
- Struggle for African-American rights was framed as a matter of civil
rather than HR. (MB: WR, 124)
HR Constitution
- West Germany was the first state to introduce phrases from the
UDHR into its constitution. (MB: WR, 115)
HR DC
- Emphasis on RSD and Sovereignty in advancing HR in accords and
treaties. (SH: HR, 7)
HR End
HR Genocide
- Connection between the two was new in the 1990s. (SH: HR, 16)
HR Global/Local
- Friction between global and local. HR language influenced by local
particularities, but we know little about them. Writing from the
bottom-up or middle-up, rather than the top-down in a second
generation of human rights history. (!) (MB: WR, 9)
HR Holocaust
- Atrocity images not evidence that the Holocaust was the driving
force of wartime HR. (MB: WR, 77)
HR Importance
- HR history at the vanguard of the historical profession. (MB: WR, 4)
HR - LR
- HR history is a significant way to revitalise diplomatic history. (PB:
HH, 9-10)
HR LR Moyn critique
- HR not utopian but in the here and now. (SH: HR, 5) No BT in 1970s,
with ESRs surging. (29-30)
- Moyn falls into the same trap as those he criticises by pointing to a
singular origin point rather than multiple trajectories - ignored
complexity. (PB: HH, 3)
- The books he criticises are more nuanced and complex than he
would give them credit - strawman argument - Moyn barely touched
any archives. These earlier texts can at times be too depressing to
be church history. (GB: ON, 36) Moyn's history is selective, ignoring
earlier waves of liberalisation in the world. (GB: ON, 38) HR are no
utopia. (GB: ON, 39)
HR LR Origins critique
- Teleology, triumphalism, and tunnel vision. (SM: EH, 13)
- Unlike those like Hunt or Moyn, it would be better to consider intergenerational links between past, present, and future. (PB: HH, 1920)
- Overemphasis on the 1940s and 1970s, and moments in time,
rather than rich narratives over time. Less known about years in
between. (SJ: DN)
HR Selective
For US HR activists and NGOs only some rights and spaces attracted
attention. (220-1)
HR LR US-centric
- Not an exceptionalist narrative, recognises the critical processes set
in motion overseas. Decentring the US in the history of HR.
American actors did not bring HR to the world. (MB: WR, 9) When HR
concerns re-emerged in 1970s US, they were oriented outward to
HR violations elsewhere, not at home. (113) JC in 1977 was right to
suggest there was a global explosion of interest in HR in the 1970s.
But the Americans did not get there first, but perhaps last. (123)
HR LR Western centric
- Histories and advocacy claim to be universal, but privilege the role
of the West. Innovative contributions seen by diplomats in the
Caribbean, Asia, and Africa. Need to reimagine the evolution of
international HR. It was never just a Western project, but a pluralist
one with multiple historical processes and diverse actors. (SJ: DN)
HR Many movements
- If we were to note the various versions of HR concepts, we should
also note which forms prevail Winners history. (SM: EH, 15 - *)
HR World War Two
- Wartime rights talk had a scale and scope that went far beyond the
Four Freedoms, Atlantic Charter, and UDHR, which put HR at the
centre of WW2 aims and purposes. (MB: WR, 69)
Human Rights Property Rights
- PPRs protect economic HRs to adequate food and freedom from
hunger. PPRs are also crucial for development. (RH: OP, 181) Not
entrenched in international HR law. Despite the criticisms, it is
better to protect property as a HR than to abolish them. (RH: OP,
182) Clearly seen in De Soto, aiming to incorporate those with dead
capital into the formal legal economy, allowing them to fulfil their
economic HRs. (RH: OP, 187)
Non-Aligned Movement - Africa
- Keen to persuade new African states to join the NAM and become
part of the Afro-Asian UN bloc. (AO: GI, 971)
Oil Crisis of 1973
- So called 1970s-global transformations in economic relations
occurred a decade before, with decolonising countries seeking to tie
political with economic independence. The 1973 oil shock was the
high point of this battle, as oil producers and TW countries were on
the same side to achieve similar goals. (GG: CD, 483)
Social democracy
The 1917 Mexican constitution was the world's first fully conceived
social-democratic charter, enshrining ESRs. (GG: LT, 75)