Analysis and Explanation

In this experiment has purposes to know the amount of peroxide number in coconut
oil, know how to determine coconut oil rancidity, and know the order of the reaction in the
process of coconut oil rancidity. The coconut oil rancidity can caused by three factors, they
are oxidative rancidity, enzymatic rancidity, and hydrolitic rancidity. In this experiment, the
rancidity of coconut oil is caused by oxidative and it detected by peroxide number. Oxidative
rancidity is rancidity caused by oxidation of oxygen in air spontaneously when materials
containing oil and grease is left in contact with air. Oils and fats are susceptible to
spontaneous oxidation of oils containing unsaturated fatty acids. The main causes fat
oxidation is autookisdasi process and the damage done to the smell, the taste of fat and fatty
foods. That is because there are one or more double bonds susceptible to oxygen, causing
rancidity. Rancid odor generated in the process of rancidity caused by the formation of
compounds such as the end result hydroperoxide breakdown of fatty acids short chain,
aldehydes, ketones which are volatile.
The reaction of rancidity oil:
R-CH=CH-R + O=O

HC

R' R

CH
O

To determine the proxide number, 25 mL of coconut oil is heated for 15, 30,45, 60,
and 120 minutes. The purpose of heating the coconut oil is to oxidize the saturated fats in the
coconut oil. Oxidize the saturated fat in this oil cause the formation of peroxides which
resulted in the strengthening rancidity in oil and decreasing oil quality. The peroxide number
will increase along the heating process in different time. Oil color may become darker with
the increase peroxide. Based on the experiment, the coconut oil is yellow solution and after
heating process the color of coconut oil become yellow (++).
Each time heating (15,30,45,60, and 120 minutes) taken as many as 20 drops and
added with glacial acetic acid to hydrolyze fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Then, after the
addition of glacial acetic acid, the addition of chloroform that aims to dissolve the oil so that
the oil can dissolve completely so that it can react with KI after added a solution of KI. The
color of coconut oil after addition of 3.6 mL of acetic acid glacial and 2.4 mL of chloroform
is colorless solution, but after added 2 drops of KI, the solution become yellow solution. and
then added 6 mL of aquades and the solution become turbid and added 2 drops of starch 1%

solution. the solution become blackish yellow solution. It cause form iod-starch complex.
Starch is intended as an indicator has been the formation of I2 in the mixture. This mixture is
then titrated with thiosulfate to titrate I2 formed into I2. The reaction:
CH3(CH2)14COOH + KI + H2O CH3(CH2)14COH + I2 + 2 KOH
Reaction of starch:
Amylum + nI2 iod-amylum complex (deep blue)
The kind of titration that using in this experiment is iodometry titration. The Iodometric
titration included in the titration in an indirect way, in this case the iodide ion as the reducing
agent that will be converted into iodine is titrated with a standard solution of Na2SO3. This
method is used for determination of H2O2 oxidizer. At KI solution and the oxidizer is added
so that the acid will be formed iodine to be titrated with Na2SO3. As an indicator, used starch
solution. Endpoint on iodometri when the blue color has disappeared. So, titration is ended
when the solution become colorless solution. the reaction :
I2 + 2 S2O32- 2 I- + S4O62IO3- + 5I- +6H+ 3I2 + H2O
After titration, the volume of Na2SO3 required:
V (15 minutes)

= 0. 61 mL

V (30 minutes)

= 0.84 mL

V (45 minutes)

= 1.4 mL

V (60 minutes)

= 1.87 mL

V (120 minutes)

= 1.93 mL

In the blank titration phase, 3.6 mL of glacial acetic acid react with 2.4 mL of
chloroform to produce colorless solution, then add 2 drops of saturated KI solution, the
solution become soft yellow solution.. After settling for 1 minute with occasional shaking,
added 6 mL of distilled water to produce turbid solution, and added with 2 drops of 1% starch
become yellow (--) solution and titrated with Na2S2O3 produce yellowish (-) solution. the
balnk solution is as standard solution. the reaction:

I2 + 2 S2O32- 2 I- + S4O62IO3- + 5I- +6H+ 3I2 + H2O

Amylum + nI2 iod-amylum complex

After titration, the volume of Na2SO3 required:

V1

= 0. 48 mL

V2

= 0.54 mL

V3

= 0.5 mL

And the volue of Na2SO3 average is 0.51 mL.

To calculate the peroxide number, using this formula:
peroxide number=

[ ( V sample V blanco ) ] x N Na2 S 2 O3 x 1000

mass of sample

Based the calculation (look at attachment), the eproxide number of each times are:
Table of peroxide number
t (minutes)

t (s)

Peroxide number

15

900

11.074

30

1800

36.545

45

2700

98.560

60

3600

150.609

120

7200

157.253

The calculation showed that the peroxide peroxide value increased with increasing
heating time. This was due to the longer heating the more peroxide produced and peroxide
number will increase. Increasing this peroxide number indicates the poor quality of the oil.

The principle of determining the numbers peroxide is a compound contained in the oil
will oxidize KI to form free I 2 bound by sodium thiosulfate solution, so that the amount of
thiosulfate is equivalent to the amount of free I 2 meaning equivalent to the amount of
peroxide compounds in the oil. The higest peroxide number in 120 minutes, it shows at this
time of the oil in the most rancid condition.
Determine the order of the reaction
To determine the order of the reaction can be using graphic and non-graphic methods.
1. The first, calculate for Order Reaction 1
t

900

4.515

(a-x)

0.030
5

ln (ax)

1/(a-x)

4.484
5

1.5006
27

0.2229
9
0.2235
64

ln 1/
(a-x)
1.5006
3
1.4980
6
1.4917
8
1.4864
8

1800

4.515

0.042

4.473

1.4980
59

2700

4.515

0.07

4.445

1.4917
8

0.2249
72

3600

4.515

0.093
5

4.421
5

1.4864
79

0.2261
68

7200

4.515

0.096
5

4.418
5

1.4858

0.2263
21 -1.4858

(ax)^2

1/(ax)^2

20.110
74

0.049724
67

20.007
73

0.049980
68

19.758
03

0.050612
35

19.549
66

0.051151
78

19.523
14

0.051221
26

a. Using graphic method (look at calculation attachment)

Graph first order

1.51
1.5
f(x) = - 0x + 1.5
R = 0.72

1.5

ln (a-x)

1.49

Graph first order

Linear (Graph first
order)

1.49
1.48
1.48
0

2000 4000 6000 8000

ln 1/(ax)^2
3.00125
4
2.99611
86
2.98355
97
2.97295
8
2.97160
05

b. Using non-graphic method

Using this formula to calculate the value k:
a
k . t=ln
(ax)
1
a
k = ln
t (ax )

2.

t (minutes)

t (s)

Value k

15

900

7.313 x 105

30

1800

5.1921 x 106

45

2700

5.7871 x 10

60

3600

5.8128 x 10

120

7200

3.0006 x 10

Second, calculate for Order Reaction 2

a. Using graphic method

6
6

Graph second order

-1.48
0

-1.48
-1.49

5000

10000

f(x) = 0x - 1.5
R = 0.72

ln 1/(a-x) -1.49

Graph second order

Linear (Graph second
order)

-1.5
-1.5
-1.51

b. Using non-graphic method

Using this formula to calculate the value k:
kt=

k=

x
a(ax )

x
1

a(ax) t

t (minutes)

t (s)

Value k

15

900

1.6737 x 106

30

1800

1.1554 x 10

45

2700

1.2918 x 10

60

3600

1.3010 x 10

120

7200

1.7195 x 10

3. Third, Order Reaction 3

a. Using graphic method

6
6
6

Graph third order

-2.96
-2.96 0
-2.97
-2.97
-2.98
ln 1/(a-x)^2 -2.98
-2.99
-2.99
-3
-3
-3.01

5000

10000

f(x) = 0x - 3
R = 0.72

Graph third order

Linear (Graph third
order)

b. Using non-graphic method

Using this formula to calculate the value k:
1
1
1
k=

2
t 2(ax) 2( a)2

t (minutes)

t (s)

Value k

15

900

1.33 x 10-6

30

1800

2.78 x 10-7

45

2700

2.96 x 107

60

3600

3.056 x 10-7

120

7200

1.53 x 10-7

Based on the graphic method, graphic of order 1, 2, and 3 have same R 2 value, it is 0.7248,
but the graphic that approach with graphic of the theory is graphic of order reaction 2. For
non-graphic method, the value of k that has a value nearly equal to one another is the price k
at order reaction 2. So that it can be concluded by graphic and non-graphic method, the
coconut oil rancidity has order reaction 2.
Discussion
Based on the theory, the order reaction of coconut oil rancidity is 1. The result of
experiemnt is not suitable with the theory. It caused by some factors:
1. The quality of coconut oil, it means the process how to make coconut oil. The coconut
oil is not in the best quality and there is conatamination.

2. The process in silenced the coconut oil after heating process. The coconut oil is added
with other solution before titration when coconut oil is still hot.
3. the process of titration. It menas to determine the end-point of titration, so it influence
of the volume of sodium thiosulphate.
Conclusion
1. If coconut oil is heated will form fatty.
2. The longer warming the greater the number peroxide, peroxide value and the greater
the greater the level of oil rancidity.
3. Based on the graphic and non-graphic method, the coconut oil rancidity has order
reaction 2.