NUTRITIONis the selection of foods and preparation of foods, and their ingestion to be

assimilated by the body. By practicing a healthy diet, many of the known health issues can be
avoided. The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the perceived
palatability of foods.
Dietitians are health professionals who specialize in human nutrition, meal planning, economics,
and preparation. They are trained to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice and
management to individuals (in health and disease), as well as to institutions. Clinical nutritionists
are health professionals who focus more specifically on the role of nutrition in chronic disease,
including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before
resorting to drugs. Government regulation of the use of this professional title is less universal
than for "dietician."
A poor diet may have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy
and kwashiorkor; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic syndrome; and such
common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.

The
differ
ent of
Macronutrients
nutrie
nts

The human body requires a variety of different nutrients to support normal growth,
development and functions. Macronutrients include those nutrients needed in large
quantities including carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Micronutrients, those needed
in smaller amounts, are divided into essential vitamins, which consist of organic
compounds and essential minerals.

Macronutrients provide calories used as energy, as defined by the McKinley Health Center.
These nutrients make up 90 percent of the dry weight of your diet, according to the Merck
Manual. Carbohydrates consist of sugars that breakdown quickly and serve as the quickest
source of energy. The National Institutes of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board recommends
adult consume between 45 to 65 percent of their daily calories in carbohydrates, concentrating on
unrefined carbohydrates -- those that retain their fiber, bran and naturally occurring vitamins and
minerals. Proteins consist of amino acids, building blocks necessary for the production of the
thousands of proteins in the body. Because proteins are more complex than carbohydrates, they
take longer to digest and therefore serve as a longer-lasting source of energy. The average adult
should consume 0.8 g of protein for every 1 kg of body weight, which averages out to about 15
percent of the calories, according to the Harvard School of Public Health. Fats, the slowest but
most efficient form of energy, should only make up 25 to 35 percent of your total calories.

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user
consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others,
and is a form of substance-related disorder. Widely differing definitions of drug abuse are used in
public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases criminal oranti-social
behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long term personality
changes in individuals may occur as well.[2] In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological
harm, use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending
on the local jurisdiction.[3]
Drugs most often associated with this term
include: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, methaqualone,opioids and substi

tuted amphetamines. The exact cause of substance abuse is not clear, with theories including one of
two: either a genetic disposition which is learned from others, or a habit which if addiction develops,
it manifests itself as a chronic debilitating disease. [4]
In 2010 about 5% of people (230 million) used an illicit substance. [5] Of these 27 million have highrisk drug use otherwise known as recurrent drug use causing harm to their health, psychological
problems, or social problems or puts them at risk of those dangers.[5][6] In 2013 drug use disorders
resulted in 127,000 deaths up from 53,000 in 1990. [7] The highest number of deaths are from opioid
use disorders at 51,000.[7] Cocaine use disorder resulted in 4,300 deaths and amphetamine use
disorder resulted in 3,800 deaths.[7] Alcohol use disorders resulted in an additional 139,000 deaths.[7]

The gateway drug theory (also called gateway theory, gateway hypothesis and gateway effect)
states that use of less deleterious drugs precedes, and can lead to, future use of more
dangerous hard drugs[1] or crime.[2] It is often attributed to the earlier use of one of several licit
substances, including tobacco or alcohol, as well as cannabis.[1]
The reverse gateway theory posits that earlier regular cannabis use predicts later tobacco initiation
and/or nicotine dependence in those who did not use tobacco before. [3]

Alcohol and tobacco[edit]

Alcohol tends to precede cannabis use, and it is rare for those who use hard drugs to not have used
alcohol or tobacco first; the 2005 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) in the United
States found that, compared with lifetime nondrinkers, adults who have consumed alcohol were
statistically much more likely to currently use illicit drugs and/or abuse prescription drugs in the past
year.[8] Effects were strongest for cocaine (26 times more likely), cannabis (14 times more likely), and
psychedelics (13 times more likely). In addition, lifetime drinkers were also six times more likely to
use or be dependent on illicit drugs than lifetime nondrinkers.[8]
According to the NIDA, "People who abuse drugs are also likely to be cigarette smokers. More than
two-thirds of drug abusers are regular tobacco smokers, a rate more than triple that of the rest of the
population."[9]

Electronic cigarettes as gateway to smoking[edit]

Much of the literature on electronic cigarettes has expressed fears that they would, especially if
marketed by big tobacco, be a gateway to smoking tobacco for young people. In 2015 a report
commissioned by Public Health England, a government agency, examined the evidence for this, and
concluded that "We strongly suggest that use of the gateway terminology be abandoned until it is
clear how the theory can be tested in this field", [10] They quoted a study which concluded that:
"Although the concept of the gateway theory is often treated as a straightforward scientific theory, its
emergence is rather more complicated. In effect, it is a hybrid of popular, academic and media
accounts a construct retroactively assembled rather than one initially articulated as a coherent
theory.[11]

Prohibition[edit]
Another theory is that prohibition itself is a gateway to "hard" drug use. Many support this theory
referencing the introduction to the black market. Once utilizing the black market, sellers have
incentive to sell higher margin products, unrestricted by greater regulation on more harmful
substances.[12] The research has found an increase of drug-related incidents in counties of the United
States that ban alcohol as well. [13][14]

Criticisms[edit]
Alternative explanations for the correlation between the use of soft drugs (e.g., marijuana) and the
use of hard drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin) include, but are not limited to:

The Common Liability to Addiction theory (CLA) argues that a person's involvement with
drugs and its various degrees, including potential development and severity of addiction, are
based on biobehavioral mechanisms that are largely not drug-specific. Within the CLA
framework, the sequence of drug use initiation - the essence of the "gateway theory" - is
opportunistic and trivial: the "gateway" drugs, that is, the substances used first, are merely those
that are (usually) available at an earlier age (thus usually licit) than those used later (usually,
hard drugs). In an extensive review addressing the CLA and the "gateway" theory, it was pointed
out (Vanyukov et al., 2012) that the "gateway" sequence applies only to the initiation of use of
different drugs rather than different levels or extent of drug involvement (from use to
dependence), questioning its relevance to addiction as a medical problem. Despite that, the
"gateway theory" has significantly and, arguably, adversely influenced policy formation,
intervention, and research.[1]

Teenagers' trust of adults erodes when authority-figures exaggerate or make up the dangers
of the "gateway" drugs, leading teenagers to regard all anti-drug messages as nonsense. [15]

The peer environments in which "gateway" drugs are used can sometimes overlap with the
ones in which harder drugs are used, especially in societies that prohibit the substances or
impose very high age-limits.[15]

Effects of Drug Abuse and Addiction

Drugs are chemicals. Different drugs, because of

their chemical structures, can affect the body in different ways. In fact, some drugs
can even change a person's body and brain in ways that last long after the person
has stopped taking drugs, maybe even permanently.
Depending on the drug, it can enter the human body in a number of ways, including
injection, inhalation, and ingestion. The method of how it enters the body impacts
on how the drug affects the person. For example: injection takes the drug directly
into the blood stream, providing more immediate effects; while ingestion requires
the drug to pass through the digestive system, delaying the effects.
Most abused drugs directly or indirectly target the brain's reward system by flooding
the circuit with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of the
brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of
pleasure. When drugs enter the brain, they can actually change how the brain
performs its jobs. These changes are what lead to compulsive drug use, the
hallmark of addiction.

Injuries
More deaths, illnesses and disabilities stem from substance abuse than from any
other preventable health condition. Today, one in four deaths is attributable to illicit
drug use. People who live with substance dependence have a higher risk of all bad
outcomes including unintentional injuries, accidents, risk of domestic violence,
medical problems, and death.

Health Problems
The impact of drug abuse and dependence can be far-reaching, affecting almost
every organ in the human body. Drug use can:

Weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections.

Cause cardiovascular conditions ranging from abnormal heart rate to

heart attacks. Injected drugs can also lead to collapsed veins and

infections of the blood vessels and heart valves.

Cause nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Cause the liver to have to work harder, possibly causing significant

damage or liver failure.

Cause seizures, stroke and widespread brain damage that can impact
all aspects of daily life by causing problems with memory, attention and
decision-making, including sustained mental confusion and permanent

brain damage.
Produce global body changes such as breast development in men,
dramatic fluctuations in appetite and increases in body temperature,
which may impact a variety of health conditions.

Effects On The Brain

Although initial drug use may be voluntary, drugs have been shown to alter brain
chemistry, which interferes with an individual's ability to make decisions and can
lead to compulsive craving, seeking and use. This then becomes a substance
dependency.

All drugs of abuse - nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and others - effect

the brain's "reward" circuit, which is part of the limbic system.

Drugs hijack this "reward" system, causing unusually large amounts of

dopamine to flood the system.

This flood of dopamine is what causes the "high" or euphoria
associated with drug abuse.

Behavioral Problems

Paranoia

Aggressiveness

Hallucinations

Addiction

Impaired Judgment

Impulsiveness

Loss of Self-Control

Birth Defects

Nearly 4 percent of pregnant women in the United States use illicit drugs such as
marijuana, cocaine, Ecstasy and other amphetamines, and heroin1. These and other
illicit drugs may pose various risks for pregnant women and their babies. Some of
these drugs can cause a baby to be born too small or too soon, or to have
withdrawal symptoms, birth defects or learning and behavioral problems.
Additionally, illicit drugs may be prepared with impurities that may be harmful to a
pregnancy.
Finally, pregnant women who use illicit drugs may engage in other unhealthy
behaviors that place their pregnancy at risk, such as having extremely poor
nutrition or developing sexually transmitted infections.
(1) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and
Health: National Findings. Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS, Publication No. SMA 07-4293,
2007. Retrieved May 11, 2011 from http://www.marchofdimes.com/pregnancy/alcohol_illicitdrug.html Know the
Facts: Substance Abuse: The Nation's Number One Health Problem, Prepared by the Schneider Institute for Health
Policy, Brandeis University for The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2001, Retrieved May 11, 2011

Effects of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction

It's been widely reported that regular light to

moderate drinking can be good for the heart. But that's only a portion of the story.
With heavy or at-risk drinking, any potential heart healthy benefits are outweighed
by far greater risks, including:

Injuries
Drinking too much increases your chances of being injured or even killed. Alcohol is
a factor, for example, in about 60% of fatal burn injuries, drownings, and homicides;
50% of severe trauma injuries and sexual assaults; and 40% of fatal motor vehicle
crashes, suicides, and fatal falls.

Health Problems
Heavy drinkers have a greater risk of liver disease including hepatitis and cirrhosis,
heart disease, kidney damage, sleep disorders, nutritional deficiency, depression,
stroke, bleeding from the stomach, sexually transmitted infections from unsafe sex,
and several types of cancer including breast cancer. Heavy drinkers may also have
problems managing diabetes, high blood pressure, and other conditions.

Brain Damage

The effects of alcohol on the brain can occur by both direct and indirect means.
Thus, it is not really necessary that the alcohol actually reach the brain, though it
does, for brain function to be modified.
Damage to the brain can occur through alcohol-induced deficiencies in nutrition,
liver disease, and through alterations in the function of other bodily systems (e.g.
immune, hormonal), which produce substances that end up in the blood and get
transported to the brain.

Behavioral Problems
Alcohol acts as a depressant on the brain and generally decreases the activity of the
nervous system. Alcohol can produce diminished judgment, reduced attention span,
and slight un-coordination. Alcohol induces slower reaction times, loss of balance,
blurred vision, exaggerated motions, difficulty in remembering, confusion, dizziness,
slurred speech, severe intoxication, alterations in mood including withdrawal,
aggression, or increased affection, and diminished ability to feel pain.

Birth Defects
Drinking during pregnancy can cause brain damage and other serious problems in
the baby, including behavioral problems and possible pre-term labor. Because it is
not yet known whether any amount of alcohol is safe for a developing baby, women
who are pregnant or may become pregnant should not drink.

Medicine Reactions
Some medicines that you might never have suspected can react with alcohol,
including many that can be purchased "over-the-counter" without a prescription.
Even some herbal remedies don't mix well with alcohol. Protect yourself by avoiding
alcohol if you are taking a medication and don't know its effect, or talk to your
pharmacist or other health care provider.
Beyond these physical and mental health risks, frequent heavy drinking also is
linked with personal problems, including losing a driver's license and having
relationship troubles.

Know The Facts

There's a lot of mistaken "all or nothing" thinking about alcoholism. Many

people assume there are two options: Either you don't have a problem
with drinking, or you're a "total alcoholic" whose life is falling apart. The
reality is not a simple black or white, but more of a spectrum with shades
of gray. An "alcohol use disorder - that is, alcohol abuse or alcoholism can be mild, moderate, or severe. People with an alcohol use disorder can
be highly functioning, highly compromised, or somewhere in between.
Alcoholic addiction is rarely a case of "all or nothing".

Women in Particular
Research shows that women start to have alcohol-related problems at lower
drinking levels than men do. One reason is that, on average, women weigh less
than men. In addition, alcohol disperses in body water, and pound for pound,
women have less water in their bodies than men do.

So after a man and woman of the same weight drink the same amount of alcohol,
the woman's blood alcohol concentration will tend to be higher, putting her at
greater risk for harm.

Older Adults
Alcohol's effects vary with age. Slower reaction times, problems with hearing and
seeing, and a lower tolerance to alcohol's effects put older people at higher risk for
falls, car crashes, and other types of injuries that may result from drinking. Older
people also tend to take more medicines than younger people. Mixing alcohol with
over-the-counter or prescription medications can be very dangerous, even fatal. In
addition, alcohol can make many of the medical conditions common in older people,
including high blood pressure and ulcers, more serious. Physical changes associated
with aging can make older people feel "high" even after drinking only small
amounts of alcohol.

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mpact of drug use on your

life

Its not unusual for people to feel confused about taking drugs. You might be
feeling pressure from your friends or classmates, or you might be curious about
what using a drug would be like. For more information about types of drugs and
their effects on your brain and body, check out the drugs overview fact sheet.
While movies, music, and T.V. shows can make drug use seem cool, fun, or even
glamorous, there are also many negative side effects to drug use. Drugs can
negatively impact your relationships, your mental and physical health, and your
life in general. Drug use is a choice but it is important to understand the effects
of drug use - both immediate and long-term - to your brain, body and life.

Immediate and long-term effects of drug use

You might be thinking about using drugs, and in the short-term, it might seem
harmless to experiment with different drugs. Taking drugs can make you feel
good and look cool around your friends-especially if theyre all using drugs, too.
While youre high, it might seem like there arent any consequences to your
drug use. However, there can be negative effects of using that can impact your
life. You might even become dependent on the drugs you are taking to function
day-to-day. Here are a few examples of how drug use can change your life.
Your body
Drugs can have immediate and long-lasting effects on your physical health and
well-being.
Physical injuries. When youre under the influence of drugs, you might do
things that you wouldnt normally do. This can increase your chances of getting
hurt or having an accident. Drug-related injuries can be from things like falling
and car accidents.
Violence. Some drugs can increase the likelihood of violent behavior. Violence
is never an acceptable way to react in a situation, and if you become violent
when you use drugs, its a good idea to re-evaluate your drug use. Drug-induced
violence can lead to serious injury to you and to others.
Internal damage. Use of some drugs can damage your internal organs, like
your liver, brain, lungs, throat and stomach. For example, ordinary household
glue can be characterized as a drug if sniffed. The chemicals in glue can cause
hearing loss and kidney damage if theyre inhaled over a long period of time.
And continuous marijuana use can harm the parts of the brain that control
memory, attention and learning.
Pregnancy and STDs. While youre under the influence, you might be less
likely to remember to have safe sex. Unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy or
the spread of STDs like HIV/AIDS.
Risk of other infectious diseases. Sharing needles from injecting certain
types of drugs can put you at major risk for getting diseases like Hepatitis C,
Hepatitis B, as well as HIV. These diseases are spread through the transmission
of body fluids like blood. You can also contract other infections, like colds and
mono, from sharing pipes or bongs.
Addiction. When you take drugs, theres a chance that you could become
dependent on them. This means that you might feel like you cant operate
without drugs in your system or that you spend a lot of your time and energy
finding and using the drug. You might also have withdrawal symptoms when you
stop using the drug. If you use drugs often, your tolerance to the drug might
increase, causing you to need to take a greater amount to get the same effects.
If you think you might need help for your drug dependence, check out Getting
help for drug use fact sheet.
Your mental and emotional well-being
Drug use can also alter your mood-when youre high, and even when youre not.
Drug use can make trigger stress or mental illness, or exacerbate already
existing issues.
Stress. You might think that using certain drugs will help you relax and forget
about the issues that cause stress. But long-term drug use can have a big
impact on the way your brain works, and lead to increased anxiety and stress.
Depression. Feeling low after using some drugs-including alcohol-is common.
You might feel depressed because of the drug itself, or because of something
that happened while you were using. Sometimes people use drugs as a way to
cope with their depression, but drug use can often worsen these feelings.
Mental illnesses. Although scientists generally agree that there is a link
between drug use and serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia, the National
Institute on Drug Abuse says that its still unclear whether serious drug use
leads to these illnesses, or if having an illness increases a persons chances to
abuse drugs.
Your relationships and your future
Drug use can have an immediate impact on your body and mind but it can also
affect your future and your relationship with others.
Legal issues. Making, selling or having illegal drugs in your possession is
against the law. Its also against the law to give prescription drugs to people who
dont have a prescription from a doctor. Punishments for breaking these laws
include having to go to court which might result in being sent to jail, having to
pay hefty fines, or enter a rehabilitation program.

Your relationships. When drug use becomes a larger part of your life, your
relationships suffer. Conflict and breakdowns in communication can become
more common.
Your safety. Being under the influence of drugs could increase your chances of
being in dangerous situations. The effects of some drugs can cause you to do
things you might not usually do. You might also be putting yourself at risk of
overdosing. Buying drugs or trying to get the money to buy drugs can also put
you at risk.
Your school work. You might not immediately notice the impact that your drug
taking is having on your school work, but habitual drug use can prevent you
from focusing on your responsibilities, like homework or concentrating in class.
Your grades will suffer as a result.
Your job. Drug use can also affect your ability to concentrate at work. The side
effects of using drugs-like a hangover, or a coming down feeling-can reduce
your ability to focus. Poor performance at your job could cause you to lose your
job all together.
Financial pressures. Regular drug use can become expensive. In extreme
situations, people who are addicted to drugs might try anything-including illegal
activities like theft-to secure money to get their next fix.
Homelessness. Spending most of your money on drugs might not leave much
money to cover your living expenses, like rent, food, or utility bills. If you cant
pay these necessary costs, you could even get kicked out of your home.

Getting Help

If youre using drugs and finding it hard to manage life and relationships, help is
available. Start by talking with someone you trust, like a friend or family
member, about your problem. You might also want to speak with a doctor or
counselor or other mental health professional all of whom can help you get
professional treatment for your drug problem. Check out the Getting help for
drug use fact sheet for more info.

Information

What is cocaine?
Powder cocaine (coke), freebase and crack are all types of cocaine, and all are
powerful stimulants. Freebase and crack can be smoked, and powder cocaine
can be snorted in lines. Both cocaine powder and crack can also be prepared for
injecting.
How does cocaine make you feel?
Cocaine gives the user energy, a feeling of happiness and being wide awake,
and an overconfidence that can lead to taking risks. The effects are short-lived,
so more drug is taken, which is often followed by a nasty "comedown" that
makes you feel depressed and unwell, sometimes for several days.
How does cocaine affect your health?
If you take cocaine, it's possible to die of an overdose from overstimulating the
heart and nervous system, which can lead to a heart attack. It can be more risky
if mixed with alcohol.
Taking cocaine is particularly risky if you have high blood pressure or already
have a heart condition. If you're pregnant, cocaine can harm your baby and even
cause miscarriage. If you've had previous mental health problems, it can
increase the chance of these returning.
If you snort cocaine, it can damage the cartilage of your nose over time. If you
inject it, you are at higher risk of dying as the result of an overdose, and your
veins and body tissues can be seriously damaged. You put yourself at risk of
catching HIV or hepatitis if you share needles.

Can cocaine be addictive?

Yes, cocaine is highly addictive and can cause a very strong psychological
dependence. For advice on getting help for cocaine addiction, go to Cocaine: get
help. The Cocaine Anonymous website also offers further advice.

Ecstasy (MDMA, pills, crystal, E)

What is ecstasy?
Ecstasy is a "psychedelic" stimulant drug usually sold as tablets, but it's
sometimes dabbed on to gums or snorted in its powder form. It's also known as
MDMA or "crystal".
How does ecstasy make you feel?
Ecstasy can make you feel alert, affectionate and chatty, and can make music
and colours seem more intense. Taking ecstasy can also cause anxiety,
confusion, paranoia and even psychosis.
How does ecstasy affect your health?
Long-term use has been linked with memory problems, depression and anxiety.
Ecstasy use affects the body's temperature control and can lead to dangerous
overheating and dehydration.
But a balance is important as drinking too much fluid can also be very dangerous
for the brain, particularly because ecstasy tends to stop your body producing
enough urine, so your body retains the fluid. For more information on ecstasy,
visit the FRANK website.
Is ecstasy addictive?
Ecstasy can be addictive, as users can develop a psychological dependence on
this drug. It is also possible to build up a tolerance to the drug and need to take
more and more to get the same effect.

Speed (amphetamine, billy, whizz)

What is speed?
Speed is the street name for drugs based on amphetamine, and is a stimulant
drug. It's usually an off-white or pink powder that's either dabbed on to gums,
snorted or swallowed in paper.
How does speed make you feel?
Speed can make you feel alert, confident and full of energy, and can reduce
appetite. But it can make you agitated and aggressive, and can cause confusion,
paranoia and even psychosis. You can also become very depressed and
lethargic for hours or days after a period of heavy use.
How does speed affect your health?
Taking speed can be dangerous for the heart, as it can cause high blood
pressure and heart attacks. It can be more risky if mixed with alcohol, or if
it's used by people who have blood pressure or heart problems.
Injecting speed is particularly dangerous, as death can occur from overdose.
Speed is usually very impure and injecting it can cause damage to veins and
tissues, which can also lead to serious infections in the body and bloodstream.
Any sharing of injecting equipment adds the risk of catching hepatitis C and HIV.

Is speed addictive?
Regular use of amphetamines can become highly addictive.

Further information
The following articles provide help and advice if you're concerned about your own
or someone else's drug misuse:
Drug addiction: getting help
Find a drug treatment service near you
FRANK: A-Z of drugs
Talking to your child about drugs
Worried about your teenager?

Cocaine: risks and recovery from addiction

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Addiction BlogAlcohol
Top 10 effective ways to reduce teenage drug and alcohol abuse

Top 10 effective ways to reduce teenage drug

and alcoholAddiction Blog
Prevention Of Drug And Alcohol Problems
Part of dealing with alcohol and drug problems is to stop them from ever occurring. Part of this list
includes protective factors developed by experts to teach parents how to make family like important,
promote mental health, and prevent underage use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. If you can
create the following conditions at home, you can help decrease a childs chances for taking drugs or
engaging in other risky behaviors. To reduce a teenagers risk for becoming involved with alcohol,
tobacco, and illegal drugs, here are the top 10 effective ways to prevent or reduce teenage drug and
alcohol abuse:
1. Model the behavior you seek.
Be a positive role model yourself. Walk the talk. Dont expect teens to stop drinking or stay away
from drugs if you dont.
2. Resolve personal or family issues.
Seek family counseling or psychotherapy for any family issues about substance abuse, violence,
divorce or illness in your family. Get the help you need so that you can be sure that your family unit
(and teenager) are mentally healthy.
3. Know whats going on.
Be involved in your teenagers life. Know who their friends are, what they are doing and where.
Encourage their independence but set appropriate limits like curfews and check-in times. Keep teens
accountable with consequences for stretching beyond the limits.
4. Teach the science of drugs and alcohol.
Talk about drinking and drugs not just the statistics, but the science behind it. This requires
research on the brain science of what substances do to the body. A good place to start is NIDA for
Teens or The Science of Addiction.
5. Know the law.
Research your states laws around underage drinking and drug use. Then, sit down with your
teenager and review the legal consequences of getting caught.

6. Create a drinking and drug contract.

A family drinking and drug contract helps make expectations and rules clear about alcohol
consumption for teens and parents. And it brings issues into the open. For example, offer to always
be available to drive your teenager home if they end up at a party and either get drunk or high, or
their ride gets drunk or high. Check out a Sample Teen Drinking and Drug Family Contract for
download here.
7. Get educated about substance abuse.
Know the warning signs of teen drinking or drug problems (and the factors that increase risk such as
depression, family history of addiction or social transitions), and have a plan for seeking help if your
family needs it.
8. Help find alternative activity options for your teen.
Learn about community and school activities that may interest your teen and encourage him/her to
participate. Teenagers who are active in sports, volunteering, social or church groups are less likely
to get bored, or seek out drugs and alcohol for fun.
9. Look outside the family for mentoring help.
Encourage your teenager to seek and find a positive mentor outside the family who will reinforce
your familys beliefs and values. Your teen can formally seek a mentor through religious or spiritual
groups or informally through sports teams or school activities. Then, check in with your teens mentor
to get another perspective on his/her life.
10. One-on-one time.
Drug testing a teen should always be a last resort when trying to help your child. Regularly spend
time with your teenager and give your loving, undivided attention. Some sample activities to share: a
walk, bowling, playing tennis, a bike ride, a quiet dinner out, or cooking together.
Reference sources: NIAAA Publication Make a Difference: Talk to Your

Top 5 Ways to Prevent Substance Abuse

November 12, 2009
Drug Abuse, Prevention

While its practically impossible to prevent anyone and everyone from using drugs, there are things
we can all do to avoid drug and/or alcohol abuse. By sharing this knowledge with those closest to
you, you yourself may be able to prevent them from doing drugs, too. Here are the top five ways to
help prevent drug abuse:
1. Effectively deal with peer pressure. The biggest reason teens start using drugs is because their
friends utilize peer pressure. No one likes to be left out, and teens (and yes, some adults, too) find
themselves doing things they normally wouldnt do, just to fit in. In these cases, you need to either
find a better group of friends that wont pressure you into doing harmful things, or you need to find a
good way to say no. Teens should prepare a good excuse or plan ahead of time, to keep from giving
into tempting situations.
2. Deal with life pressure. People today are overworked and overwhelmed, and often feel like a
good break or a reward is deserved. But in the end, drugs only make life more stressful and many
of us all too often fail to recognize this in the moment. To prevent using drugs as a reward, find other
ways to handle stress and unwind. Take up exercising, read a good book, volunteer with the needy,
create something. Anything positive and relaxing helps take the mind off using drugs to relieve
stress.

Immediate Help Available 24/7100% Free & Confidential

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421-8859
3. Seek help for mental illness. Mental illness and substance abuse often go hand-in-hand. Those
with a mental illness may turn to drugs as a way to ease the pain. Those suffering from some form of
mental illness, such as anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder should seek the help of
a trained professional for treatment before it leads to substance abuse.
4. Examine the risk factors. If youre aware of the biological, environmental and physical risk
factors you possess, youre more likely to overcome them. A history of substance abuse in the
family, living in a social setting that glorifies drug abuse and/or family life that models drug abuse can
be risk factors.
5. Keep a well-balanced life. People take up drugs when something in their life is not working, or
when theyre unhappy about their lives or where their lives are going. Look at lifes big picture, and
have priorities in order.

Music grade 4

Musical form, a generic type of composition or the structure of a particular piece

Phrase (music)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phrase-group of three four bar phrases in Mozart'sPiano Sonata in F, K. 332, first movement.[1]

Period built of two five bar phrases in Haydn'sFeldpartita.[2]

Play (helpinfo)

Play (helpinfo)

In music and music theory, phrase and phrasing are concepts and practices related to grouping
consecutive melodic notes, both in their composition and performance. A musical work is typically
made up of a melody that consists of numerous consecutive phrases. The notation used is similar to
a tie and a slur. Even when no phrase markings aIn music and music theory, phrase and

phrasing are concepts and practices related to grouping consecutive melodic notes,
both in their composition and performance. A musical work is typically made up of a
melody that consists of numerous consecutive phrases. The notation used is similar to
a tie and a slur.
re included in the notation, experienced instrumentalists and singers will add phrasing to melodic
lines.
A musical phrase (Greek: "sentence, expression"; see also strophe) is a unit of musical
meter that has a complete musical sense of its own,[6] built from figures, motifs, and cells and
combining to form melodies, periods and larger sections;[7]or the length in which a singer or
instrumentalist can play in one breath.

In a period of two phrases, the first phrase, called the antecedent phrase, ends with a weak
cadence, and the second phrase, called the consequent phrase, ends with a strong cadence.
When more than two phrases are combined, it is called a phrasegroup.
harmonic cadence is a progression of (at least) two chords that concludes a phrase, section, or
piece ofmusic. A rhythmic cadence is a characteristic rhythmic pattern that indicates the end of
a phrase.

Musical composition. ... Musical composition can refer to an original piece of music, either
a song or an instrumental music piece, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of
creating or writing a new song or piece ofmusic. People who create new compositions are
called composers in classical music.

When two phrases are put together and the first ends on a weak cadence, and the second
ends on a strong cadence, it is called a period. In a period, the firstphrase is called an
antecedent phrase, and the secondphrase is called a consequent phrase.

In music, the introduction is a passage or section which opens a movement or a separate

piece, preceding the theme or lyrics. In popular music this is often abbreviated as intro.
The introduction establishes melodic, harmonic or rhythmic material related to the main body
of a piece.
Coda [koda] (Italian for "tail", plural code) is a term used in music primarily to designate
a passage that brings a piece (or a movement) to an end. Technically, it is an expanded cadence. It
may be as simple as a few measures, or as complex as an entire section.[2]